1
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Wasser F, Zähter Ş, Sokol M, Rivers M, Atzeni S, Condamine FP, Cristoforetti G, Fauvel G, Fischer N, Gizzi LA, Hannasch A, Hesse M, Laštovička T, Lutz P, Rubovič P, Schaumann G, Schott N, Singh RL, Theobald W, Weber S, Ditmire T, Forner T, Roth M. Full aperture backscatter diagnostics for characterization of laser plasma instabilities at the extreme light infrastructure (ELI) beamlines. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:093503. [PMID: 37737696 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the commissioning of a full aperture backscatter diagnostics station for the kilojoule, nanosecond high repetition rate L4n laser operating at a wavelength of 527 nm at the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) - Beamlines, Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic. Light scattered back from laser-plasma interaction into the cone of the final focusing lens is captured and split into different channels to measure the signatures of laser plasma instabilities from stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and two plasmon decay with respect to back scattered energy, its spectrum, and its temporal profile. The performance was confirmed in a commissioning experiment with more than 800 shots at laser intensities ranging from 0.5 × 1013 to 1.1 × 1015 W cm-2. These diagnostics are permanently installed at ELI Beamlines, and can be used to understand the details of laser-plasma interactions in experiments with kJ and 527 nm light. The large number of shots that can be collected in an experimental campaign will allow us to study the details of the laser-plasma interaction with a high level of confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wasser
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- IU Internationale Hochschule GmbH, Darmstädter Landstrasse 110, 60598 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ş Zähter
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Sokol
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rivers
- University of Texas, 110 Inner Campus Dr., Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - S Atzeni
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F P Condamine
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI-Beamlines Facility, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | | | - G Fauvel
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI-Beamlines Facility, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - N Fischer
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - L A Gizzi
- Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory, INO-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Hannasch
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Hesse
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Laštovička
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI-Beamlines Facility, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - P Lutz
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Rubovič
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI-Beamlines Facility, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - G Schaumann
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N Schott
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R L Singh
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI-Beamlines Facility, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - W Theobald
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Weber
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI-Beamlines Facility, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - T Ditmire
- University of Texas, 110 Inner Campus Dr., Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T Forner
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Focused Energy GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Liang E, Zheng KQ, Yao K, Lo W, Hasson H, Zhang A, Burns M, Wong WH, Zhang Y, Dashko A, Quevedo H, Ditmire T, Dyer G. A scintillator attenuation spectrometer for intense gamma-rays. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:063103. [PMID: 35777994 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new type of compact high-resolution high-sensitivity gamma-ray spectrometer for short-pulse intense gamma-rays (250 keV to 50 MeV) has been developed by combining the principles of scintillators and attenuation spectrometers. The first prototype of this scintillator attenuation spectrometer (SAS) was tested successfully in Trident laser experiments at LANL. Later versions have been used extensively in the Texas Petawatt laser experiments in Austin, TX, and more recently in OMEGA-EP laser experiments at LLE, Rochester, NY. The SAS is particularly useful for high-repetition-rate laser applications. Here, we give a concise description of the design principles, capabilities, and sample preliminary results of the SAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - K Q Zheng
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - K Yao
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - W Lo
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - H Hasson
- Physics Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - A Zhang
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Burns
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - W H Wong
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Diagnostic Imaging Division, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Diagnostic Imaging Division, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - A Dashko
- High Energy Density Science Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H Quevedo
- High Energy Density Science Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- High Energy Density Science Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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3
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Strehlow J, Forestier-Colleoni P, McGuffey C, Bailly-Grandvaux M, Daykin TS, McCary E, Peebles J, Revet G, Zhang S, Ditmire T, Donovan M, Dyer G, Fuchs J, Gaul EW, Higginson DP, Kemp GE, Martinez M, McLean HS, Spinks M, Sawada H, Beg FN. The response function of Fujifilm BAS-TR imaging plates to laser-accelerated titanium ions. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:083302. [PMID: 31472598 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calibrated diagnostics for energetic particle detection allow for the systematic study of charged particle sources. The Fujifilm BAS-TR imaging plate (IP) is a reusable phosphorescent detector for radiation applications such as x-ray and particle beam detection. The BAS-TR IP has been absolutely calibrated to many low-Z (low proton number) ions, and extending these calibrations to the mid-Z regime is beneficial for the study of laser-driven ion sources. The Texas Petawatt Laser was used to generate energetic ions from a 100 nm titanium foil, and charge states Ti10+ through Ti12+, ranging from 6 to 27 MeV, were analyzed for calibration. A plastic detector of CR-39 with evenly placed slots was mounted in front of the IP to count the number of ions that correspond with the IP levels of photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL). A response curve was fitted to the data, yielding a model of the PSL signal vs ion energy. Comparisons to other published response curves are also presented, illustrating the trend of PSL/nucleon decreasing with increasing ion mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Strehlow
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - P Forestier-Colleoni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - C McGuffey
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - M Bailly-Grandvaux
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - T S Daykin
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - E McCary
- Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - J Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Revet
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M Donovan
- Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Fuchs
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - E W Gaul
- Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - D P Higginson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Martinez
- Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H S McLean
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Spinks
- Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H Sawada
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - F N Beg
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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4
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Feldman S, Dyer G, Kuk D, Ditmire T. Measurement of the equation of state of solid-density copper heated with laser-accelerated protons. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:031201. [PMID: 28415304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present equation of state (EOS) measurements of solid-density copper heated to 5-10 eV. A copper sample was heated isochorically by hydrogen ions accelerated from an adjacent foil by a high intensity pulsed laser, and probed optically. The measured temperature and expansion are compared against simulations using the most up-to-date wide range EOS tables available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feldman
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - D Kuk
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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5
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Ostermayr TM, Haffa D, Hilz P, Pauw V, Allinger K, Bamberg KU, Böhl P, Bömer C, Bolton PR, Deutschmann F, Ditmire T, Donovan ME, Dyer G, Gaul E, Gordon J, Hegelich BM, Kiefer D, Klier C, Kreuzer C, Martinez M, McCary E, Meadows AR, Moschüring N, Rösch T, Ruhl H, Spinks M, Wagner C, Schreiber J. Proton acceleration by irradiation of isolated spheres with an intense laser pulse. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:033208. [PMID: 27739766 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.033208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on experiments irradiating isolated plastic spheres with a peak laser intensity of 2-3×10^{20}Wcm^{-2}. With a laser focal spot size of 10 μm full width half maximum (FWHM) the sphere diameter was varied between 520 nm and 19.3 μm. Maximum proton energies of ∼25 MeV are achieved for targets matching the focal spot size of 10 μm in diameter or being slightly smaller. For smaller spheres the kinetic energy distributions of protons become nonmonotonic, indicating a change in the accelerating mechanism from ambipolar expansion towards a regime dominated by effects caused by Coulomb repulsion of ions. The energy conversion efficiency from laser energy to proton kinetic energy is optimized when the target diameter matches the laser focal spot size with efficiencies reaching the percent level. The change of proton acceleration efficiency with target size can be attributed to the reduced cross-sectional overlap of subfocus targets with the laser. Reported experimental observations are in line with 3D3V particle in cell simulations. They make use of well-defined targets and point out pathways for future applications and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Ostermayr
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Haffa
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P Hilz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - V Pauw
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - K Allinger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K-U Bamberg
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - P Böhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - C Bömer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P R Bolton
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Deutschmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M E Donovan
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - E Gaul
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - J Gordon
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - B M Hegelich
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - D Kiefer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Klier
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - C Kreuzer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Martinez
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - E McCary
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A R Meadows
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - N Moschüring
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - T Rösch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Ruhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - M Spinks
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - C Wagner
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - J Schreiber
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Gaul E, Toncian T, Martinez M, Gordon J, Spinks M, Dyer G, Truong N, Wagner C, Tiwari G, Donovan ME, Ditmire T, Hegelich BM. Improved pulse contrast on the Texas Petawatt Laser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Quevedo HJ, McCormick M, Wisher M, Bengtson RD, Ditmire T. Simultaneous streak and frame interferometry for electron density measurements of laser produced plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:013107. [PMID: 26827309 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A system of two collinear probe beams with different wavelengths and pulse durations was used to capture simultaneously snapshot interferograms and streaked interferograms of laser produced plasmas. The snapshots measured the two dimensional, path-integrated, electron density on a charge-coupled device while the radial temporal evolution of a one dimensional plasma slice was recorded by a streak camera. This dual-probe combination allowed us to select plasmas that were uniform and axisymmetric along the laser direction suitable for retrieving the continuous evolution of the radial electron density of homogeneous plasmas. Demonstration of this double probe system was done by measuring rapidly evolving plasmas on time scales less than 1 ns produced by the interaction of femtosecond, high intensity, laser pulses with argon gas clusters. Experiments aimed at studying homogeneous plasmas from high intensity laser-gas or laser-cluster interaction could benefit from the use of this probing scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Quevedo
- Center for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M McCormick
- Center for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M Wisher
- Center for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Roger D Bengtson
- Center for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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8
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Bang W, Quevedo HJ, Bernstein AC, Dyer G, Ihn YS, Cortez J, Aymond F, Gaul E, Donovan ME, Barbui M, Bonasera A, Natowitz JB, Albright BJ, Fernández JC, Ditmire T. Characterization of deuterium clusters mixed with helium gas for an application in beam-target-fusion experiments. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:063109. [PMID: 25615207 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.063109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the average deuterium cluster size within a mixture of deuterium clusters and helium gas by detecting Rayleigh scattering signals. The average cluster size from the gas mixture was comparable to that from a pure deuterium gas when the total backing pressure and temperature of the gas mixture were the same as those of the pure deuterium gas. According to these measurements, the average size of deuterium clusters depends on the total pressure and not the partial pressure of deuterium in the gas mixture. To characterize the cluster source size further, a Faraday cup was used to measure the average kinetic energy of the ions resulting from Coulomb explosion of deuterium clusters upon irradiation by an intense ultrashort pulse. The deuterium ions indeed acquired a similar amount of energy from the mixture target, corroborating our measurements of the average cluster size. As the addition of helium atoms did not reduce the resulting ion kinetic energies, the reported results confirm the utility of using a known cluster source for beam-target-fusion experiments by introducing a secondary target gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - H J Quevedo
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - A C Bernstein
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Y S Ihn
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - J Cortez
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - F Aymond
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - E Gaul
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - M E Donovan
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - M Barbui
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - A Bonasera
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA and LNS-INFN, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - J B Natowitz
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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9
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Pomerantz I, McCary E, Meadows AR, Arefiev A, Bernstein AC, Chester C, Cortez J, Donovan ME, Dyer G, Gaul EW, Hamilton D, Kuk D, Lestrade AC, Wang C, Ditmire T, Hegelich BM. Ultrashort pulsed neutron source. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:184801. [PMID: 25396373 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.184801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel compact laser-driven neutron source with an unprecedented short pulse duration (<50 ps) and high peak flux (>10(18) n/cm(2)/s), an order of magnitude higher than any existing source. In our experiments, high-energy electron jets are generated from thin (<3 μm) plastic targets irradiated by a petawatt laser. These intense electron beams are employed to generate neutrons from a metal converter. Our method opens venues for enhancing neutron radiography contrast and for creating astrophysical conditions of heavy element synthesis in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pomerantz
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - E McCary
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A R Meadows
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A Arefiev
- Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A C Bernstein
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - C Chester
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - J Cortez
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M E Donovan
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Dyer
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - E W Gaul
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - D Hamilton
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - D Kuk
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A C Lestrade
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - C Wang
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - B M Hegelich
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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10
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McCormick M, Arefiev AV, Quevedo HJ, Bengtson RD, Ditmire T. Observation of self-sustaining relativistic ionization wave launched by a sheath field. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:045002. [PMID: 24580461 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental evidence supported by simulations of a relativistic ionization wave launched into a surrounding gas by the sheath field of a plasma filament with high energy electrons. Such a filament is created by irradiating a clustering gas jet with a short pulse laser (115 fs) at a peak intensity of 5×10(17) W/cm2. We observe an ionization wave propagating radially through the gas for about 2 ps at 0.2-0.5 c after the laser has passed, doubling the initial radius of the filament. The gas is ionized by the sheath field, while the longevity of the wave is explained by a moving field structure that traps the high energy electrons near the boundary, maintaining a strong sheath field despite the significant expansion of the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McCormick
- Center for High Energy Density Science, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A V Arefiev
- Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - H J Quevedo
- Center for High Energy Density Science, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - R D Bengtson
- Center for High Energy Density Science, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T Ditmire
- Center for High Energy Density Science, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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11
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Wang X, Zgadzaj R, Fazel N, Li Z, Yi SA, Zhang X, Henderson W, Chang YY, Korzekwa R, Tsai HE, Pai CH, Quevedo H, Dyer G, Gaul E, Martinez M, Bernstein AC, Borger T, Spinks M, Donovan M, Khudik V, Shvets G, Ditmire T, Downer MC. Quasi-monoenergetic laser-plasma acceleration of electrons to 2 GeV. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1988. [PMID: 23756359 PMCID: PMC3709475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-plasma accelerators of only a centimetre’s length have produced nearly monoenergetic electron bunches with energy as high as 1 GeV. Scaling these compact accelerators to multi-gigaelectronvolt energy would open the prospect of building X-ray free-electron lasers and linear colliders hundreds of times smaller than conventional facilities, but the 1 GeV barrier has so far proven insurmountable. Here, by applying new petawatt laser technology, we produce electron bunches with a spectrum prominently peaked at 2 GeV with only a few per cent energy spread and unprecedented sub-milliradian divergence. Petawatt pulses inject ambient plasma electrons into the laser-driven accelerator at much lower density than was previously possible, thereby overcoming the principal physical barriers to multi-gigaelectronvolt acceleration: dephasing between laser-driven wake and accelerating electrons and laser pulse erosion. Simulations indicate that with improvements in the laser-pulse focus quality, acceleration to nearly 10 GeV should be possible with the available pulse energy. Laser-plasma accelerators can produce high-energy electron bunches over just a few centimetres of distance, offering possible table-top accelerator capabilities. Wang et al. break the current 1 GeV barrier by applying a petawatt laser to accelerate electrons nearly monoenergetically up to 2 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Physics, 1 University Station C1600, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
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12
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Bang W, Barbui M, Bonasera A, Quevedo HJ, Dyer G, Bernstein AC, Hagel K, Schmidt K, Gaul E, Donovan ME, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Andreoli P, Barbarino M, Kimura S, Mazzocco M, Natowitz JB, Ditmire T. Experimental study of fusion neutron and proton yields produced by petawatt-laser-irradiated D₂-³He or CD₄-³He clustering gases. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 88:033108. [PMID: 24125372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.033108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on experiments in which the Texas Petawatt laser irradiated a mixture of deuterium or deuterated methane clusters and helium-3 gas, generating three types of nuclear fusion reactions: D(d,^{3}He)n, D(d,t)p, and ^{3}He(d,p)^{4}He. We measured the yields of fusion neutrons and protons from these reactions and found them to agree with yields based on a simple cylindrical plasma model using known cross sections and measured plasma parameters. Within our measurement errors, the fusion products were isotropically distributed. Plasma temperatures, important for the cross sections, were determined by two independent methods: (1) deuterium ion time of flight and (2) utilizing the ratio of neutron yield to proton yield from D(d,^{3}He)n and ^{3}He(d,p)^{4}He reactions, respectively. This experiment produced the highest ion temperature ever achieved with laser-irradiated deuterium clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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13
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Barbui M, Bang W, Bonasera A, Hagel K, Schmidt K, Natowitz JB, Burch R, Giuliani G, Barbarino M, Zheng H, Dyer G, Quevedo HJ, Gaul E, Bernstein AC, Donovan M, Kimura S, Mazzocco M, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Andreoli P, Ditmire T. Measurement of the plasma astrophysical S factor for the 3He(d,p)4He reaction in exploding molecular clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:082502. [PMID: 24010431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.082502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The plasma astrophysical S factor for the 3He(d,p)4He fusion reaction was measured for the first time at temperatures of few keV, using the interaction of intense ultrafast laser pulses with molecular deuterium clusters mixed with 3He atoms. Different proportions of D2 and 3He or CD4 and 3He were mixed in the gas target in order to allow the measurement of the cross section for the 3He(d,p)4He reaction. The yield of 14.7 MeV protons from the 3He(d,p)4He reaction was measured in order to extract the astrophysical S factor at low energies. Our result is in agreement with other S factor parametrizations found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbui
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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14
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Bang W, Barbui M, Bonasera A, Dyer G, Quevedo HJ, Hagel K, Schmidt K, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Andreoli P, Gaul E, Bernstein AC, Donovan M, Barbarino M, Kimura S, Mazzocco M, Sura J, Natowitz JB, Ditmire T. Temperature measurements of fusion plasmas produced by Petawatt-Laser-Irradiated D2 - (3)He or CD4 - (3)He clustering gases. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:055002. [PMID: 23952411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two different methods have been employed to determine the plasma temperature in a laser-cluster fusion experiment on the Texas Petawatt laser. In the first, the temperature was derived from time-of-flight data of deuterium ions ejected from exploding D(2) or CD(4) clusters. In the second, the temperature was measured from the ratio of the rates of two different nuclear fusion reactions occurring in the plasma at the same time: D(d,(3)He)n and (3)He(d,p)(4)He. The temperatures determined by these two methods agree well, which indicates that (i) the ion energy distribution is not significantly distorted when ions travel in the disassembling plasma; (ii) the kinetic energy of deuterium ions, especially the "hottest part" responsible for nuclear fusion, is well described by a near-Maxwellian distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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15
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Bang W, Dyer G, Quevedo HJ, Bernstein AC, Gaul E, Donovan M, Ditmire T. Optimization of the neutron yield in fusion plasmas produced by Coulomb explosions of deuterium clusters irradiated by a petawatt laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 87:023106. [PMID: 23496630 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.023106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic energy of hot (multi-keV) ions from the laser-driven Coulomb explosion of deuterium clusters and the resulting fusion yield in plasmas formed from these exploding clusters has been investigated under a variety of conditions using the Texas Petawatt laser. An optimum laser intensity was found for producing neutrons in these cluster fusion plasmas with corresponding average ion energies of 14 keV. The substantial volume (1-10 mm(3)) of the laser-cluster interaction produced by the petawatt peak power laser pulse led to a fusion yield of 1.6×10(7) neutrons in a single shot with a 120 J, 170 fs laser pulse. Possible effects of prepulses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Department of Physics, Center for High Energy Density Science, C1510, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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16
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Akli KU, Storm MJ, McMahon M, Jiang S, Ovchinnikov V, Schumacher DW, Freeman RR, Dyer G, Ditmire T. Time dependence of fast electron beam divergence in ultraintense laser-plasma interactions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 86:026404. [PMID: 23005866 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.026404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the measurement and computer simulation of the divergence of fast electrons generated in an ultraintense laser-plasma interaction (LPI) and the subsequent propagation in a nonrefluxing target. We show that, at Iλ(2) of 10(20) Wcm(-2)μm(2), the time-integrated electron beam full divergence angle is (60±5)°. However, our time-resolved 2D particle-in-cell simulations show the initial beam divergence to be much smaller (≤30°). Our simulations show the divergence to monotonically increase with time, reaching a final value of (68±7)° after the passage of the laser pulse, consistent with the experimental time-integrated measurements. By revealing the time-dependent nature of the LPI, we find that a substantial fraction of the laser energy (~7%) is transported up to 100 μm with a divergence of 32°.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Akli
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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17
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Bang W, Quevedo HJ, Dyer G, Rougk J, Kim I, McCormick M, Bernstein AC, Ditmire T. Calibration of the neutron detectors for the cluster fusion experiment on the Texas Petawatt Laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:063504. [PMID: 22755624 DOI: 10.1063/1.4729121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three types of neutron detectors (plastic scintillation detectors, indium activation detectors, and CR-39 track detectors) were calibrated for the measurement of 2.45 MeV DD fusion neutron yields from the deuterium cluster fusion experiment on the Texas Petawatt Laser. A Cf-252 neutron source and 2.45 MeV fusion neutrons generated from laser-cluster interaction were used as neutron sources. The scintillation detectors were calibrated such that they can detect up to 10(8) DD fusion neutrons per shot in current mode under high electromagnetic pulse environments. Indium activation detectors successfully measured neutron yields as low as 10(4) per shot and up to 10(11) neutrons. The use of a Cf-252 neutron source allowed cross calibration of CR-39 and indium activation detectors at high neutron yields (∼10(11)). The CR-39 detectors provided consistent measurements of the total neutron yield of Cf-252 when a modified detection efficiency of 4.6×10(-4) was used. The combined use of all three detectors allowed for a detection range of 10(4) to 10(11) neutrons per shot.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Center for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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18
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Thomas H, Helal A, Hoffmann K, Kandadai N, Keto J, Andreasson J, Iwan B, Seibert M, Timneanu N, Hajdu J, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Rupp D, Schorb S, Möller T, Doumy G, DiMauro LF, Hoener M, Murphy B, Berrah N, Messerschmidt M, Bozek J, Bostedt C, Ditmire T. Explosions of xenon clusters in ultraintense femtosecond x-ray pulses from the LCLS free electron laser. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:133401. [PMID: 22540697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Explosions of large Xe clusters (<N> ~ 11,000) irradiated by femtosecond pulses of 850 eV x-ray photons focused to an intensity of up to 10(17) W/cm(2) from the Linac Coherent Light Source were investigated experimentally. Measurements of ion charge-state distributions and energy spectra exhibit strong evidence for the formation of a Xe nanoplasma in the intense x-ray pulse. This x-ray produced Xe nanoplasma is accompanied by a three-body recombination and hydrodynamic expansion. These experimental results appear to be consistent with a model in which a spherically exploding nanoplasma is formed inside the Xe cluster and where the plasma temperature is determined by photoionization heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas
- Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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19
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Cho BI, Osterholz J, Bernstein AC, Dyer GM, Karmakar A, Pukhov A, Ditmire T. Characterization of two distinct, simultaneous hot electron beams in intense laser-solid interactions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 80:055402. [PMID: 20365036 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.055402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The transport of energetic electron beams generated from aluminum foils irradiated by ultraintense laser pulses has been studied by imaging coherent transition radiation from the rear side of the target. Two distinct beams of MeV electrons are emitted from the target rear side at the same time. This measurement indicates that two different mechanisms, namely resonance absorption and jxB heating, accelerate the electrons at the targets front side and drive them to different directions, with different temperatures. This interpretation is consistent with 3D-particle-in-cell simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cho
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-0263, USA
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20
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Milathianaki D, Hawreliak J, McNaney JM, El-Dasher BS, Saculla MD, Swift DC, Lorenzana HE, Ditmire T. A Seeman-Bohlin geometry for high-resolution nanosecond x-ray diffraction measurements from shocked polycrystalline and amorphous materials. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:093904. [PMID: 19791950 DOI: 10.1063/1.3230647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on a focusing x-ray diffraction geometry capable of high-resolution in situ lattice probing from dynamically loaded polycrystalline and amorphous materials. The Seeman-Bohlin-type camera presented here is ideally suited for time-resolved x-ray diffraction measurements performed on high energy multibeam laser platforms. Diffraction from several lattice planes of ablatively shock-loaded 25 mum thick Cu foils was recorded on a focusing circle of diameter D=100 mm with exceptional angular resolution limited only by the spectral broadening of the x-ray source. Excellent agreement was found between the density measured using x-ray diffraction and that inferred from Doppler velocimetry and the known shock Hugoniot of Cu. In addition, x-ray diffraction signal was captured from an amorphous material under static conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Milathianaki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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21
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Churina IV, Cho BI, Bernstein A, Stoker DS, Dalton A, Symes DR, Ditmire T. Single-shot optical conductivity measurement of dense aluminum plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 80:015401. [PMID: 19658765 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.015401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical conductivity of a dense femtosecond laser-heated aluminum plasma heated to 0.1-1.5 eV was measured using frequency-domain interferometry with chirped pulses, permitting simultaneous observation of optical probe reflectivity and probe pulse phase shift. Coupled with published models of bound-electron contributions to the conductivity, these two independent experimental data yielded a direct measurement of both real and imaginary components of the plasma conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Churina
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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22
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Higginbotham AP, Semonin O, Bruce S, Chan C, Maindi M, Donnelly TD, Maurer M, Bang W, Churina I, Osterholz J, Kim I, Bernstein AC, Ditmire T. Generation of Mie size microdroplet aerosols with applications in laser-driven fusion experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:063503. [PMID: 19566203 DOI: 10.1063/1.3155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a tunable source of Mie scale microdroplet aerosols that can be used for the generation of energetic ions. To demonstrate this potential, a terawatt Ti:Al2O3 laser focused to 2 x 10(19) W/cm2 was used to irradiate heavy water (D2O) aerosols composed of micron-scale droplets. Energetic deuterium ions, which were generated in the laser-droplet interaction, produced deuterium-deuterium fusion with approximately 2 x 10(3) fusion neutrons measured per joule of incident laser energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Higginbotham
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, USA
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23
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Renard-Le Galloudec N, d'Humières E, Cho BI, Osterholz J, Sentoku Y, Ditmire T. Guiding, focusing, and collimated transport of hot electrons in a canal in the extended tip of cone targets. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:205003. [PMID: 19519036 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.205003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hot electrons are produced, guided into a beam, and transported over 60 microm in a small canal to the outside tip of a structured cone target. The diameter of the electron beam is defined by the inside tip diameter. This carries the potential to create electron beams of specific diameters propagating over specific distances of interest for several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Renard-Le Galloudec
- Nevada Terawatt Facility, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89521-0042, USA
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24
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Bernstein AC, McCormick M, Dyer GM, Sanders JC, Ditmire T. Two-beam coupling between filament-forming beams in air. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:123902. [PMID: 19392278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate two-beam coupling between nearly identical filament-forming beams intersecting in air. A 7% amplification of one beam occurs at the energy expense of the other in a single interaction, controllable by adjusting their relative delay by tens of femtoseconds. The data are consistent with the impulsive Raman nonlinear response of the air molecules as the coupling mechanism. The filament conical emission is controllably enhanced or suppressed by the interaction, indicating that two-beam coupling may be an effective means for filament regeneration and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bernstein
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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25
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Murphy BF, Hoffmann K, Belolipetski A, Keto J, Ditmire T. Explosion of xenon clusters driven by intense femtosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet light. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:203401. [PMID: 19113338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The explosions of large xenon clusters irradiated by intense, femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses at a wavelength of 38 nm have been studied. Using high harmonic generation from a 35 fs laser, clusters have been irradiated by extreme ultraviolet pulses at intensity approaching 10;{11} W/cm;{2}. Charge states up to Xe8+ are observed, states well above those produced by single atom illumination, indicating that plasma continuum lowering is important. Furthermore, the kinetic energy distribution of the exploding ions is consistent with a quasineutral hydrodynamic expansion, rather than a Coulomb explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Murphy
- Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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26
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Dyer GM, Bernstein AC, Cho BI, Osterholz J, Grigsby W, Dalton A, Shepherd R, Ping Y, Chen H, Widmann K, Ditmire T. Equation-of-state measurement of dense plasmas heated with fast protons. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:015002. [PMID: 18764119 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using an ultrafast pulse of mega-electron-volt energy protons accelerated from a laser-irradiated foil, we have heated solid density aluminum plasmas to temperatures in excess of 15 eV. By measuring the temperature and the expansion rate of the heated Al plasma simultaneously and with picosecond time resolution we have found the predictions of the SESAME Livermore equation-of-state (LEOS) tables to be accurate to within 18%, in this dense plasma regime, where there have been few previous experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dyer
- Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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27
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Symes DR, Hohenberger M, Henig A, Ditmire T. Anisotropic explosions of hydrogen clusters under intense femtosecond laser irradiation. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:123401. [PMID: 17501120 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on measurements of ion energy distributions from hydrogen clusters irradiated by intense laser pulses of duration 40 and 250 fs. Contrary to the predictions of a simple Coulomb explosion model, we observe a pronounced spatial anisotropy of the ion energies from these explosions with the highest energy ions ejected along the laser polarization direction. The origin of the anisotropy is distinct from that previously seen in clusters of high Z atoms such as Ar and Xe. Furthermore, a measured increase in H+ ion energy when longer, lower intensity pulses are employed suggests that multiple-pass, vacuum heating of the cluster electrons is important in the deposition of energy by the laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Symes
- The Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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28
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Shim B, Hays G, Zgadzaj R, Ditmire T, Downer MC. Enhanced harmonic generation from expanding clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:123902. [PMID: 17501124 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report controlled enhancement of optical third harmonic generation (THG) from hydrodynamically expanding clusters of approximately 6x10(5) noble-gas atoms several hundred femtoseconds following ionization and heating by ultrashort pump pulses. This resonant enhancement is more pronounced for orthogonal than for parallel pump-probe polarizations, a consequence of faster cluster expansion along the pump polarization. Simulations show that the nonlinear susceptibility chi(3) of the individual clusters and the coherence length of the clustered plasma medium are optimized nearly simultaneously as the clusters expand, and both contribute to the observed THG enhancement. This dual enhancement mechanism may be scalable to relativistic probe intensity and to generation of high-order harmonics in the soft-x-ray regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shim
- FOCUS Center, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1081, USA
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Sumeruk HA, Kneip S, Symes DR, Churina IV, Belolipetski AV, Donnelly TD, Ditmire T. Control of strong-laser-field coupling to electrons in solid targets with wavelength-scale spheres. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:045001. [PMID: 17358781 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of a planar solid by an intense laser pulse leads to fast electron acceleration and hard x-ray production. We have investigated whether this high field production of fast electrons can be controlled by introducing dielectric spheres of well-defined size on the target surface. We find that the presence of spheres with a diameter slightly larger than half the laser wavelength leads to Mie enhancements of the laser field which, accompanied by multipass stochastic heating of the electrons, leads to significantly enhanced hard x-ray yield and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Sumeruk
- Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Rassuchine J, Dyer G, Cho B, Sentoku Y, Cowan T, Kneip S, Ditmire T, Renard-Le Galloudec N. WE-E-330D-01: The Production of Ultrafast Bright K-Alpha X-Rays From Laser Produced Plasmas for Medical Imaging. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2241791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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31
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Buersgens F, Madison KW, Symes DR, Hartke R, Osterhoff J, Grigsby W, Dyer G, Ditmire T. Angular distribution of neutrons from deuterated cluster explosions driven by femtosecond laser pulses. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2006; 74:016403. [PMID: 16907194 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.016403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have studied experimentally the angular distributions of fusion neutrons from plasmas of multi-keV ion temperature, created by 40 fs, multi-TW laser pulses in dense plumes of D2 and CD4 clusters. A slight anisotropy in the neutron emission is observed. We attribute this anisotropy to the fact that the differential cross section for DD fusion is anisotropic even at low collision energies, and this, coupled with the geometry of the gas jet target, leads to beam-target neutrons that are slightly directed. The qualitative features of this anisotropy are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buersgens
- The Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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32
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Edens AD, Ditmire T, Hansen JF, Edwards MJ, Adams RG, Rambo PK, Ruggles L, Smith IC, Porter JL. Measurement of the decay rate of single-frequency perturbations on blast waves. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:244503. [PMID: 16384385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.244503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To explore the validity of theories forwarded to explain the dynamics of hydrodynamic perturbations on high Mach number blast waves, we have studied the decay rate of perturbations on blast waves traveling through nitrogen gas. In our experiments, 1 kJ pulses from the Z-Beamlet laser at Sandia National Laboratories illuminated solid targets immersed in gas and created blast waves. The polytropic index implied by comparing experiment to theoretical predictions is compared to simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Edens
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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33
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Hohenberger M, Symes DR, Madison KW, Sumeruk A, Dyer G, Edens A, Grigsby W, Hays G, Teichmann M, Ditmire T. Dynamic acceleration effects in explosions of laser-irradiated heteronuclear clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:195003. [PMID: 16383989 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.195003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intense, femtosecond irradiation of atomic and molecular clusters can initiate Coulomb explosions, generating particle energies sufficient to drive nuclear fusion. Last and Jortner have proposed, based on particle dynamics simulations, that heteronuclear clusters with a mixture of heavy and light ions will not explode by the simple, equilibrium Coulomb model but that dynamic effects can lead to a boosting of energy of the lighter ejected ions [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 033401 (2001)]. We present experimental confirmation of this theoretically predicted ion energy enhancement in methane clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hohenberger
- The Texas Center for High Intensity Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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34
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Hansen SB, Faenov AY, Pikuz TA, Fournier KB, Shepherd R, Chen H, Widmann K, Wilks SC, Ping Y, Chung HK, Niles A, Hunter JR, Dyer G, Ditmire T. Temperature determination using Kalpha spectra from M -shell Ti ions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 72:036408. [PMID: 16241580 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.036408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The compact multipulse terawatt (COMET) laser facility at LLNL was used to irradiate Al-coated 2-50 microm Ti foils with approximately 10(19) W cm(-2) , 500 fs, 3-6 J laser pulses. Laser-plasma interactions on the front side of the target generate hot electrons with sufficient energy to excite inner-shell electrons in Ti, creating Kalpha emission which has been measured using a focusing spectrometer with spatial resolution aimed at the back surface of the targets. The spatial extent of the emission varies with target thickness. The high spectral resolution (lambda/Deltalambda approximately equal to 3800) is sufficient to measure broadening of the Kalpha emission feature due to the emergence of blueshifted satellites from ionized Ti in a heated region of the target. A self-consistent-field model is used to spectroscopically diagnose thermal electron temperatures up to 40 eV in the strongly coupled Ti plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-473, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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35
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Ditmire T, Bless S, Dyer G, Edens A, Grigsby W, Hays G, Madison K, Maltsev A, Colvin J, Edwards M, Lee R, Patel P, Price D, Remington B, Sheppherd R, Wootton A, Zweiback J, Liang E, Kielty K. Overview of future directions in high energy-density and high-field science using ultra-intense lasers. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2003.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Maltsev A, Ditmire T. Above threshold ionization in tightly focused, strongly relativistic laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:053002. [PMID: 12633349 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of electrons ionized from high charge states by lasers with intensity >10(20) W/cm(2) have been studied. At these intensities vxB forces drive the electrons subsequent to ionization in a trajectory nearly parallel to the laser propagation direction. This gives rise to large energy gains as the electron rides in phase with the laser field over a long distance. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate that, unlike in case of ionization in sub- and near-relativistic intensity fields (<10(19) W/cm(2)), the electron dynamics in the ultrarelativistic case are strongly influenced by the longitudinal electric fields found near the focus of a tightly focused laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maltsev
- FOCUS Center, Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin 78712, USA
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37
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Edwards MJ, MacKinnon AJ, Zweiback J, Shigemori K, Ryutov D, Rubenchik AM, Keilty KA, Liang E, Remington BA, Ditmire T. Investigation of ultrafast laser-driven radiative blast waves. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:085004. [PMID: 11497951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the evolution of cylindrically symmetric blast waves produced by the deposition of femtosecond laser pulses in gas jets. In high- Z gases radiative effects become important. We observe the production of an ionization precursor ahead of the shock front and deceleration parameters below the adiabatic value of 1/2 (for a cylinder), an effect expected when the blast wave loses energy by radiative cooling. Despite significant radiative cooling, the blast waves do not appear to develop thin shell instabilities expected for strongly radiative waves. This is believed to be due to the stabilizing effect of a relatively thick blast wave shell resulting in part from electron thermal conduction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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38
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Wharton KB, Boley CD, Komashko AM, Rubenchik AM, Zweiback J, Crane J, Hays G, Cowan TE, Ditmire T. Effects of nonionizing prepulses in high-intensity laser-solid interactions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:025401. [PMID: 11497643 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.025401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present theoretical and experimental evidence that nonionizing prepulses with intensities as low as 10(8)-10(9) W/cm(2) can substantially alter high intensity laser-solid interactions. We show that prepulse-heating and vaporization of the target can lead to a preformed plasma once the vapor is ionized by the rising edge of the high-intensity pulse. Our results indicate that peak prepulse intensity is not the only important parameter to consider in determining preformed plasma thresholds, and that a more comprehensive analysis of the prepulse duration and the target material is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Wharton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, 94550, USA
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Zweiback J, Cowan TE, Smith RA, Hartley JH, Howell R, Steinke CA, Hays G, Wharton KB, Crane JK, Ditmire T. Characterization of fusion burn time in exploding deuterium cluster plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:3640-3643. [PMID: 11030970 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting the energetic interaction of intense femtosecond laser pulses with deuterium clusters, it is possible to create conditions in which nuclear fusion results from explosions of these clusters. We have conducted high-resolution neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy on these plasmas and show that they yield fast bursts of nearly monochromatic fusion neutrons with temporal duration as short as a few hundred picoseconds. Such a short, nearly pointlike source now opens up the unique possibility of using these bright neutron pulses, either as a pump or a probe, to conduct ultrafast studies with neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zweiback
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-477, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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40
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Abstract
Light scattering in large noble gas clusters irradiated by intense laser pulses was studied and compared to absorption measurements. The scattering signal shows the presence of a peak, when the pulse width was varied, similar to one previously reported in absorption measurements. The peak of the scattering, however, occurs at a longer pulse width than for absorption. This result disagrees with a simple simulation and may be due to propagation or non-linear effects not included in the model.
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Shigemori K, Ditmire T, Remington BA, Yanovsky V, Ryutov D, Estabrook KG, Edwards MJ, MacKinnon AJ, Rubenchik AM, Keilty KA, Liang E. Developing a Radiative Shock Experiment Relevant to Astrophysics. Astrophys J 2000; 533:L159-L162. [PMID: 10770714 DOI: 10.1086/312621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2000] [Accepted: 03/08/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the initial results of experiments being developed on the Falcon laser to simulate radiative astrophysical shocks. Cylindrically diverging blast waves were produced in low-density ( approximately 1018 cm-3), high-Z gas by laser-irradiating Xe gas jets containing atomic clusters. The blast-wave trajectory was measured by Michelson interferometry. The velocity for the blast wave is slightly less than the adiabatic Sedov-Taylor prediction, and an ionization precursor is observed ahead of the shock front. This suggests energy loss through radiative cooling and reduced compression due to preheat deposited ahead of the shock, both consistent with one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations.
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Zweiback J, Smith RA, Cowan TE, Hays G, Wharton KB, Yanovsky VP, Ditmire T. Nuclear fusion driven by coulomb explosions of large deuterium clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:2634-2637. [PMID: 11017287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments on the interaction of intense, ultrafast laser pulses with large van der Waals bonded clusters have shown that these clusters can explode with substantial kinetic energy. By driving explosions in deuterium clusters with a 35 fs laser pulse, we have accelerated ions to sufficient kinetic energy to produce DD nuclear fusion. By diagnosing the fusion yield through measurements of 2.45 MeV fusion neutrons, we have found that the fusion yield from these exploding clusters varies strongly with the cluster size, consistent with acceleration of deuterons via Coulomb explosion forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zweiback
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-477, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Ditmire T, Zweiback J, Yanovsky VP, Cowan TE, Hays G, Wharton KB. Nuclear fusion from explosions of femtosecond laser-heated deuterium clusters. Nature 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/19037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Ditmire T, Smith RA. Short-pulse laser interferometric measurement of absolute gas densities from a cooled gas jet. Opt Lett 1998; 23:618-620. [PMID: 18084595 DOI: 10.1364/ol.23.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of a novel technique to measure the gas density from a pulsed gas jet. Deuterium gas is fully ionized with an intense picosecond laser, and the resulting electron density is measured by interferometric probing with a second picosecond pulse. We have applied this technique to characterize a cryogenically cooled, high-density gas jet.
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Abstract
We report on the use of a novel technique to create a plasma waveguide suitable for guiding high-intensity laser pulses in underdense plasmas. A narrow channel of a clustering gas is dissociated with a low-intensity prepulse. This prepulse is followed by a high-intensity, focused laser pulse. The high absorption of the clusters surrounding the dissociated atomic channel causes the remaining annulus of clusters to become highly ionized, leaving low-density plasma in the center. We have interferometrically probed the formation of this channel with picosecond laser pulses.
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Ditmire T, Gumbrell ET, Smith RA, Tisch JW, Meyerhofer DD, Hutchinson MH. Spatial Coherence Measurement of Soft X-Ray Radiation Produced by High Order Harmonic Generation. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:4756-4759. [PMID: 10062623 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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47
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Ditmire T. Simulations of heating and electron energy distributions in optical field ionized plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1996; 54:6735-6740. [PMID: 9965899 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.6735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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48
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Shao YL, Ditmire T, Tisch JW, Springate E, Marangos JP, Hutchinson MH. Multi-keV Electron Generation in the Interaction of Intense Laser Pulses with Xe Clusters. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:3343-3346. [PMID: 10062196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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49
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Ditmire T, Gumbrell ET, Smith RA, Mountford L, Hutchinson MH. Supersonic Ionization Wave Driven by Radiation Transport in a Short-Pulse Laser-Produced Plasma. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:498-501. [PMID: 10062826 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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50
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Ditmire T, Donnelly T, Rubenchik AM, Falcone RW, Perry MD. Interaction of intense laser pulses with atomic clusters. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:3379-3402. [PMID: 9913282 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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