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Gilhooly KJ, Gilhooly ML, Phillips LH, Harvey D, Murray A, Hanlon P. Cognitive Aging: Activity Patterns and Maintenance Intentions. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2016; 65:259-80. [DOI: 10.2190/ag.65.3.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined relationships between cognitive functioning in older people and 1) levels of mental, physical and social activities, and 2) intentions regarding maintenance of cognitive functioning. Participants ( N = 145) were 70–91 years of age, varied in health status and socio-economic backgrounds. Current cognitive functioning was assessed by psychometric tests and real world problem solving tasks. Crystallized ability was indexed by the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Degree of involvement in mentally demanding activities was positively related to a fluid cognitive factor after effects of age, prior functioning, gender, health, and socio-economic status were accounted for. Social and physical activities were not related to the cognitive measures. Age effects on cognitive functioning were reduced among participants who reported undertaking activities intentionally to maintain cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D. Harvey
- MRC Social and Public Health Services Unit, Glasgow
| | - A. Murray
- Glasgow City Council, Social Work Services
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Slessor G, Phillips LH, Bull R, Venturini C, Bonny EJ, Rokaszewicz A. Investigating the "Deceiver Stereotype": Do Older Adults Associate Averted Gaze With Deception? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2011; 67:178-83. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gilhooly ML, Gilhooly KJ, Phillips LH, Harvey D, Brady A, Hanlon P. Real-world problem solving and quality of life in older people. Br J Health Psychol 2010; 12:587-600. [DOI: 10.1348/135910706x154477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Slessor G, Laird G, Phillips LH, Bull R, Filippou D. Age-Related Differences in Gaze Following: Does the Age of the Face Matter? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2010; 65:536-41. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbq038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Emotion regulation has been argued to be an important factor in well-being. The current study investigated the effects of adult aging on emotional expression, emotional control and rumination about emotional events, focusing on an emotion which is particularly important in social interaction: anger. Measures of anger regulation and well-being were obtained in a sample of 286 adults aged between 18 and 88. Older adults expressed anger outwardly less often, and reported more inner control of anger using calming strategies compared to their younger counterparts. These age differences were not explained by variance in social desirability of responding. Age improvements in negative affect and anxiety were partly explained by age differences in anger regulation suggesting an important role for anger management in good mental health amongst older adults. Further, age improvements in quality of life were explained by variance in anger regulation indicating that improved management of emotions with age is an important factor in maintaining well-being in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Sanders DB, Aarli JA, Cutter GR, Jaretzki A, Kaminski HJ, Phillips LH. Long-term results of tacrolimus in cyclosporine- and prednisone-dependent myasthenia gravis. Neurology 2006; 66:954-5; author reply 954-5. [PMID: 16567729 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000218665.94920.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence that patients with Parkinson's disease may impaired in prospective memory performance (planning and self initiated realisation of delayed intentions). Little is known about the effect of the disease on distinct phases of prospective memory and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. OBJECTIVE To investigate intention formation, intention retention, intention initiation, and intention execution of patients with Parkinson's disease and test for the mediating influence of working memory, inhibition, short term retrospective memory, and divided attention. METHODS 16 patients with Parkinson's disease and 16 age and education matched normal controls were given a complex event based prospective memory task which differentiates four phases of prospective remembering. In addition, participants completed tasks assessing potential cognitive mediators. RESULTS On the prospective remembering task, Parkinson patients were impaired in the intention formation phase and showed a trend towards impairment in the intention initiation. In contrast, there were no impairments of retrospective intention retention or the fidelity with which the patients executed their previously developed plan. The group effects were related to interindividual differences in working memory span. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the planning phase of prospective remembering is specifically impaired in Parkinson's disease, and that the impairment is related to working memory deficit. In contrast, even when complex intentions have to be remembered, the retrospective storage of intentions to be performed is not impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kliegel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Burns TM, Jones HR, Phillips LH, Bugawan TL, Erlich HA, Lennon VA. Clinically disparate stiff-person syndrome with GAD65 autoantibody in a father and daughter. Neurology 2003; 61:1291-3. [PMID: 14610143 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000092016.98256.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a sporadic autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle stiffness with painful spasms and usually a high level of GAD65 antibody. The authors report familial SPS associated with GAD65 antibody. The clinical presentations were disparate; the father had an appendicular form of SPS and the daughter's axial SPS presented with episodic opisthotonos.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Burns
- Department of Neurology, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA, USA.
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Sanders DB, Phillips LH. The clinical neurophysiology of diseases of neuromuscular transmission. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 53:91-100. [PMID: 12740982 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D B Sanders
- Box 3403, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Della Sala S, MacPherson SE, Phillips LH, Sacco L, Spinnler H. How many camels are there in Italy? Cognitive estimates standardised on the Italian population. Neurol Sci 2003; 24:10-5. [PMID: 12754651 DOI: 10.1007/s100720300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We provided the standardisation of a new Cognitive Estimation Task (CET). PARTICIPANTS the test was administered to 175 healthy subjects. RESULTS performance on the Cognitive Estimation Task (CET) is associated with gender (where women show poorer performance than men) and education (where more highly educated individuals show better performance compared to individuals with lower levels of education). However,CET performance is not associated with age. DISCUSSION the lack of age effects on the CET may be explained by the task dependence on "crystallised intelligence", which is less affected by healthy adult ageing than "fluid intelligence".
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Affiliation(s)
- S Della Sala
- Department of Psychology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Phillips LH. What's in the Literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2001; 3:83-88. [PMID: 19078660 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200112000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Garden SE, Phillips LH, MacPherson SE. Midlife aging, open-ended planning, and laboratory measures of executive function. Neuropsychology 2001; 15:472-82. [PMID: 11761036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The frontal lobes show early signs of structural and functional change in the course of adult aging. The 1st study of the current article examined whether midlife aging influences open-ended planning, a skill that is particularly sensitive to frontal lobe damage. There were no midlife declines in the ability to carry out variants of the T. Shallice and P. Burgess (1991) Six Elements and Multiple Errands Tests. Younger adults were more likely to break individual task rules. In a 2nd experiment, middle-aged adults performed worse than young adults did on laboratory executive tests sensitive to frontal lobe damage-Self-Ordered Pointing and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (N. M. Fristoe, T. A. Salthouse, & J. L. Woodard, 1997). In spite of changes in novel executive test performance, real-world executive skills appear to be spared in midlife aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Garden
- Clinical Health Psychology Department, University College London, England
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Phillips LH. What's in the Literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2001; 3:23-28. [PMID: 19078650 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200109000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Phillips LH. What's in the Literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2001; 2:194-200. [PMID: 19078636 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200106000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
The Tower of London (TOL) task has been used extensively as a test of planning ability in neuropsychological patients and normal populations. Participants are asked to preplan mentally a sequence of moves to match a start set of discs to a goal, and then to execute the moves one by one. The mental preplanning stage has been identified as critical to efficient performance. The current experiments examined whether manipulations of mental preplanning influence performance on the TOL. In Experiment 1, the effect of different planning instructions was examined. Those told to make full mental plans spent considerably longer in planning than participants given no specific planning instructions, yet there was no effect of instruction condition on the efficiency of executing plans. Experiment 2 investigated whether people were able to plan mentally, by looking at their ability to identify intermediate states of an optimum mental plan. Results indicated that most individuals could make accurate preplans up to two subgoals ahead, but not three. However, making an efficient preplan did not result in better subsequent execution of moves to solve the TOL trial. It is concluded that people can make effective mental plans for a limited number of moves. However, on the TOL task, mental preplanning does not offer benefits in terms of quicker performance, or more accurate solution. The nature of planning in the TOL task is therefore questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Psychology, William Guild Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2UB, Scotland.
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Abstract
Three correlational studies investigated the relationship between the time costs associated with Stroop stimuli (Stroop-costs) with the time costs associated with task-switching (switch-costs) obtained from colour-word stimuli and digit stimuli. In all studies, large and significant positive correlations were found between different measures of switch-costs. However, only small (and sometimes non-significant) correlations were obtained between the different measures of Stroop-costs and between measures of Stroop-costs and measures of switch-costs. The results are taken as evidence for the existence of some common or shared specialized mechanisms involved in task-switching, which are different from those used to overcome Stroop interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Phillips LH, Jane JA. Electrophysiologic monitoring during tethered spinal cord release. Clin Neurosurg 2001; 43:163-74. [PMID: 9247801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Charlottesville, USA
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20
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Phillips LH. What's in the literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2001; 2:142-146. [PMID: 19078622 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200103000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Burns MT, Juel VC, Hess CE, Phillips LH. Motor neuron disease and serum monoclonal proteins: poor response to treatment of the paraproteinemia. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2000; 2:70-72. [PMID: 19078608 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200012000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An association between motor neuron disease (MND) and paraproteinemia has been previously reported. In a retrospective study, we found that 13 of 117 (11%) patients with MND who had serum protein electrophoresis studies were found to have a serum M-protem. Eleven of 13 patients had probable or definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Of the 11 patients with ALS, six were treated with immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Subjective or objective neurologic improvement was not identified in any. Our data support an association between MND and paraproteinemia, but response to treatment of the paraproteinemia was disappointing. Searching for an M-protein in probable or definite ALS may not be therapeutically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Burns
- Neurology and Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Phillips LH. What's in the Literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2000; 2:78-83. [PMID: 19078610 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200012000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Phillips LH. What's in the Literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2000; 2:29-33. [PMID: 19078601 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-200009000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Bakker AB, Hoek RM, Cerwenka A, Blom B, Lucian L, McNeil T, Murray R, Phillips LH, Sedgwick JD, Lanier LL. DAP12-deficient mice fail to develop autoimmunity due to impaired antigen priming. Immunity 2000; 13:345-53. [PMID: 11021532 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DAP12 is an ITAM-bearing membrane adaptor molecule implicated in the activation of NK and myeloid cells. In mice rendered DAP12 deficient by targeted gene disruption, lymphoid and myeloid development was apparently normal, although the activating Ly49 receptors on NK cells were downregulated and nonfunctional. To analyze the consequences of DAP12 deficiency in vivo, we examined the susceptibility of DAP12-/- mice to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). DAP12-/- mice were resistant to EAE induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide. Resistance was associated with a strongly diminished production of IFNgamma by myelin-reactive CD4+ T cells due to inadequate T cell priming in vivo. These data suggest that DAP12 signaling may be required for optimal antigen-presenting cell (APC) function or inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantigens/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Targeting
- Granulocytes/immunology
- Granulocytes/pathology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Count
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Bakker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that ventral roots in humans contain afferent nerve fibers. We made direct electrophysiological recordings of compound nerve action potentials in dorsal and ventral roots in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy. We stimulated the saphenous or sural nerves, which are pure sensory nerves, with electrical stimuli while systematically recording from ventral and dorsal roots from L3 to S2. In addition to the dorsal root nerve action potentials which we expected, we found smaller compound nerve action potentials, which were clearly afferent, in the ventral roots. This confirms the limited amount of experimental evidence that ventral roots do contain some afferent nerve fibers. The functional significance of these observations is not yet clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, Box 394, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Abstract
We report an isolated musculocutaneous neuropathy caused by a proximal humeral osteochondroma that became symptomatic after the patient played recreational basketball. Lesion resection resulted in complete deficit resolution. Mass lesions involving the musculocutaneous nerve should be considered in patients with atraumatic, isolated musculocutaneous neuropathies that are recurrent or fail to recover, even in the setting of strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Juel
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Phillips LH. What's in the Literature? J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 1999; 1:86-89. [PMID: 19078559 DOI: 10.1097/00131402-199912000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
Wartenberg's migrant sensory neuritis (WMSN) is an unusual disorder characterized by the occurrence of multiple mononeuropathies involving cutaneous sensory nerves. The duration of the disease is often one of several years, and the overall course is usually a benign one. We present three cases of WMSN and describe I the clinical and electrodiagnostic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Simmad
- From the Department of Neurology Unviersity of Virginia Charlotteville VA
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Abstract
We report four cases of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) or myasthenia gravis (MG) associated with pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma having prolonged survival. The tumors were atypical carcinoid or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. LEMS is associated with several neuroendocrine carcinomas. Because some neuroendocrine carcinomas have a better prognosis, aggressive tissue diagnosis of lung cancer in LEMS is warranted. Whether the association between MG and atypical carcinoid is a significant co-occurrence is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Abstract
The Tower of London (TOL) task is widely used as a neuropsychological test of planning. Relatively little is known of the cognitive components of the task, and in particular the role of memory in performance. The current studies on normal adults looked at the role of verbal and spatial working memory in the TOL. The effects of verbal and visuospatial dual-task manipulations on TOL performance were examined in an experiment with 36 participants. Both verbal and visuospatial executive secondary tasks caused poorer performance on the TOL; however, concurrent articulatory suppression enhanced performance. The results suggest that executive and spatial components are important in the task, and raise questions about the role of preplanning in the TOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Psychology Department, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Swerdlow RH, Parks JK, Cassarino DS, Trimmer PA, Miller SW, Maguire DJ, Sheehan JP, Maguire RS, Pattee G, Juel VC, Phillips LH, Tuttle JB, Bennett JP, Davis RE, Parker WD. Mitochondria in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 1998; 153:135-42. [PMID: 9743575 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are abnormal in persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for unknown reasons. We explored whether aberration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) could play a role in this by transferring mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from ALS subjects to mtDNA-depleted human neuroblastoma cells. Resulting ALS cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) exhibited abnormal electron transport chain functioning, increases in free radical scavenging enzyme activities, perturbed calcium homeostasis, and altered mitochondrial ultrastructure. Recapitulation of defects previously observed in ALS subjects and ALS transgenic mice by expression of ALS mtDNA support a pathophysiologic role for mtDNA mutation in some persons with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, 1 Hospital Drive, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects that the recent seasonal change in rugby league from winter to summer has had on the incidence of injury. METHODS All injuries that occurred during games and training were recorded throughout four consecutive seasons (three winter, one summer) for the first team squad of a British professional rugby league club. Data included nature of injury, days lost as the result of injury, player position, month, and season. RESULTS An increasing incidence of injury over the four seasons was observed, with the summer seasons having an incidence almost double that of the first winter season recorded (696.8 per 1000 hours and 363.55 per 1000 hours respectively). The severity of injury was shown to decline over the four seasons. Most injuries were incurred in matches (74.9%) rather than during training (25.1%). CONCLUSIONS The findings show an increasing incidence of injury in summer rugby but with decreased severity. It is not known if this is the result of playing back to back rugby seasons or is a consequence of a change in playing season and ground conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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O'Shaughnessy TJ, Yan H, Kim J, Middlekauff EH, Lee KW, Phillips LH, Kim J, Kim YI. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: serum factors enhance spontaneous and evoked transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21:81-90. [PMID: 9427227 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199801)21:1<81::aid-mus11>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sera from 30 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were tested to determine their effects at the neuromuscular junction. Spontaneous transmitter release was significantly increased, as evidenced by a 151% increase in MEPP frequency, by sera from 16 ALS patients. In addition, 16 patients' sera elevated EEP quantal content by an average of 89%. Eleven sera produced both effects. There was no consistent change in MEPP amplitude or time course, indicating the absence of a humoral effect on postjunctional ACh receptors or endplate membrane function. These results suggest that a portion of the sporadic ALS patient population possess serum factors that can alter presynaptic function of the motor nerve terminal. Evidence from the present experiments indicates that alterations at the neuromuscular junction are a result of a combination of increased Ca2+ influx into the cell and an independent increase in intracellular calcium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Abstract
Electrodiagnostic testing in patients who have upper-extremity symptoms, which may include carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), has been the gold standard for diagnosis for many years. Depite their value, these tests are underutilized. The authors examined the use patterns of electrodiagnostic testing at the University of Virginia by reviewing the records of the Electromyography Laboratory for the calendar year 1994. Studies in patients with CTS comprised 15% of the 1626 studies performed during that time. The mononeuropathy was mild in the majority of cases and most of the patients were referred for testing by specialists. There was a clear referral bias on the part of the primary care physicians, and the severity of mononeuropathy in the patients they referred for testing was significantly greater than in patients referred by specialists.
The data indicate that electrodiagnostic testing has clear value in the evaluation of patients who have upper-extremity symptoms. Despite this fact, primary care physicians appear to underutilize electrodiagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To survey the epidemiologic literature for evidence of an increasing prevalence of myasthenia gravis (MG) over time, and to explore the reasons for the increase. DATA SOURCES We found population-based reports of the epidemiology of MG by searching bibliographic databases. We used MG, epidemiology, prevalence, incidence, and mortality as search terms. STUDY SELECTION We included population-based studies that reported the number of cases and the time period from which rates were calculated. STATISTICAL METHODS We performed a regression analysis of rates versus date of study, comparing the slopes of regression lines for prevalence, incidence, and mortality. We performed a second analysis grouping rates by decade of study and calculating a mean rate weighted by the size of the population studied. We calculated 95% confidence intervals for each rate. RESULTS We included 33 studies from 1950 through 1995. Prevalence and incidence rates increased over time, but the regression line for prevalence significantly exceeded that for incidence. Mortality rates declined slightly. The weighted means for prevalence rose significantly, but there was no significant change in incidence or mortality. CONCLUSION The prevalence of MG has increased over the past forty-five years, probably because patients with the disease have longer life spans owing to present-day treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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40
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Kolodrubetz D, Spitznagel J, Wang B, Phillips LH, Jacobs C, Kraig E. cis Elements and trans factors are both important in strain-specific regulation of the leukotoxin gene in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3451-60. [PMID: 8751884 PMCID: PMC174248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.9.3451-3460.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, the etiologic agent of localized juvenile periodontitis, produces a potent leukotoxin that kills human neutrophils. The production of leukotoxin RNA can vary more than 50-fold among isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans, and strains expressing high levels of leukotoxin RNA are most often found at sites of periodontal disease. To assess the relative contributions of transcription factors and promoter sequences in setting the disparate levels of leukotoxin RNA found, we have undertaken classical cis/trans analyses. First, the leukotoxin promoter regions from moderately leukotoxic (Y4) and minimally leukotoxic (ATCC 33384) strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans were cloned, sequenced, and compared with the previously sequences leukotoxin promoter region of the high-producer strain JP2. The Y4 and ATCC 33384 promoter regions each contain a 528-bp segment that is absent from JP2. Interestingly, the analysis of various deletion constructs in A. actinomycetemcomitans indicated that Y4, despite the large insertion, initiates leukotoxin RNA synthesis at the same promoter as JP2 does. To perform cis/trans analyses, these three leukotoxin promoter regions were cloned into a plasmid upstream of the reporter gene beta-galactosidase. Each plasmid was transformed into JP2, Y4, and ATCC 33384, and the beta-galactosidase levels were determined. The results indicated that the sequences responsible for down-regulating leukotoxin RNA levels in Y4 relative to JP2 are found within the transcribed region of the Y4 leukotoxin operon. Importantly, in ATCC 33384, strain-specific trans factors and promoter sequence differences are equally significant in determining the lower levels of leukotoxin RNA. We hypothesize that either strain ATCC 33384 has a negative regulatory protein (which is missing or mutated in JP2/Y4) or that JP2 and Y4 carry an activator that is missing or mutated in ATCC 33384.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kolodrubetz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
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41
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Dawson WB, Phillips LH. A comparison between IVIg and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review and decision analysis of the two treatment modalities. Clin Neuropharmacol 1995; 18:377-90. [PMID: 8665552 DOI: 10.1097/00002826-199510000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma exchange (PE) has been established as an effective treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and until recently, was the only treatment significantly to modify the disease course. Data from a recently published Dutch study suggest that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is as effective as PE in improving the speed of recovery and lessening disability. Recent small case series in the United States have shown unexpectedly high relapse rates in patients with GBS treated with IVIg. At present, clinicians face a dilemma in choosing between the two options, because there is uncertainty about the efficacy and relapse rate associated with IVIg. In this article, we perform a decision analysis that takes into account the efficacy of therapy, relapse rates, and patient preferences with respect to particular outcomes. Although both modalities are quite costly, an economic analysis shows a slight cost advantage for IVIg. Plasma exchange remains to preferred treatment, based on a decision analysis and currently available data. Results of future IVIg trials can be compared to the PE data using the decision-analysis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Dawson
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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42
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Kolodrubetz D, Phillips LH, Ezzo PJ, Kraig E. Directed genomic integration in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: generation of defined leukotoxin-negative mutants. Infect Immun 1995; 63:2780-4. [PMID: 7790100 PMCID: PMC173374 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.7.2780-2784.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop targeted gene integration in the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a ColE1-based, spectinomycin-resistant plasmid containing a segment of the leukotoxin gene was electroporated into strain JP2. In all of the stable spectinomycin-resistant transformants that arose, the plasmid had recombined into the genomic leukotoxin locus since ColE1-based vectors cannot replicate extrachromosomally in A. actinomycetemcomitans. Directed genomic integration was then used to construct a leukotoxin-negative strain by transforming the leukotoxin-producing strain JP2 with a ColE1-based plasmid containing an internal fragment of the leukotoxin gene. Cytotoxicity assays proved that these transformants had < 0.1% of the leukotoxin activity of the parental strain. These results demonstrate that integration-based approaches can be used for generating isogenic mutants in specific virulence genes in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kolodrubetz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
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43
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Abstract
Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord has traditionally been done by recording somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP). There is a risk that SEPs can be unaltered when significant injury to the anterior spinal cord has occurred. The purpose of this report is to describe a simple technique for intraoperative spinal cord stimulation which monitors descending pathways in the anterior spinal cord. Stimulation occurs through needle electrodes inserted into spinous processes in the rostral surgical wound, and recordings are made from electrodes in the popliteal spaces. We report our experience in monitoring spinal instrumentation in 45 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 20 with some form of neurological disease causing scoliosis. The neurogenic motor evoked potentials (NMEP) are stable and easily recorded from the popliteal spaces in the majority of patients. We describe the case of 1 patient with Friedreich's ataxia in whom no SEPs could be recorded, but NMEPs were used successfully for monitoring. We have fond that combining traditional SEP monitoring with NMEP recording provides a safe and effective method to monitor the spinal cord during surgical procedures where it is at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- LH Phillips
- Department it of Neurology University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22908
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45
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Phillips LH. The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Clin 1994; 12:263-71. [PMID: 8041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review has attempted to show what the patient population with MG really looks like. Generalizations about the manifestations of the disease may not be accurate if they are derived from small numbers of patients. The epidemiologic "big picture" provides a more realistic overview of the disease. There are surprisingly fewer patients with MG than many experienced clinicians expect. This does not diminish the impact of the disease on the individual patient, but it does give a more realistic view of its place among diseases affecting the nervous system. This knowledge can be used to direct the approach to the disease in the future. The fact that the number of patients with the disease is increasing in older age groups is a tribute to the success of treatment strategies during the past 20 years. As a consequence, the typical patient with MG in the future will likely be older and have additional medical problems. The evolution of our treatment in the future will need to take this factor into consideration. Older patients may not tolerate the aggressive immunosuppressive regimens that benefit young patients. Ideally, more targeted types of therapies that suppress a specific immunologic abnormality without imposing the burden of side effects inherent in present treatments will be most beneficial to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville
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46
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Park TS, Vogler GP, Phillips LH, Kaufman BA, Ortman MR, McClure SM, Gaffney PE. Effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic diplegia on hip migration in cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994; 20:43-9. [PMID: 8142281 DOI: 10.1159/000120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In spastic diplegia of cerebral palsy, migration of the femoral head beyond a lateral edge of the acetabulum is a common orthopedic deformity and requires surgical treatment. We investigated whether selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic diplegia halts or exacerbates lateral hip migration. The Reimers migration percentage computed from preoperative and postoperative hip radiographs was used as an index of the severity of lateral hip migration in all 134 hips of 67 children examined. At the time of rhizotomy, 38 patients were between 2 and 4 years of age and 29 were between 5 and 11 years of age. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 10 months in 20 patients and from 15 to 46 months in 47 patients. Overall, the MP remained unchanged in 75% decreased in 17% and increased in 7%; thus, 93% of all hips examined were stable radiographically. Although most patients experienced postoperative hip stability, there was a significant trend for patients with greater preoperative migration to show decreased postoperative migration. The preoperative ambulatory status of patients had no impact on hip stability after dorsal rhizotomy. By the last follow-up, only 1 patient had undergone orthopedic operations for a persistent hip deformity. The results suggest that in children with spastic diplegia, selective dorsal rhizotomy halts lateral hip migration in the great majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Park
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO 63110
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47
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Abstract
When hemodialysis was first used clinically, a peripheral neuropathy frequently emerged. The discovery that sufficient dialysis time would prevent the emergence of symptomatic neuropathy led to the routine use of nerve conduction studies (NCS) to monitor the "adequacy" of dialysis. Modern dialysis practice has evolved since then, and the patient population is markedly different. This report addresses the question of whether there is evidence to indicate that routine use of NCS is helpful to monitor the adequacy of present-day dialysis. A critical review of the available literature reveals that there is insufficient evidence to allow one to answer the question.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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48
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Abstract
Delineation of an area of sensory loss is often helpful in localizing a lesion at the spinal or root level. We have studied the segmental innervation of two cutaneous nerves, the saphenous and the sural, during selective posterior rhizotomy. Each nerve was stimulated electrically, and recordings were made from dorsal roots L-3 to S-2 in 30 patients. We found that both nerves received innervation through at least three spinal levels. The level of maximum innervation was approximately equally divided between L-3 and L-4 for the saphenous nerve. The sural nerve received maximum innervation through S-1 in 80% of the cases, but the remainder came through L-5 or S-2. These findings provide electrophysiologic evidence that these cutaneous nerves have multiple segmental supply, and the sensory area they supply does not lie solely within a single dermatome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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49
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis involving muscle occurs frequently, but it is infrequently symptomatic. The clinical, electromyographic, and histologic features of sarcoidosis involving muscle in a 63-year-old woman presenting with diaphragm weakness are described. An electromyogram revealed wide-spread myotonia and an inflammatory myopathic process, suggestive of adult-onset acid maltase deficiency disease. Muscle biopsy showed noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. Clinical improvement followed the initiation of oral prednisone therapy. This case illustrates that muscular sarcoidosis may mimic adult-onset acid maltase deficiency in both its clinical and electromyographic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Dewberry
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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Abstract
The frequency of occurrence of conjoined nerve roots (CR) in the cauda equina has been reported to range from 0.3% to 2%. We found intradural conjoined nerve roots in 13 of 123 (10.6%) patients undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity due to cerebral palsy. The anomaly occurred most commonly at L5-S1 and S1-S2. There was no consistent relationship to other anomalies of segmental anatomy. Our finding of a significantly higher number of conjoined nerve roots in these patients is primarily due to the surgical exposure of the entire cauda equina. This anomaly is more common than previous reports have indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Phillips
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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