Role of upfront autologous transplant for peripheral T-cell lymphoma patients achieving a complete remission with first-line therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

There is currently no consensus on the role of upfront autologous transplantation (ASCT) for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), especially in patients achieving first complete remission (CR1) following chemotherapy, and data in the literature is conflicting. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to address this question. We searched key databases from January 2000 to February 2022. Six prospective and eleven retrospective studies were included among 2959 unique records. Median follow up in these studies ranged from 22 to 94 months. There was a trend towards benefit in PFS (HR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.62-1.05, p = 0.11) and OS (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.57-1.09, p = 0.15) in the ASCT compared to chemotherapy only group. Importantly, in transplant eligible patients in CR1, a significant benefit was demonstrated in both OS (HR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.95, p = 0.03) and PFS (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.81, p = 0.0004) in the ASCT group. Amongst the nodal PTCL subgroups, ASCT showed a significant PFS benefit for the AITL subgroup (HR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.20-0.94, p < 0.03) but not PTCL-NOS or ALK-ve ALCL subgroups. Our findings support upfront ASCT for transplant eligible PTCL patients achieving CR1 post chemotherapy. In particular, patients with AITL exhibited a significantly better PFS after upfront ASCT.

Addition of bortezomib to thalidomide, dexamethasone and zoledronic acid (VTD-Z regimen) significantly improves complete remission rates in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma

17537

Background: We previously treated 26 patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) with thalidomide (Thal), dexamethasone (Dex) and zoledronic acid (Zol); dtZ regimen; and demonstrated an overall response rate of 75.0%. However, the rate immunofixation (IF)-negative complete remissions (CR) was only 7.7%. Recently, the bortezomib (Velcade) has been shown to be effective against MM. In this study, we added bortezomib (Vel) to dtZ (VTD-Z regimen) in a subgroup of patients to determine whether the CR rate can be improved. Methods: A non-randomized, single-arm study was conducted. Consecutive patients (n = 14) who either failed to achieve a partial response (PR) after 3 cycles; or CR after 9 cycles of dtZ were treated with 2 to 11 three-weekly cycles of VTD-Z; comprising: Vel 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8 and 11; Thal 50 mg ON; Dex 20 mg OM on days 1 to 4, 8 to 11, 15 to 18; and Zol 4 mg on day 1. The primary study objective was to determine the maximal response rates (RR). The end-point of the study was maximum response, graded by Bladè’s criteria. Results: Fourteen patients (3 males, 11 females; median age 63.3 years) were studied. Complex karyotypes, including 5 patients with deletion of chromosome 13 (del(13)), were present in 11 patients at diagnosis. The overall RR was 92.9% (13 out of 14), of which 42.9% (6) achieved CR (p < 0.001, chi-squared test). In addition, 21.4% (3) achieved near-CR (nCR), and 28.6% (4) achieved PR. There were no minimal responders (MR) and 1 (7.1%) non-responder (NR). Two patients who achieved CR had del(13). Painful grade 3 peripheral neuropathy was observed in 2 (14.3%) patients. Grade 1 and 2 peripheral neuropathy was observed in another 4 (25.0%) of patients; transient grade 3 thrombocytopenia was observed in 5 (35.7%) patients; and papular rashes were observed in 3 (21.4%) patients. The single NR was the only death that occurred during the period of study. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the VTD-Z regimen is exceptionally effective and safe in patients with relapsed/refractory MM. Addition of Vel to dtZ significantly increases the CR rate from 7.7% to 42.9%. These data suggest that combination of these 4 drugs may be at least additive, if not, even synergistic.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Successful treatment of primary granulocytic sarcoma by non-myeloablative stem cell transplant

Pre-leukemic granulocytic sarcoma (GS) may pose an initial diagnostic problem and its therapeutic approach has never been formally established. To our knowledge, non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation has been reported in cases of leukemic GS, but not in primary GS. We report a case of primary GS with extensive and aggressive presenting features and successfully treated with intensive chemotherapy followed by non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant. This resulted in complete remission with minimal complications. Our case demonstrates the potential of graft-vs.-tumour effect in the treatment of GS and suggests that non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant may be a feasible therapeutic approach for primary GS.

Unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation in children and adults

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has recently been explored as an alternative haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) source for allogeneic immunotherapy in both adults and paediatric patients with haematological malignancies and marrow failure syndromes. The relative ease of procurement, tolerance of 1-2 antigen human-leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch and the lower than anticipated risk of severe graft-versus-host disease has made UCB an appealing alternative to marrow-derived HSC. Results from various registries and institutions observed graft cell dose to be the major factor determining engraftment and survival in unrelated UCB transplant recipients. Given that adults are larger than children, there was still limited enthusiasm for the use of UCB in adults. The use of reduced-intensity or nonmyeloablative preparative regimens to allow engraftment of UCB broadens the scope of patients who may benefit from allogeneic immunotherapy, particularly the elderly and medically infirm patients with no matched sibling donor. Further studies on improving graft cell dose such as the use of ex vivo expansion of UCB cells and multiple-unit transplant are currently being pursued, so as to make this potentially curative procedure available to more patients.

In vitro biological characteristics of human cord blood-derived megakaryocytes

INTRODUCTION

Umbilical cord blood (CB) has been used as an alternative source for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in recent years. However, delayed platelet recovery is frequently associated with CB HSCT. Megakaryocytes (Mk) are the specialised precursors of platelets and they are among the rarest haemopoietic cell types. Despite the rapid expansion of our knowledge of megakaryopoiesis in recent years, many questions, such as the molecular regulatory mechanisms in Mk differentiation and maturation, platelet formation and release, remain unanswered in CB-derived megakaryopoiesis. Variations can be seen from the literature by individual investigators using different approaches for Mk-specific differentiation and maturation induction. The development of in vitro culture methods to obtain sufficient numbers of Mks from readily available haematopoietic stem cells is of value for both basic research and clinical applications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CD34+ cells from cord blood samples were cultured in serum-free medium with haematopoietic growth factors (GFs), such as IL-3, stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (Tpo). The differentiation of Mk was monitored using Mk- and platelet-specific monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometric analysis. The morphology of the cultured cells was studied by both light and electronic microscopy (LM and EM). The involvement of the human Notch gene family members was studied by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Maturation of the cultured Mks was studied using flow cytometric analysis for both platelet-specific surface markers and enodomitosis. Platelet activation was assessed in the cytoplasmic fragments harvested from the cultures.

RESULTS

Specific Mk differentiation of >70% resulted from a 2-step culture approach using IL-3, SCF and Tpo for 7 days followed by Tpo only for another 14 days. RT-PCR showed high-level expression of both Notch-1 and its ligand, Jagged-1, in the cultured Mks. Limited levels of polyploidy (>4N, endomitosis, EnM) were observed in the cultured Mks. The results also showed that the cytoplasmic fragments from the cultures responded to platelet activation reagents, including ADP and collagen, marked by upregulation of platelet-specific activation markers, such as CD62P (P-selectin) and PAC-1 (gpalphaIIbbeta3).

CONCLUSION

The methods used in this study are specific for differentiation of Mk from CB CD34+ cell, which can partially mature and produce functional platelets in vitro. This approach for human Mk differentiation could be further optimised and may be adapted on larger scales for clinical purposes.

Long term follow-up of Asian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from HLA-identical sibling-evaluation of risks and benefits

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only known curative therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The recent introduction of imatinib mesylate (STI-571) and reduced intensity transplant regimens has made the choice of primary treatment for patients with CML increasingly difficult. We have evaluated the outcome of 53 patients who have received allogeneic HSCT from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling donors between October 1985 and March 2002, determined the variables affecting the outcome, and tried to define indications for this aggressive approach. Successful engraftment occurred in 49 (98%) of evaluable patients. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) of grade II to IV severity was observed in 63% of the evaluable patients whereas the incidence of chronic GVHD was 57.5%. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival at 10 years was 54% [95% confidence interval (CI): 38-70%] and 31% (95% CI: 6-56%) for patients with first chronic phase and more advanced diseases, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age, absence of grade III-IV GVHD, the use of busulphan and cyclophosphamide (BuCy) as preparative regimen, and transplantation performed after January 1992 were factors associated with improved survival. Patients who were 30 years of age or younger who had transplantation done within 1 year after diagnosis during their first chronic phase of disease had a particularly good prognosis, with a probability of surviving 10 years of 72% (95% CI: 52-92%). We conclude that allogeneic HSCT remains a feasible option for Asian patients with CML. The most favorable outcome is observed in younger patients with early phase of the disease.

Successful control of postsurgical bleeding by recombinant factor VIIa in a renal failure patient given low molecular weight heparin and aspirin

An end-stage renal failure patient with lupus nephritis was treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and aspirin for cardiac ischemia. She was then subjected to surgery to recreate a new arteriovenous fistula for dialysis 1 day after discontinuing LMWH and aspirin. Severe postsurgical bleeding required wound reexploration and multiple transfusions of blood products, which nevertheless, failed to arrest bleeding. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) as a bolus dose of 120 microg/kg successfully secured hemostasis. Bleeding in this patient was attributed to the accumulation of low molecular weight heparin activity from poor renal clearance as well as the antiplatelet activity of aspirin. The potential of rFVIIa in securing hemostasis for excessive bleeding after use of these agents is promising.

Imatinib mesylate (STI-571) given concurrently with nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation did not compromise engraftment and resulted in cytogenetic remission in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis

The main obstacles to successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis (BC) are increased post-transplant relapse and high treatment-related mortality. We report a patient with CML in BC who was treated initially with imatinib mesylate and was then concurrently treated with a nonmyeloablative stem cell transplant. Successful engraftment of donor cells followed by complete cytogenetic remission was achieved in the absence of severe therapy-related toxicities. This case demonstrates that imatinib mesylate given through nonmyeloablative transplant is a minimally toxic therapeutic approach, which does not compromise engraftment and may result in a favorable outcome in patients with CML in BC.

Randomized trial of fluconazole versus low-dose amphotericin B in prophylaxis against fungal infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Over the past decade, invasive fungal infections have become an increasingly important problem in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The optimal approach for prophylactic antifungal therapy has yet to be determined. To resolve this issue, we performed a prospective randomized study to compare the efficacy of fluconazole (FL) versus low-dose amphotericin B (AmB) in preventing fungal infections during the first 100 days after HSCT. Patients undergoing allogenic or autologous HSCT were randomized to receive fluconazole 200 mg/day PO or amphotericin B 0.2 mg/kg/day IV beginning 1 day prior to commencement of conditioning regimen and continuing until engraftment, drug-associated toxicity was suspected, or systemic fungal infection was suspected or proven. High-dose amphotericin B (0.5-1.0 mg/kg/day) was started for patients with suspected or proven fungal infections. From January 1993 to December 1998, a total of 186 patients were enrolled into the trial, with 100 receiving FL and 86 receiving AmB. Eighty (43%) patients were removed from prophylaxis for persistent fever despite broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy or suspected fungal infections (FL 46 vs. AmB 34, P > 0.05). The incidence of proven fungal infections (FL 12% vs. AmB 12.8%), suspected fungal infections (FL 4% vs. AmB 2.3%), superficial fungal infections (FL 1% vs. AmB 4.6%) did not show any significant difference. The survival at 100 days post transplant was similar between the 2 groups (FL 78% vs. AmB 70%, P = 0.254). Death attributable to fungal infections was similar in both groups (6% vs. 7%, P > 0.05). We conclude that fluconazole is as effective as low-dose amphotericin B in prophylaxis against fungal infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation.

High-dose therapy followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

The median survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) after conventional chemotherapy is 3 years or less. Previous studies have shown that high-dose therapy, supported by haematopoietic stem cell rescue, improves survival of patients with MM. We analysed the outcome of 29 myeloma patients who had autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) in our institution over an 8-year period.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between May 1993 and August 2001, 29 patients with MM underwent high-dose therapy followed by unpurged AHSCT. There were 16 male and 13 female patients. The median age of the patients was 52 years (range, 31 to 67 years). All patients had at least a partial remission after initial chemotherapy. The preparative regimen for the AHSCT was melphalan 200 mg/m2 in 25 patients, melphalan-total body irradiation in 1 patient, and busulphan-cyclophosphamide (BuCy) in 3 patients. Twenty-three patients received peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) autograft, 3 patients received bone marrow autograft and 3 patients received both.

RESULTS

Treatment-related death occurred in only 2 patients (7%). The median time to neutrophil engraftment was 11 days (range, 8 to 22 days). With a median follow-up period of 18.5 months, the 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 71% and 21%, respectively. The OS was found to be superior to a group of historical controls who were treated with conventional chemotherapy without transplantation (71% vs 19%; P = 0.014).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, high-dose therapy followed by AHSCT is safe and beneficial for patients with MM.

Subdural hematoma in two hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients with post-dural puncture headache and initially normal CT brain scan

Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a rare complication in patients after lumbar puncture. We report two patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) who developed post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) and SDH following intrathecal methotrexate (MTX). Both patients initially had normal computed tomography (CT) scan findings at the onset of headache. The diagnosis was established only when a repeat CT brain scan was performed for deteriorating neurological signs coinciding with improving platelet counts. These cases demonstrate the importance of continued vigilance for the early recognition of this salvageable entity. A normal initial CT finding and platelet count do not exclude the occurrence of SDH. A repeat CT scan, or even magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are indicated if the clinical suspicion remains strong.

Four pregnancies in two patients with essential thrombocythaemia--a case report

INTRODUCTION

We report our experience of 4 pregnancies in 2 patients who had essential thrombocythaemia (ET).

CLINICAL PICTURE

Two patients with ET were managed with a variety of therapeutic approaches including the use of low-dose aspirin, plateletpheresis, hydroxyurea and alpha-interferon in the course of their 4 pregnancies.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

One patient had 2 successful pregnancies despite having platelet counts in excess of 1000 x 10(9)/L antenatally. The second patient had an intrauterine fetal death during the third trimester of her first pregnancy but had a successful second pregnancy.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Management of ET in pregnancy is still very much individualized. The impact of various treatment modalities on the pregnancy outcome remains to be proven but a favourable pregnancy outcome is possible.

Pregnancy in women with idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) is a common haematological disorder in young women. The management of ITP in pregnancy is controversial, particularly with regards to the mode of delivery. To date, there is no systematic study of the outcome of these pregnancies in Singapore.

AIM

To study the outcomes of pregnancies in Asian women with a proven diagnosis of ITP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective study of 27 pregnancies in 18 women managed at the Singapore General Hospital from 1 January 1994 to 30 June 2001.

RESULTS

The mean age of the women was 30 years (range, 20 to 41 years) and the mean parity was 1 (range, 0 to 3). Thrombocytopaenia (platelet count < 150 x 10(9)/L) occurred in 18 pregnancies (67%). There were 3 first trimester missed abortions (11%), 1 termination of pregnancy (4%), 1 stillbirth (4%) and 22 livebirths (81%) in this series. The mode of delivery was spontaneous vaginal in 14 women (64%), vacuum extraction in 2 women (9%), elective caesarean section in 5 women (23%) and emergency caesarean section in 1 woman (4%). All liveborn neonates were delivered in good condition at term. Neonatal thrombocytopaenia occurred in 4 neonates (18%). Two neonates had cord platelet counts of less than 50 x 10(9)/L and 1 required therapy with corticosteroids and intravenous immune globulins. No bleeding complications occurred in any of the neonates.

CONCLUSION

Our experience supports the increasingly prevalent practice of managing pregnancies in women with ITP with a conservative approach to investigations and treatment. Caesarean sections should be performed for obstetric indications only, given the rarity of bleeding complications in the offspring of these women and the lack of evidence to support its role in the prevention of neonatal intracranial haemorrhage.

Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia using a combination of all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy

INTRODUCTION

The combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with chemotherapy has improved the outcome of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Effective induction as well as maintenance therapy for APL can be achieved using this combination of anti-leukaemic agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four consecutive patients with newly-diagnosed APL were treated with ATRA daily together with either daunorubicin or idarubicin. Therapy with ATRA was continued until complete remission (CR) was achieved; thereafter, patients were treated with 2 cycles of an anthracycline-based consolidation chemotherapy (either daunorubicin or idarubicin). Maintenance therapy was achieved using 5 alternating cycles of low-dose methotrexate (MTX) plus 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) followed by ATRA alone.

RESULTS

Twenty-three out of 24 patients (96%) completed induction therapy and achieved haematological CR (HCR) as well as molecular remission (MR); however, 1 patient (5%) died from retinoic acid syndrome. Twenty-one out of 23 evaluable patients (91%) completed consolidation chemotherapy, and 2 patients (10%) died, 1 from neutropenic sepsis and the other from relapse following non-compliance to therapy. All 21 surviving patients in the present study received maintenance chemotherapy and are still in HCR and MR at a median follow-up of 23 months. The estimated actuarial 2-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were both 84% +/- 9%.

CONCLUSION

The combination of ATRA with an anthracycline is an effective remission-induction therapy for newly-diagnosed APL. Maintenance therapy using alternating cycles of MTX plus 6MP followed by ATRA alone is effective in maintaining CR and MR as well as prolonging the survival of patients with APL.

Retreatment with chimeric CD 20 monoclonal antibody in a patient with nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma

A patient with advanced and chemotherapy-refractory nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma was given a course of chimeric CD 20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab. Partial response was observed without any major toxicities. Retreatment with Rituximab for disease progression six months after the first course led to partial remission. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given for the residual disease and, currently, patient's disease remains stable eight months after the second course of Rituximab. This case demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy and feasibility of retreatment with Rituximab for relapsed or refractory low grade lymphoma.

Pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis caused by Aspergillus in a patient after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

INTRODUCTION

We report a case of pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus 2 years after matched unrelated stem cell transplant.

CLINICAL PICTURE

The patient presented with dyspnoea and obstructive airway disease coinciding with the onset of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Following treatment with higher immunosuppressive therapy for presumptive diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans, he subsequently developed recurrent spontaneous pneumomediastinum and progressive respiratory failure.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

Tracheobronchial biopsy and culture of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid revealed Aspergillus tracheobronchitis. Despite mechanical ventilation and antifungal therapy, he succumbed to progressive respiratory failure.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Aspergillus tracheobronchitis should be suspected in heavily immunosuppressed stem cell transplant recipients presenting with recurrent pneumomediastinum and progressive respiratory failure.