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Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Thacker EA, Toste CM, Boularand S, Deprets S, Dubois L, Sanders LH. Mitochondrial DNA damage as a potential biomarker of LRRK2 kinase activity in LRRK2 Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17293. [PMID: 33057100 PMCID: PMC7557909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are currently being tested in early phase clinical trials. In order to ensure the highest chance of success, a biomarker-guided entry into clinical trials is key. LRRK2 phosphorylation, and phosphorylation of the LRRK2 substrate Rab10, have been proposed as target engagement biomarkers for LRRK2 kinase inhibition. However, a pharmacodynamic biomarker to demonstrate that a biological response has occurred is lacking. We previously discovered that the LRRK2 G2019S mutation causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and is LRRK2 kinase activity-dependent. Here, we have explored the possibility that measurement of mtDNA damage is a "surrogate" for LRRK2 kinase activity and consequently of kinase inhibitor activity. Mitochondrial DNA damage was robustly increased in PD patient-derived immune cells with LRRK2 G2019S mutations as compared with controls. Following treatment with multiple classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, a full reversal of mtDNA damage to healthy control levels was observed and correlated with measures of LRRK2 dephosphorylation. Taken together, assessment of mtDNA damage levels may be a sensitive measure of altered kinase activity and provide an extended profile of LRRK2 kinase modulation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Gonzalez-Hunt
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - E A Thacker
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - C M Toste
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - S Boularand
- Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - S Deprets
- Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - L Dubois
- Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - L H Sanders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Sahu A, Mamiya H, Shinde SN, Cheikhi A, Winter LL, Vo NV, Stolz D, Roginskaya V, Tang WY, St Croix C, Sanders LH, Franti M, Van Houten B, Rando TA, Barchowsky A, Ambrosio F. Age-related declines in α-Klotho drive progenitor cell mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired muscle regeneration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4859. [PMID: 30451844 PMCID: PMC6242898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While young muscle is capable of restoring the original architecture of damaged myofibers, aged muscle displays a markedly reduced regeneration. We show that expression of the “anti-aging” protein, α-Klotho, is up-regulated within young injured muscle as a result of transient Klotho promoter demethylation. However, epigenetic control of the Klotho promoter is lost with aging. Genetic inhibition of α-Klotho in vivo disrupted muscle progenitor cell (MPC) lineage progression and impaired myofiber regeneration, revealing a critical role for α-Klotho in the regenerative cascade. Genetic silencing of Klotho in young MPCs drove mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and decreased cellular bioenergetics. Conversely, supplementation with α-Klotho restored mtDNA integrity and bioenergetics of aged MPCs to youthful levels in vitro and enhanced functional regeneration of aged muscle in vivo in a temporally-dependent manner. These studies identify a role for α-Klotho in the regulation of MPC mitochondrial function and implicate α-Klotho declines as a driver of impaired muscle regeneration with age. While young muscle faithfully regenerates damaged myofibers, aged muscle is impaired. Here the authors show the “anti-aging” protein α-Klotho is upregulated in young muscle after damage via promoter demethylation and this regulation is lost in aging, resulting in mitochondrial damage and an impaired healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sahu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - H Mamiya
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA
| | - S N Shinde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
| | - A Cheikhi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
| | - L L Winter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA
| | - N V Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - D Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - V Roginskaya
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15232, PA, USA
| | - W Y Tang
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21218-2608, MD, USA
| | - C St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - L H Sanders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, 27704, NC, USA
| | - M Franti
- Research Beyond Borders: Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, 06877, CT, USA
| | - B Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15232, PA, USA
| | - T A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Restoration and Repair, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, 94036, USA
| | - A Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15232, PA, USA
| | - F Ambrosio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA. .,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA.
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Edelman JJ, Okiwelu N, Anvardeen K, Joshi P, Murphy B, Sanders LH, Newman MA, Passage J. Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy: Experience in a Series of 37 Consecutive Cases. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:1240-1244. [PMID: 27423976 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massive pulmonary embolism is a poorly tolerated condition. Treatment options in this condition include anticoagulation and primary reperfusion therapy - systemic thrombolysis, catheter based treatments or surgical embolectomy. There is little data on the relative efficacy of each treatment. METHODS The preoperative characteristics and outcomes of patients referred for surgical embolectomy between 2000-2014 was reviewed. Echocardiography was performed in the majority of patients before and after surgery. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients underwent pulmonary embolectomy between 2000-2014. One patient died within 30 days, another before leaving hospital. All other patients were alive at the time of follow-up (survival 94.6% at median 36 months). Median ventilation time was 24hours. Median hospital length of stay was 10.5 days. There was echocardiographic evidence of severe right ventricular strain (increased size and decreased function) before surgery, which was significantly improved to within the normal range by discharge, and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Surgical embolectomy is a safe procedure, with low mortality, improved postoperative right ventricular function and pulmonary pressure, and good long-term outcome. Early relief of a large proportion of the clot burden can be life-saving. There should be consideration for its use as an initial treatment strategy in patients with massive or submassive pulmonary embolus with a large burden of proximal clot. A multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of these patients is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Edelman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; The Baird Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Okiwelu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K Anvardeen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Joshi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; The Baird Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Murphy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - L H Sanders
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M A Newman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J Passage
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; The Baird Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Fremantle - The University of Notre Dame.
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Abstract
The zebrafish masterblind (mbl) mutant is characterized by the lack of olfactory placodes and optic vesicles, reduced telencephalon, an expanded epiphysis (Heisenberg et al. [1996] Development 123:191-203), and enlarged jaw. To understand the cellular events giving rise to the olfactory placode defect of this mutant, we examined the expression pattern of the distal-less-3 (dlx3) gene in mbl. In the mutant, dlx3, which is normally expressed in the developing nose and ear, showed reduced expression in the olfactory placode field, but normal expression in the developing ear. To determine whether the loss of dlx3 expression was due to cell loss, we assayed cell death by using TUNEL labeling. Although cell death in the mutant was not concentrated in the region of dlx3 expression, there was increased cell death in the forebrain, epiphysis, and jaw region, as compared with that in wild-type controls. This cell death phenotype was cyclical in nature, showing an increase and decrease in cell death on a roughly 24-hr cycle. Further analysis showed that this cyclical phenotype was specific to the genetic background. The severity of the mbl phenotype, including cell death, expanded epiphysis, and enlarged jaw, decreased when the mutation was moved from the original "TL" background to the "AB" background. Thus, the severity of developmental defects in the mbl mutant is strongly dependent on genetic background. We examined the contribution of cell death to the morphologic defects of mbl by blocking cell death by using zVADfmk, a known caspase inhibitor. We found that this treatment partially rescued the expanded jaw defect and that this rescue was dependent on the genetic background. Therefore, the mbl mutant phenotypes result, in part, from genetic background effects that alter the pattern of programmed cell death early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Sanders
- Field of Genetics and Development/Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Abstract
A series of 48 N6-benzyladenosine 5'-uronamide derivatives has been described recently as moderately selective A3 adenosine receptor agonists of nanomolar potency (Gallo-Rodriguez, C. et al. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 636). Quantitative structure activity relationships in this series, including some novel derivatives, have been investigated using a Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), with emphasis on the N6-substituent. The resulting three dimensional pharmacophore model defines the steric and electronic factors which modulate in vitro affinities in binding to rat brain A3 adenosine receptors. The model indicates a positive correlation of affinity with the steric characteristics of the compounds (major factor), particularly toward the 3-position of the benzyl ring of N6-benzyl NECA, and a weak correlation with the electrostatic effects of the N6-substituent. A comparison of active and inactive compounds using volume maps showed that bulk at the 3-position of the benzyl ring of the molecule is conducive to high affinity at A3 receptors, while steric bulk at other positions of the benzyl ring leads to poor binding. t-Boc-amino acid conjugates of a 3-aminobenzyl derivative were synthesized to probe the steric and hydrophobic limitations at that position. We have discovered a subregion of the N6-benzyl binding pocket occupied by a 3-(L-prolylamino) group that is sterically disallowed at A3 receptors and allowed in A1 and A2a receptors. 6-N-Phenylhydrazino and 6-O-phenylhydroxylamino derivatives, incorporating major changes in electrostatic character of the ligand proximal to the purine, were predicted by the CoMFA model to have high A3 affinity. Such analogs were synthesized and found to be well tolerated at the A3 receptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Siddiqi
- Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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