The impact of the first and the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on vascular surgery practice in the leading regional center: a comparative, retrospective study

BACKGROUND

We conducted an analysis of the vascular surgery regional center reorganization in response to the first and the second wave of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to see what lessons we learned from the first wave.

METHODS

The study included a total of 632 patients admitted to the vascular surgery department in three periods: March-May 2020, October-December 2020, and October-December 2019 as a control period.

RESULTS

In the pandemic periods the number of admitted patients decreased in relation to the control period. There was a reduction in performed procedures. We observed an increase in the ratio of less invasive procedures. There was a significant decline in hospitalization time in comparison to the control period.

CONCLUSIONS

The reduction of scheduled admissions and procedures affected vascular centers all over the world. Minimally invasive procedures were more willingly performed to shorten the hospitalization time and reduce the patient's exposure to hospital infection. It allowed us to treat more patients during the second wave. Nevertheless, an increased number of vascular patients should be expected in the future, which will result from the failure to perform elective procedures during the pandemic.

Exploring why European primary care physicians sometimes do not think of, or act on, a possible cancer diagnosis. A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

While primary care physicians (PCPs) play a key role in cancer detection, they can find cancer diagnosis challenging, and some patients have considerable delays between presentation and onward referral.

AIM

To explore European PCPs' experiences and views on cases where they considered that they had been slow to think of, or act on, a possible cancer diagnosis.

DESIGN & SETTING

A multicentre European qualitative study, based on an online survey with open-ended questions, asking PCPs for their narratives about cases when they had missed a diagnosis of cancer.

METHOD

Using maximum variation sampling, PCPs in 23 European countries were asked to describe what happened in a case where they were slow to think of a cancer diagnosis, and for their views on why it happened. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

RESULTS

A total of 158 PCPs completed the questionnaire. The main themes were as follows: patients' descriptions did not suggest cancer; distracting factors reduced PCPs' cancer suspicions; patients' hesitancy delayed the diagnosis; system factors not facilitating timely diagnosis; PCPs felt that they had acted wrongly; and problems with communicating adequately.

CONCLUSION

The study identified six overarching themes that need to be addressed. Doing so should reduce morbidity and mortality in the small proportion of patients who have a significant, avoidable delay in their cancer diagnosis. The 'Swiss cheese' model of accident causation showed how the themes related to each other.

The Role of Health Behaviors in Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study of Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cancer-related cause of death worldwide. CRC incidence depends, in part, on the health behaviors that make up an individual's lifestyle. We aimed to assess the influence of health behaviors and quality of life (QoL) among patients with CRC receiving surgical treatment. In this single-center questionnaire study, 151 patients were surveyed 1 week before and 6 months after colorectal procedures (laparoscopic hemicolectomy, low rectal anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection, and others). This study demonstrated a significant decrease in alcohol consumption and physical activity following the execution of colorectal procedures. No statistically significant changes were observed in smoking or the consumption of healthy food. Global QoL did not change significantly; however, a decrease in physical and role-related functioning was observed. Significant improvements in emotional functioning were also observed. A detailed analysis showed that physical and social functioning were related to smoking, the consumption of healthy food, physical activity, and additional therapies. Emotional functioning was related to smoking, the consumption of healthy food, and complementary treatments. Six months following an operation, it was also dependent on alcohol intake. Physical functioning was the area that decreased the most in the six months after colorectal tumor surgery compared to the period before surgery. Health behaviors such as cessation of smoking, engagement in physical activity, and the consumption of healthy food contributed to a higher quality of life among patients prior to resecting colorectal cancer and six months after the procedure. Patients who received adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy had a lower quality of life than patients who did not receive this type of therapy. The kind of surgery (laparoscopic hemicolectomy, lower anterior rectum resection, or abdominoperineal rectum resection) was not related to QoL six months after surgery.

Determinants of Lipid Parameters in Patients without Diagnosed Cardiovascular Disease-Results of the Polish Arm of the EUROASPIRE V Survey

To assess the determinants of lipid parameters in primary care patients without diagnosed cardiovascular disease (CVD), a cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018-2019 with a total of 200 patients. The following lipid parameters were measured: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), small, dense LDL (sdLDL-C), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). Predictors of elevated and adequately controlled lipid parameters were assessed with logistic regression analysis. Older age was related to higher risk of TC ≥ 6.2 mmol/L [OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.0-1.05)], sdLDL-C ≥ 1.0 mmol/L [OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.0-1.1)], and decreased risk of Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL [OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99)]. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had increased probability of TG ≥ 2.25 mmol/L [OR 3.77 (95% CI 1.34-10.6)] and Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL [OR 2.97 (1.34-6.10)] as well as adequate control of TG and Lp(a). Higher material status was related to lower risk of TC ≥ 6.2 mmol/L [OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.04-0.82)] and LDL-C ≥ 3.6 mmol/L [OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.12-0.92)]. High BMI was related to increased [OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.29)], and female gender [OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.12-0.96)] and hypertension [OR 0.29 (95% CI 0.1-0.87)] to decreased risk of TG ≥ 2.25 mmol/L [OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.29)]. Taking lipid-lowering drugs (LLD) was associated with LDL-C < 2.6 mmol/L [OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.05-4.19)] and Lp(a) < 30 mg/dL [OR 0.48 (95% CI 0.25-0.93)]. Physical activity was related to LDL-C < 2.6 mmol/L [OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.02-3.98)]. Higher abdominal circumference was associated with decreased risk of TG < 1.7 mmol/L [OR 0.96 (95% CI 0.93-0.99)]. Elevated lipid parameters were related to age, gender, material status, BMI, history of DM, and hypertension. Adequate control was associated with age, education, physical activity, LLD, history of DM, and abdominal circumference.

The occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors and functioning in chronic illness in the Polish population of EUROASPIRE V

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cardiovascular risk on the functioning of patients without a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

METHODS

Two hundred patients diagnosed with arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes were enrolled in the study. The median age was 52.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 43.0-60.0). The following risk factors were assessed: blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose concentration. Total cardiovascular risk was determined as the number of uncontrolled risk factors, and with the Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation Score (SCORE). The Functioning in the Chronic Illness Scale (FCIS) was applied to assess the physical and mental functioning of patients.

RESULTS

The median number of measures of cardiovascular risk factors was 4.0 (IQR 3.0-5.0). The median of SCORE for the whole study population was 2.0 (IQR 1.0-3.0). Patients with lower total cardiovascular risk as defined by SCORE and number of uncontrolled risk factors had better functioning as reflected by higher FCIS (R = -0.315, p < 0.0001; R = -0.336, p < 0.0001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified abnormal blood pressure, abnormal waist circumference, tobacco smoking, and lack of regular physical activity to be negative predictors of functioning. Lack of regular physical activity was the only predictor of low FCIS total score (odds ratio 9.26, 95% confidence interval 1.19-71.77, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The functioning of patients worsens as the total cardiovascular risk increases. Each of the risk factors affects the functioning of subjects without coronary artery disease with different strength, with physical activity being the strongest determinant of patient functioning.

Type D Personality and Health Behaviors in People Living with Obesity

BACKGROUND

Considering that health behaviors and personality traits play an important role in the formation of health attitudes, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the relations that occur between type D personality and health behaviors in a group of obese patients.

METHODS

443 adult patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, who had been hospitalized in selected hospital facilities in the Silesian Voivodeship (Poland), participated in the study. Respondents completed three standardized questionnaires-the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, version A (MHLC-A), the Inventory of Health Behaviors (IZZ), and the Type D Scale (DS-14).

RESULTS

Patients with type D personality were characterized by the least effective mental attitudes and preventive behaviors, and differed significantly from the other personality types (intermediate and non-type D). Type D personality increased the risk of initiating improper health behaviors by more than five times. Regarding the sense of health control, patients with type D personality had significantly lower scores for the Internal Dimension subscale (21.3 ± 3.1) and higher for the Powerful Others Dimension subscale (24.0 ± 2.6), compared to patients with intermediate and non-type D personality. Proper health behaviors correlated with an internal sense of health control; the strongest correlation, defined as a medium, was with Preventive Behaviors (R = 0.42; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Type D personality was associated with poorer attitudes towards health. Among obese respondents with a type D personality, there was a significantly higher prevalence of those who believed that their health status was a consequence of chance events.

Ambulophobia as a Specific Phobia—Defining the Problem Among Patients of Long-Term Care Facilities in Poland

Background

Ambulophobia is a type of specific phobia that involves a fear of walking. This phobia mainly affects older people, who prefer not to leave their bed or home to avoid walking on uneven surfaces and reduce the risk of falling. The problem seems to be very important in terms of public health and the organization of long-term care, as Poland has one of the highest rates of elderly population growth.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of ambulophobia among patients of long-term care facilities in Poland and to identify factors increasing the risk of this specific phobia in the study group.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted between January and July 2021. Data collected from 379 patients of 16 long-term care facilities located in Poland were analyzed. The study used the diagnostic criteria for specific phobias according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, and standardized questionnaires such as MMSE, GDS-16, DOS and ADL. The χ² test was used to test the significance of differences (p = 0.05).

Results

The prevalence of ambulophobia in the study group was 30.1%. Ambulophobia significantly more often concerned the female sex (37.7%) and people over 70 years of age (42,1%). Factors such as depression, Parkinson's disease, orthostatic hypotonia, a history of falling or being a witness to another person falling, and disability of at least a moderate degree increased the likelihood of ambulophobia.

Conclusions

Based on the obtained results, it was found that the protective factors in the development of ambulophobia are male sex, younger age, high independence, fewer drugs used per day and no previous falls or seeing another person fall.

Reasons for and Scenarios Associated with Failure to Cease Smoking: Results from a Qualitative Study Among Polish Smokers Who Had Unsuccessfully Attempted to Quit

PURPOSE

Most smokers attempt to quit smoking, but few are successful. Data regarding the reasons for this relapse and the course of the relapse process may be helpful for determining efficient methods of smoking cessation. This study aimed to identify the causes of and scenarios associated with smoking relapse after effective smoking cessation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with smokers who had previously unsuccessfully attempted to quit. The data underwent qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Three major themes were identified: reasons for smoking relapse; smoking relapse scenarios; and perception of the influence of personal environments, including family and physicians, on refraining from smoking after cessation. The first theme comprised the following subthemes: insufficient willpower and self-discipline, contact with smokers, exposure to stressful situations, lack of family support, weight gain, and insufficient improvement in one's mental and physical well-being. The second theme contained enjoyable social events, professional life, critical events, and encouragement to smoke from family members. The respondents frequently emphasized the large role of interaction with other smokers.

CONCLUSION

The predominant factors underlying smoking relapse include insufficient willpower and self-discipline and exposure to stress. The most frequent relapse scenario concerned experiencing negative or positive emotions when interacting with other smokers.

Primary care practitioners' diagnostic action when the patient may have cancer: an exploratory vignette study in 20 European countries

OBJECTIVES

Cancer survival rates vary widely between European countries, with differences in timeliness of diagnosis thought to be one key reason. There is little evidence on the way in which different healthcare systems influence primary care practitioners' (PCPs) referral decisions in patients who could have cancer.This study aimed to explore PCPs' diagnostic actions (whether or not they perform a key diagnostic test and/or refer to a specialist) in patients with symptoms that could be due to cancer and how they vary across European countries.

DESIGN

A primary care survey. PCPs were given vignettes describing patients with symptoms that could indicate cancer and asked how they would manage these patients. The likelihood of taking immediate diagnostic action (a diagnostic test and/or referral) in the different participating countries was analysed. Comparisons between the likelihood of taking immediate diagnostic action and physician characteristics were calculated.

SETTING

Centres in 20 European countries with widely varying cancer survival rates.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 2086 PCPs answered the survey question, with a median of 72 PCPs per country.

RESULTS

PCPs' likelihood of immediate diagnostic action at the first consultation varied from 50% to 82% between countries. PCPs who were more experienced were more likely to take immediate diagnostic action than their peers.

CONCLUSION

When given vignettes of patients with a low but significant possibility of cancer, more than half of PCPs across Europe would take diagnostic action, most often by ordering diagnostic tests. However, there are substantial between-country variations.

How European primary care practitioners think the timeliness of cancer diagnosis can be improved: a thematic analysis

BACKGROUND

National European cancer survival rates vary widely. Prolonged diagnostic intervals are thought to be a key factor in explaining these variations. Primary care practitioners (PCPs) frequently play a crucial role during initial cancer diagnosis; their knowledge could be used to improve the planning of more effective approaches to earlier cancer diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES

This study sought the views of PCPs from across Europe on how they thought the timeliness of cancer diagnosis could be improved.

DESIGN

In an online survey, a final open-ended question asked PCPs how they thought the speed of diagnosis of cancer in primary care could be improved. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

SETTING

A primary care study, with participating centres in 20 European countries.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 1352 PCPs answered the final survey question, with a median of 48 per country.

RESULTS

The main themes identified were: patient-related factors, including health education; care provider-related factors, including continuing medical education; improving communication and interprofessional partnership, particularly between primary and secondary care; factors relating to health system organisation and policies, including improving access to healthcare; easier primary care access to diagnostic tests; and use of information technology. Re-allocation of funding to support timely diagnosis was seen as an issue affecting all of these.

CONCLUSIONS

To achieve more timely cancer diagnosis, health systems need to facilitate earlier patient presentation through education and better access to care, have well-educated clinicians with good access to investigations and better information technology, and adequate primary care cancer diagnostic pathway funding.

Primary hyperparathyroidism on the example of a 33-year-old female patient with parathyroid adenoma

Parathyroid hyperactivity is the state of over-production and PTH secretion [1]. The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is parathyriod adenoma - about 80% of cases, the remaining are parathyroid hyperplasia around 15%cases [2] [3], and in 1-5% of cases, cancer [2] [3] [4] [5]. The disease is diagnosed inabout 40 people in 100,000 [5] [6] [3] [7]. The most common cause of adenoma is the mutation in gene MEN 1. Less than 5% of cases are chronichyperparathyroidism, which is a component of the MEN 1 MEN 2a endocrine adenocarcinoma syndrome [1]. Excess PTH in the body leads to increased mobilization of calcium from the bones, and henceincreased osteolysis, what also increases the absorption of calcium from thedigestive system, as well as an increased amount of phosphate excretion in the urine. Clinical picture of the disease is multiform and often runs in a latent form. Most often the diseaseoccurs in the form of osteoporosis, chronic recurrent kidney stones, and is also commonpyelonephritis on the basis of urolithiasis. The disease may be accompanied by: dysphagia, abdominal pain, metallic taste in the mouth, persistent constipation. In addition, from the systemnervous: dizziness and headaches, disturbances of consciousness. Arrhythmia the form of additional contractions and paroxysmal tachycardia. Osteolysis, osteoporosis and pathological fractures [1]. The purpose of this article is to bring closer to the reader case of 33 years old woman with primary hyperparathyroidism on the adenoma.

Identifying important health system factors that influence primary care practitioners' referrals for cancer suspicion: a European cross-sectional survey

OBJECTIVES

Cancer survival and stage of disease at diagnosis and treatment vary widely across Europe. These differences may be partly due to variations in access to investigations and specialists. However, evidence to explain how different national health systems influence primary care practitioners' (PCPs') referral decisions is lacking.This study analyses health system factors potentially influencing PCPs' referral decision-making when consulting with patients who may have cancer, and how these vary between European countries.

DESIGN

Based on a content-validity consensus, a list of 45 items relating to a PCP's decisions to refer patients with potential cancer symptoms for further investigation was reduced to 20 items. An online questionnaire with the 20 items was answered by PCPs on a five-point Likert scale, indicating how much each item affected their own decision-making in patients that could have cancer. An exploratory factor analysis identified the factors underlying PCPs' referral decision-making.

SETTING

A primary care study; 25 participating centres in 20 European countries.

PARTICIPANTS

1830 PCPs completed the survey. The median response rate for participating centres was 20.7%.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The factors derived from items related to PCPs' referral decision-making. Mean factor scores were produced for each country, allowing comparisons.

RESULTS

Factor analysis identified five underlying factors: PCPs' ability to refer; degree of direct patient access to secondary care; PCPs' perceptions of being under pressure; expectations of PCPs' role; and extent to which PCPs believe that quality comes before cost in their health systems. These accounted for 47.4% of the observed variance between individual responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Five healthcare system factors influencing PCPs' referral decision-making in 20 European countries were identified. The factors varied considerably between European countries. Knowledge of these factors could assist development of health service policies to produce better cancer outcomes, and inform future research to compare national cancer diagnostic pathways and outcomes.

Quality control of oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists in primary care patients in Poland: a multi-centre study

BACKGROUND

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) remain the mainstay of anticoagulation therapy, which requires monitoring of international normalised ratio (INR). Quality of oral anticoagulation, clinical benefits, and the risk related to VKA use are determined by the time in therapeutic range (TTR).

AIM

The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic quality of oral anticoagulation and to determine the factors that affect the incidence of INR outside the recommended range in primary care patients undergoing long-term VKA therapy in Poland.

METHODS

A multi-centre cross-sectional analysis was carried out in 15 general practices from three voivodeships of Poland. At the planned time, INRs measured closest to the designated date in all patients were assessed in terms of being within the therapeutic range. TTR was determined as the percentage of visits with INR in therapeutic range on a given date.

RESULTS

Overall, 430 patients aged 70.3 ± 12.7 years (222 men aged 72 ± 12.8 years and 208 women aged 68.5 ± 12.4 years) were included in the study. In the groups with INR below, within, and above therapeutic range, the patients' age was 67.3 ± 13.4, 72 ± 12, and 70.5 ± 13 years (p = 0.001), respectively. TTR for all the participants was 55%. Statistically significant factors associated with INRs outside the therapeutic range were: age below 60 years (compared to older persons; p = 0.003), more or less frequent INR control compared to the recommended intervals of four to eight weeks (p < 0.001), and the type of the VKA used, i.e. acenocoumarol compared to warfarin (p < 0.001). Logarithmic regression analysis showed that the use of acenocoumarol compared to warfarin, increased the chances of INRs below therapeutic range (odds ratio [OR] 3.19; 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.65-6.16), while male sex increased the probability of INR being above this range (OR 2.01; 95% Cl 1.12- 3.59).

CONCLUSIONS

The TTR in primary care patients on VKA therapy was 55%. Better quality of oral anticoagulation with VKA could be achieved by using warfarin instead of acenocoumarol, proper INR monitoring in the recommended interval of four to eight weeks, and tighter INR control in younger and male patients.

Smoking Status and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Poland

Tobacco smoking is the single most important modifiable factor in increased morbidity and premature mortality. Numerous factors—including genetics, personality, and environment—affect the development and persistence of tobacco addiction, and knowledge regarding these factors could improve smoking cessation rates. This study compared personality traits between never, former, and current smokers, using the Five-Factor Model of Personality in a country with a turbulent smoking reduction process.: In this cross-sectional study, 909 Polish adults completed the Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory. Our results showed that current smokers’ scores for extraversion, one of the five global dimensions of personality, were higher relative to never smokers. Neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness did not differ significantly according to smoking status. Facet analysis, which described each dimension in detail, showed that current smokers’ activity and excitement seeking (facets of extraversion) scores were higher relative to those of never and former smokers. In turn, current smokers’ dutifulness and deliberation (facets of conscientiousness) scores were lower than those found in former and never smokers. Never smokers scored the highest in self-consciousness (a facet of neuroticism) and compliance (a component of agreeableness). The study conducted among Polish individuals showed variation in personality traits according to their smoking status; however, this variation differed from that reported in countries in which efforts to reduce smoking had begun earlier relative to Poland. Knowledge regarding personality traits could be useful in designing smoking prevention and cessation programs tailored to individuals’ needs.

Motivations toward smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and modes of quitting: results from a qualitative study among former and current smokers

BACKGROUND

Smoking cessation plays a crucial role in reducing preventable morbidity and mortality and is a recognized public-health-policy issue in many countries. Two of the most important factors that affect the efficacy of quitting smoking are motivation and the ability to cope with situations causing relapse.

AIM

The objective of the study reported here was to investigate former and current smokers' motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and modes of quitting.

METHODS

We arranged four focus groups with 24 participants (twelve current and twelve former smokers) and eleven semi-structured interviews (five current and six former smokers) with a view to understanding and categorizing their opinions on motivations and the course and process of smoking cessation. The data were next analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods.

RESULTS

THREE MAIN THEMES WERE IDENTIFIED: (1) motivations to quit smoking, (2) reasons why smokers sometimes relapse, and (3) modes of quitting smoking. Within the first theme, the following six subthemes surfaced: (1) a smoking ban at home and at work due to other people's wishes and rules, (2) the high cost of cigarettes, (3) the unpleasant smell, (4) health concern, (5) pregnancy and breastfeeding, and (6) a variety of other factors. The second theme encompassed the following subthemes: (1) stress and the need to lessen it by smoking a cigarette, (2) the need to experience the pleasure connected with smoking, and (3) the smoking environment both at home and at work. Participants presented different smoking-cessation modes, but mainly they were unplanned attempts.

CONCLUSION

Two very important motivations for smoking cessation were a smoking ban at home and at work due to other people's wishes and rules, and the high cost of cigarettes. The most common smoking-cessation mode was a spontaneous decision to quit, caused by a particular trigger factor. Relapse causes encompassed, most notably: stress, lack of the pleasure previously obtained from smoking, and the smoking environment.

"What kind of general practitioner do I need for smoking cessation?" Results from a qualitative study in Poland

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death and disease. Thus, all activities aiming to reduce smoking play an important role in improving population health. The positive role of the general practitioner (GP) in smoking cessation could increase the success rate for quitting smoking, if compared with unassisted cessation. The aim of this study was to determine what kind of general practitioner smokers need in order to stop smoking.

METHODS

Four focus groups with 12 current and 12 former smokers (aged 20-59, 11 women and 13 men), were arranged in the city of Toruń, Poland, with a view to describe their opinions on the GP's role in smoking cessation. The data were subjected to descriptive qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Two major themes emerged in the analysis: the smokers' positive and negative experiences of the GP in smoking cessation and their expectations regarding the role of the GP in smoking cessation. The first theme embraced the following subthemes: (1) GP's passivity, (2) routine questions about the patient's smoking during the visit, (3) lack of time during the visit, and (4) the role model of the GP in smoking cessation. Within the second theme, the respondents identified the following subthemes: (1) bringing up the topic of smoking cessation, even in situations when the patient is unprepared for this; (2) the necessity of a tailored approach to the patient; (3) access to information and evidence confirming the harms of smoking tobacco; (4) prescription of pharmacological and other treatment; and (5) referral to specialists in smoking cessation.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients expect their GP to actively participate in smoking cessation through a more tailored approach to the patient's needs. The patients' experiences did not match their expectations: the smokers rarely got advice on smoking cessation from their GPs. Finally, they emphasized the importance of the GP as a role model in smoking cessation.

Lack of association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism 5-HTTLPR and smoking among Polish population: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

A better understanding of the genetic determinants of tobacco smoking might help in developing more effective cessation therapies, tailored to smokers' genotype. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) has been linked to vulnerability to smoking and ability to quit. We aimed to determine whether 5-HTTLPR genotype is associated with smoking behavior in Caucasians from Northern Poland and to investigate other risk factors for tobacco smoking.

METHODS

5-HTTLPR genotypes were determined in 149 ever smokers (66 females; mean age 53.0 years) and 158 gender and ethnicity matched never smoking controls (79 females; mean age 45.0 years) to evaluate the association of this polymorphism with ever smoking status. Analysis of smokers was performed to evaluate the role of 5-HTTLPR in the age of starting regular smoking, the number of cigarettes smoked daily, pack-years, FTND score, duration of smoking, and the mean length of the longest abstinence on quitting. Genotype was classified according to the presence or absence of the short (S) allele vs. the long (L) allele of 5-HTTLPR (i.e., S/S + S/L vs. L/L). Logistic regression analysis was also used to evaluate correlation between ever smoking and several selected variables.

RESULTS

We found no significant differences in the rates of S allele carriers in ever smokers and never smokers, and no relationship was observed between any quantitative measures of smoking and the polymorphism. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant association between the older age (OR = 4.03; 95% CI: 2.33-6.99) and alcohol dependence (OR = 10.23; 95% CI: 2.09-50.18) and smoking.

CONCLUSION

5-HTTLPR seems to be not a major factor determining cigarette smoking in Poles. Probably, the risk of smoking results from a large number of genes, each contributing a small part of the overall risk, while numerous non-genetic factors might strongly influence these genetic undergrounds of susceptibility to smoking.

Patterns of motivations and ways of quitting smoking among Polish smokers: a questionnaire study

Background

The majority of Polish smokers declare their will to quit smoking and many of them attempt to quit. Although morbidity and mortality from tobacco-related diseases are among the highest in the world, there is a lack of comprehensive cessation support for smokers. We aimed to investigate how Poles, including the medically ill, cope with quitting cigarettes and what their motivations to quit are.

Methods

Convenience sampling was used for the purpose of the study. Individuals attending several health care units were screened for a history of quit attempts. Ex-smokers were defined as smoking previously at least one cigarette/day but who have no longer been smoking for at least one month. Attempts at quitting were defined as abstaining from cigarettes for at least one day. Data on socio-demographics, tobacco use, quitting behaviors and reasons to quit from 618 subjects (385 ex- and 233 current smokers) who fulfilled these criteria were collected with the use of a questionnaire. For the comparison of proportions, a chi-square test was used.

Results

In the entire study population, 77% of smokers attempted to quit smoking on their own and a similar proportion of smokers (76%) used the cold turkey method when quitting. Current smokers were more likely than former smokers to use some form of aid (p = 0.0001), mainly nicotine replacement therapy (68%). The most important reasons for quitting smoking were: general health concern (57%), personal health problems (32%) and social reasons (32%). However, 41% of smokers prompted to quitting by personal health problems related to tobacco smoking did not see the link between the two. A small proportion of ex-smokers (3%) abstaining from cigarettes for longer than a year were not confident about their self-efficacy to sustain abstinence further.

Conclusion

The majority of Polish smokers, including patients with tobacco-related diseases, attempt to quit without smoking cessation assistance, thus there is a need for a broader professional help for them. There is also a lack of general information on hazards related to tobacco and further anti-tobacco campaigns in media are needed. Finally, former smokers should be given more attention and periodic inquiries regarding the smoking habit are worthwhile.

[Personality and coping with stress in the general practitioner and surgeon's profession]

Personality variables of the professional are an essential determinant of the stress experienced by a professional and the active steps taken to cope with or counter those problems.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To verify this hypothesis, an analysis of the relationship between personality variables of specialists of the various fields and their individual patterns in dealing with professional demands was conducted.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

30 each of general practitioners and surgeons constituted the study material, whose personality traits levels and patterns of coping behaviour and work-related attitudes (AVEM) were measured.

RESULTS

Comparing the results obtained in the two groups of specialists, a significant differentiation in the levels of their personality traits, as well as within patterns applicable when dealing with professional demands and strains (p < .001). Among surgeons risk pattern A (The 'Excessively-ambitious' pattern), whereas among general practitioners risk pattern B (The Resigned/burnout' pattern).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the study confirm the postulate that allows for personality variables in research in coping behaviour patterns (AVEM) and in prophylactic or remedial programmes created for concrete professional groups.

[Does any relationship exist between metabolic disturbances and some markers of renal damage in patients with untreated essential hypertension?]

The essential arterial hypertension is the second (after diabetes mellitus) cause of chronic renal failure which means a great social and economic burden to the society. It is well known that hypertension is a metabolic syndrome resulting in tissue injury. We tried to investigate the possible influence of some metabolic disturbances on renal function in nontreated essential hypertension. We have compared 25 patients with nontreated essential hypertension (11 women, 14 men) with 14 healthy volunteers (7 women, 7 men) matched for age. The patients' group was characterized by significantly higher urine excretion of NAG (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) (2.75 +/- 1.69 vs 1.82 +/- 1.46 p < 0.05) and a tendency to significantly higher urine fractional sodium excretion without significant difference in albumin excretion. These findings suggest that the tubular damage is present. We noticed the negative linear correlation between mean arterial pressure and (MAP) and NAG urine excretion in the group of hypertensive patients which may reflect the renal ischemia in tubulo-interstitial pathology. Our data suggests that in nontreated arterial hypertension the renal blood flow disturbances are the important cause of the deterioration of tubular function (which are earlier to glomerular damage).