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Wongstitwilairoong B, Anothaisintawee T, Ruamsap N, Lertsethtakarn P, Kietsiri P, Oransathid W, Oransathid W, Gonwong S, Silapong S, Suksawad U, Sornsakrin S, Bodhidatta L, Boudreaux DM, Livezey JR. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections, Genotypes, and Drug Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia among Preschool and School-Aged Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:394. [PMID: 37624332 PMCID: PMC10457730 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children and assess the drug susceptibility and genotypes/assemblages of Giardia lamblia in Thailand. This cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 3-12 years in Sangkhlaburi District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, between 25 September 2017 and 12 January 2018. Parasites were identified by stool microscopic examination, cultivation of intestinal parasitic protozoa, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Drug susceptibility and genotype of G. lamblia were performed, respectively, by a resazurin assay and Triosephosphate Isomerase A and B genes using modified primers and probes. Among the 661 participants, 445 had an intestinal parasitic infection, resulting in a prevalence of 67.32% (95% CI: 63.60-70.89%). Blastocystis hominis was the most prevalent protozoa infection (49.32%; 95% CI: 45.44-53.22%), while Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent helminth infection (0.91%; 95% CI: 0.33-1.97%). The prevalence of G. lamblia was 17.40%, with genotype B being the most common. According to our study, intestinal parasitic infections were commonly found in Thai children. G. lamblia was the most common pathogenic protozoa infection identified and exhibited less susceptibility to metronidazole compared to furazolidone and mebendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thunyarat Anothaisintawee
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (B.W.); (P.L.); (P.K.); (W.O.); (W.O.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (U.S.); (S.S.); (L.B.); (D.M.B.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Nattaya Ruamsap
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (B.W.); (P.L.); (P.K.); (W.O.); (W.O.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (U.S.); (S.S.); (L.B.); (D.M.B.); (J.R.L.)
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2
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Shrestha SK, Shrestha J, Mason CJ, Sornsakrin S, Dhakhwa JR, Shrestha BR, Sakha B, Rana JC, Srijan A, Serichantalergs O, Sethabutr O, Demons S, Bodhidatta L. Etiology of Acute Diarrheal Disease and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Children Younger Than 5 Years Old in Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:174-180. [PMID: 36509064 PMCID: PMC9833095 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years in developing countries. Children from 3 to 60 months of age were recruited from two hospitals in Nepal- Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur, and Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu-in 2006 to 2009. Stool specimens collected from 1,200 children with acute diarrhea (cases) and 1,200 children without diarrhea (control subjects) were examined for a broad range of enteropathogens by standard microbiology, including microscopy, enzyme immunoassay for viral pathogens (adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus) and protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica), as well as by using reverse transcription real-time polymerase for norovirus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Overall, rotavirus (22% versus 2%), norovirus (13% versus 7%), adenovirus (3% versus 0%), Shigella (6% versus 1%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (8% versus 4%), Vibrio (7% versus 0%), and Aeromonas (9% versus 3%) were identified significantly more frequently in cases than control subjects. Campylobacter, Plesiomonas, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E. coli (enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative) were identified in similar proportions in diarrheal and non-diarrheal stools. Campylobacter was resistant to second-generation quinolone drugs (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), whereas Vibrio and Shigella were resistant to nalidixic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This study documents the important role of rotavirus and norovirus in acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years, followed by the bacteria Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Vibrio cholera, and Aeromonas. Data on the prevalence and epidemiology of enteropathogens identify potential pathogens for public health interventions, whereas pathogen antibiotic resistance pattern data may provide guidance on choice of therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya K. Shrestha
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal;,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jasmin Shrestha
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal;,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;,Address correspondence to Jasmin Shrestha, Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal. E-mail:
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sornsakrin
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Bhola Ram Shrestha
- Shree Mahendra Adarsa Chikitsalaya, Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Bina Sakha
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jid Chani Rana
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Apichai Srijan
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orntipa Sethabutr
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Samandra Demons
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Pender MA, Smith T, Brintz BJ, Pandey P, Shrestha SK, Anuras S, Demons S, Sornsakrin S, Bodhidatta L, Platts-Mills JA, Leung DT. Weather variables as important clinical predictors of bacterial diarrhoea among international travellers. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6520888. [PMID: 35134202 PMCID: PMC9282096 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians and travellers often have limited tools to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial causes of travellers' diarrhoea (TD). Development of a clinical prediction rule assessing the aetiology of TD may help identify episodes of bacterial diarrhoea and limit inappropriate antibiotic use. We aimed to identify predictors of bacterial diarrhoea among clinical, demographic and weather variables, as well as to develop and cross-validate a parsimonious predictive model. METHODS We collected de-identified clinical data from 457 international travellers with acute diarrhoea presenting to two healthcare centres in Nepal and Thailand. We used conventional microbiologic and multiplex molecular methods to identify diarrheal aetiology from stool samples. We used random forest and logistic regression to determine predictors of bacterial diarrhoea. RESULTS We identified 195 cases of bacterial aetiology, 63 viral, 125 mixed pathogens, 6 protozoal/parasite and 68 cases without a detected pathogen. Random forest regression indicated that the strongest predictors of bacterial over viral or non-detected aetiologies were average location-specific environmental temperature and red blood cell on stool microscopy. In 5-fold cross-validation, the parsimonious model with the highest discriminative performance had an area under the receiver operator curve of 0.73 using 3 variables with calibration intercept -0.01 (standard deviation, SD 0.31) and slope 0.95 (SD 0.36). CONCLUSIONS We identified environmental temperature, a location-specific parameter, as an important predictor of bacterial TD, among traditional patient-specific parameters predictive of aetiology. Future work includes further validation and the development of a clinical decision-support tool to inform appropriate use of antibiotics in TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Timothy Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ben J Brintz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Hospital Director, CIWEC Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Sanjaya K Shrestha
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Sinn Anuras
- Department of Medicine, MedPark Hospital, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Samandra Demons
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sornsakrin
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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The HC, Bodhidatta L, Pham DT, Mason CJ, Thanh TH, Vinh PV, Turner P, Hem S, Dance DAB, Newton PN, Phetsouvanh R, Davong V, Thwaites GE, Thomson NR, Baker S, Rabaa MA. Evolutionary histories and antimicrobial resistance inShigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei in Southeast Asia. Access Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2021.po0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional disease surveillance for shigellosis in developing country settingsrelies on serotyping and low-resolution molecular typing, which fails to contextualise the evolutionary history of the genus. Here, we interrogated a collection of 1,804 Shigella whole genome sequences from organisms isolated in four continental Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) over three decades to characterise the evolution of both S. flexneri and S. sonnei. We show that S. sonnei and each major S. flexneri serotype are comprised of genetically diverse populations, the majority of which were likely introduced into Southeast Asia in the 1970s-1990s. Intranational and regional dissemination allowed widespread propagation of both species across the region. Our data indicate that the epidemiology of S. sonnei and the major S. flexneri serotypes were characterised by frequent clonal replacement events, coinciding with changing susceptibility patterns against contemporaneous antimicrobials. We conclude that adaptation to antimicrobial pressure was pivotal to the recent evolutionary trajectory of Shigella in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duy Thanh Pham
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Thailand
| | | | | | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Cambodia
| | | | - David A. B. Dance
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Lao, People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Paul N. Newton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Lao, People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Lao, People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Viengmon Davong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Lao, People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Guy E. Thwaites
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam
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5
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Guga G, Elwood S, Kimathi C, Kang G, Kosek MN, Lima AA, Bessong PO, Samie A, Haque R, Leite JP, Bodhidatta L, Iqbal N, Page N, Kiwelu I, Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Liu J, Rogawski McQuade ET, Houpt E, Platts-Mills JA, Mduma ER. Burden, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and seasonality of adenovirus 40/41 diarrhea in children in eight low-resource settings. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac241. [PMID: 35854993 PMCID: PMC9277636 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The application of molecular diagnostics has identified enteric group adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 as important causes of diarrhea in children. However, many aspects of the epidemiology of adenovirus 40/41 diarrhea have not been described. Methods We used data from the 8-site Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project birth cohort study to describe site- and age-specific incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and seasonality. Results The incidence of adenovirus 40/41 diarrhea was substantially higher by quantitative polymerase chain reaction than enzyme immunoassay and peaked at ∼30 episodes per 100 child-years in children aged 7–15 months, with substantial variation in incidence between sites. A significant burden was also seen in children 0–6 months of age, higher than other viral etiologies with the exception of rotavirus. Children with adenovirus 40/41 diarrhea were more likely to have a fever than children with norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.16–2.26) but less likely than children with rotavirus (aOR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49–0.91). Exclusive breastfeeding was strongly protective against adenovirus 40/41 diarrhea (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48–0.85), but no other risk factors were identified. The seasonality of adenovirus 40/41 diarrhea varied substantially between sites and did not have clear associations with seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall. Conclusions This study supports the situation of adenovirus 40/41 as a pathogen of substantial importance, especially in infants. Fever was a distinguishing characteristic in comparison to other nonrotavirus viral etiologies, and promotion of exclusive breastfeeding may reduce the high observed burden in the first 6 months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Guga
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Elwood
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | | | - Eric Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James A. Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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6
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Chandna A, Chew R, Shwe Nwe Htun N, Peto TJ, Zhang M, Liverani M, Brummaier T, Phommasone K, Perrone C, Pyae Phyo A, Sattabongkot J, Roobsoong W, Nguitragool W, Sen A, Ibna Zaman S, Sandar Zaw A, Batty E, Waithira N, Abdad MY, Blacksell SD, Bodhidatta L, Callery JJ, Fagnark W, Huangsuranun W, Islam S, Lertcharoenchoke S, Lohavittayavikant S, Mukaka M, Moul V, Kumer Neogi A, Nedsuwan S, Pongvongsa T, Ponsap P, Richard-Greenblatt M, Schilling WH, Thaipadungpanit J, Tripura R, Dondorp AM, Mayxay M, White NJ, Nosten F, Smithuis F, Ashley EA, Maude RJ, Day NP, Lubell Y. Defining the burden of febrile illness in rural South and Southeast Asia: an open letter to announce the launch of the Rural Febrile Illness project. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:64. [PMID: 34017924 PMCID: PMC8080974 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16393.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In rural areas of South and Southeast Asia malaria is declining but febrile illnesses still account for substantial morbidity and mortality. Village health workers (VHWs) are often the first point of contact with the formal health system, and for patients with febrile illnesses they can provide early diagnosis and treatment of malaria. However, for the majority of febrile patients, VHWs lack the training, support and resources to provide further care. Consequently, treatable bacterial illnesses are missed, antibiotics are overused and poorly targeted, and patient attendance wanes along with declining malaria. This
Open Letter announces the start of a new initiative, the Rural Febrile Illness (RFI) project, the first in a series of projects to be implemented as part of the South and Southeast Asian Community-based Trials Network (SEACTN) research programme. This multi-country, multi-site project will run in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, and Myanmar. It will define the epidemiological baseline of febrile illness in nine remote and underserved areas of Asia where malaria endemicity is declining and access to health services is limited. The RFI project aims to determine the incidence, causes and outcomes of febrile illness; understand the opportunities, barriers and appetite for adjustment of the role of VHWs to include management of non-malarial febrile illnesses; and establish a network of community healthcare providers and facilities capable of implementing interventions designed to triage, diagnose and treat patients presenting with febrile illnesses within these communities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chandna
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Rusheng Chew
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nan Shwe Nwe Htun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas J. Peto
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Meiwen Zhang
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marco Liverani
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tobias Brummaier
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Koukeo Phommasone
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Carlo Perrone
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aninda Sen
- Communicable Diseases Programme, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sazid Ibna Zaman
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Elizabeth Batty
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naomi Waithira
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James J. Callery
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharintorn Fagnark
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witchayoot Huangsuranun
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shayla Islam
- Communicable Diseases Programme, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanchai Lertcharoenchoke
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Salisa Lohavittayavikant
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Vanna Moul
- Communicable Diseases Programme, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Tiengkham Pongvongsa
- Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Savannakhet, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Pimsiri Ponsap
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - William H.K. Schilling
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janjira Thaipadungpanit
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Richard J. Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Nicholas P.J. Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Mai SNT, Bodhidatta L, Turner P, Wangchuk S, Ha Thanh T, Voong Vinh P, Pham DT, Rabaa MA, Thwaites GE, Thomson NR, Baker S, Chung The H. The evolutionary history of Shigella flexneri serotype 6 in Asia. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34904947 PMCID: PMC8767353 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri serotype 6 is an understudied cause of diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries, and has been proposed as one of the major targets for vaccine development against shigellosis. Despite being named as S. flexneri, Shigella flexneri serotype 6 is phylogenetically distinct from other S. flexneri serotypes and more closely related to S. boydii. This unique phylogenetic relationship and its low sampling frequency have hampered genomic research on this pathogen. Herein, by utilizing whole genome sequencing (WGS) and analyses of Shigella flexneri serotype 6 collected from epidemiological studies (1987–2013) in four Asian countries, we revealed its population structure and evolutionary history in the region. Phylogenetic analyses supported the delineation of Asian Shigella flexneri serotype 6 into two phylogenetic groups (PG-1 and −2). Notably, temporal phylogenetic approaches showed that extant Asian S. flexneri serotype 6 could be traced back to an inferred common ancestor arising in the 18th century. The dominant lineage PG-1 likely emerged in the 1970s, which coincided with the times to most recent common ancestors (tMRCAs) inferred from other major Southeast Asian S. flexneri serotypes. Similar to other S. flexneri serotypes in the same period in Asia, genomic analyses showed that resistance to first-generation antimicrobials was widespread, while resistance to more recent first-line antimicrobials was rare. These data also showed a number of gene inactivation and gene loss events, particularly on genes related to metabolism and synthesis of cellular appendages, emphasizing the continuing role of reductive evolution in the adaptation of the pathogen to an intracellular lifestyle. Together, our findings reveal insights into the genomic evolution of the understudied Shigella flexneri serotype 6, providing a new piece in the puzzle of Shigella epidemiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Nguyen T Mai
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Turner
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Thanh Pham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hao Chung The
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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8
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Khanijou P, Tabprasit S, Chuenchitra T, Ruamsap N, Islam D, Gonwong S, Kana K, Swierczewski BE, Demons ST, Waters NC, Bodhidatta L. Human papillomavirus seroprevalence in young Thai men. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 43:222-229. [PMID: 34697984 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1985515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in men and women. Most HPV studies have focused on vaccination toward women to prevent consequences of developing cervical cancer. However, persistent infections can cause penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers in men. Therefore, recent public health recommendations toward vaccination in men have been raised. There is limited HPV prevalence data among men in many countries, including Thailand. We conducted HPV sera IgG ELISA testing on a repository sera of Thai men (average age 21 years old) entering the Royal Thai Army as recruits in 2013 (n = 1000). HPV IgG antibodies against virus-like particles of HPV- type 6, 11, 16e, and 18 were evaluated using a commercial ELISA kit. Overall, the anti-HPV IgG was 47% (95% CI: 44%-50%). HPV seroprevalence was significantly associated with residence regions with the highest prevalence in South (64%), but not associated with educational level, marital status, or type of residence. This data suggested that almost half of the Thai men in this cohort were exposed to HPV by the age of 21. Thus, HPV vaccination provided to male adolescents should be considered for disease prevention and minimizing transmission to sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchariya Khanijou
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sutchana Tabprasit
- Division of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thippawan Chuenchitra
- Division of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ruamsap
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dilara Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Siriphan Gonwong
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khunakorn Kana
- Division of Research, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Maryland, USA
| | - Samandra T Demons
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Norman C Waters
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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McMurry TL, McQuade ETR, Liu J, Kang G, Kosek MN, Lima AAM, Bessong PO, Samie A, Haque R, Mduma ER, Leite JP, Bodhidatta L, Iqbal NT, Page N, Kiwelu I, Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Houpt ER, Platts-Mills JA. Duration of Postdiarrheal Enteric Pathogen Carriage in Young Children in Low-resource Settings. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e806-e814. [PMID: 33033835 PMCID: PMC8315229 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged enteropathogen shedding after diarrhea complicates the identification of etiology in subsequent episodes and is an important driver of pathogen transmission. A standardized approach has not been applied to estimate the duration of shedding for a wide range of pathogens. Methods We used a multisite birth cohort of children 0–24 months of age from whom diarrheal and monthly nondiarrheal stools were previously tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for 29 enteropathogens. We modeled the probability of detection of the etiologic pathogen before and after diarrhea using a log-normal accelerated failure time survival model and estimated the median duration of pathogen carriage as well as differences in subclinical pathogen carriage 60 days after diarrhea onset in comparison to a prediarrhea baseline. Results We analyzed 3247 etiologic episodes of diarrhea for the 9 pathogens with the highest attributable burdens of diarrhea. The median duration of postdiarrheal carriage varied widely by pathogen, from about 1 week for rotavirus (median, 8.1 days [95% confidence interval {CI}, 6.2–9.6]) to >1 month for Cryptosporidium (39.5 days [95% CI, 30.6–49.0]). The largest increases in subclinical pathogen carriage before and after diarrhea were seen for Cryptosporidium (prevalence difference between 30 days prior and 60 days after diarrhea onset, 0.30 [95% CI, .23–.39]) and Shigella (prevalence difference, 0.21 [95% CI, .16–.27]). Conclusions Postdiarrheal shedding was widely variable between pathogens, with strikingly prolonged shedding seen for Cryptosporidium and Shigella. Targeted antimicrobial therapy and vaccination for these pathogens may have a relatively large impact on transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L McMurry
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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10
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Chandna A, Shwe Nwe Htun N, Peto TJ, Liverani M, Brummaier T, Phommasone K, Ibna Zaman S, Sandar Zaw A, Batty E, Waithira N, Richard-Greenblatt M, Blacksell SD, Bodhidatta L, Callery JJ, Fagnark W, Islam S, Lertcharoenchoke S, Mukaka M, Pongvongsa T, Schilling WH, Thaipadungpanit J, Tripura R, Dondorp AM, Mayxay M, White NJ, Nosten F, Smithuis F, Ashley EA, Maude RJ, Day NP, Lubell Y. Defining the burden of febrile illness in rural South and Southeast Asia: an open letter to announce the launch of the Rural Febrile Illness project. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:64. [PMID: 34017924 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In rural areas of South and Southeast Asia malaria is declining but febrile illnesses still account for substantial morbidity and mortality. Village health workers (VHWs) are often the first point of contact with the formal health system, and for patients with febrile illnesses they can provide early diagnosis and treatment of malaria. However, for the majority of febrile patients, VHWs lack the training, support and resources to provide further care. Consequently, treatable bacterial illnesses are missed, antibiotics are overused and poorly targeted, and patient attendance wanes along with declining malaria. This Open Letter announces the start of a new initiative, the Rural Febrile Illness (RFI) project, the first in a series of projects to be implemented as part of the South and Southeast Asian Community-based Trials Network (SEACTN) research programme. This multi-country, multi-site project will begin in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar and will define the epidemiological baseline of febrile illness in five remote and underserved areas of Asia where malaria endemicity is declining and access to health services is limited. The RFI project aims to determine the incidence, causes and outcomes of febrile illness; understand the opportunities, barriers and appetite for adjustment of the role of VHWs to include management of non-malarial febrile illnesses; and establish a network of community healthcare providers and facilities capable of implementing interventions designed to triage, diagnose and treat patients presenting with febrile illnesses within these communities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chandna
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Nan Shwe Nwe Htun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas J Peto
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marco Liverani
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tobias Brummaier
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Koukeo Phommasone
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Sazid Ibna Zaman
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Elizabeth Batty
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naomi Waithira
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James J Callery
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharintorn Fagnark
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shayla Islam
- Health Nutrition and Population Programme, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanchai Lertcharoenchoke
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tiengkham Pongvongsa
- Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Savannakhet, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - William Hk Schilling
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janjira Thaipadungpanit
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.,Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Nicholas J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Elizabeth A Ashley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Richard J Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Nicholas Pj Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Rogawski McQuade ET, Liu J, Kang G, Kosek MN, Lima AAM, Bessong PO, Samie A, Haque R, Mduma ER, Shrestha S, Leite JP, Bodhidatta L, Iqbal N, Page N, Kiwelu I, Bhutta Z, Ahmed T, Houpt ER, Platts-Mills JA. Protection From Natural Immunity Against Enteric Infections and Etiology-Specific Diarrhea in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1858-1868. [PMID: 31984416 PMCID: PMC7653087 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of protection conferred by natural immunity is unknown for many enteropathogens, but it is important to support the development of enteric vaccines. METHODS We used the Andersen-Gill extension of the Cox model to estimate the effects of previous infections on the incidence of subsequent subclinical infections and diarrhea in children under 2 using quantitative molecular diagnostics in the MAL-ED cohort. We used cross-pathogen negative control associations to correct bias due to confounding by unmeasured heterogeneity of exposure and susceptibility. RESULTS Prior rotavirus infection was associated with a 50% lower hazard (calibrated hazard ratio [cHR], 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.62) of subsequent rotavirus diarrhea. Strong protection was evident against Cryptosporidium diarrhea (cHR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.20-0.51). There was also protection due to prior infections for norovirus GII (cHR against diarrhea, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49-0.91), astrovirus (cHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48-0.81), and Shigella (cHR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95). Minimal protection was observed for other bacteria, adenovirus 40/41, and sapovirus. CONCLUSIONS Natural immunity was generally stronger for the enteric viruses than bacteria, potentially due to less antigenic diversity. Vaccines against major causes of diarrhea may be feasible but likely need to be more immunogenic than natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virgina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virgina, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virgina, USA
| | | | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virgina, USA.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virgina, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virgina, USA
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12
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Chung The H, Bodhidatta L, Pham DT, Mason CJ, Ha Thanh T, Voong Vinh P, Turner P, Hem S, Dance DAB, Newton PN, Phetsouvanh R, Davong V, Thwaites GE, Thomson NR, Baker S, Rabaa MA. Evolutionary histories and antimicrobial resistance in Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei in Southeast Asia. Commun Biol 2021; 4:353. [PMID: 33742111 PMCID: PMC7979695 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional disease surveillance for shigellosis in developing country settings relies on serotyping and low-resolution molecular typing, which fails to contextualise the evolutionary history of the genus. Here, we interrogated a collection of 1,804 Shigella whole genome sequences from organisms isolated in four continental Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) over three decades to characterise the evolution of both S. flexneri and S. sonnei. We show that S. sonnei and each major S. flexneri serotype are comprised of genetically diverse populations, the majority of which were likely introduced into Southeast Asia in the 1970s-1990s. Intranational and regional dissemination allowed widespread propagation of both species across the region. Our data indicate that the epidemiology of S. sonnei and the major S. flexneri serotypes were characterised by frequent clonal replacement events, coinciding with changing susceptibility patterns against contemporaneous antimicrobials. We conclude that adaptation to antimicrobial pressure was pivotal to the recent evolutionary trajectory of Shigella in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- grid.413910.e0000 0004 0419 1772Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duy Thanh Pham
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl J. Mason
- grid.413910.e0000 0004 0419 1772Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul Turner
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.459332.a0000 0004 0418 5364Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Sopheak Hem
- grid.418537.cMedical Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - David A. B. Dance
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.416302.20000 0004 0484 3312Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos ,grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul N. Newton
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.416302.20000 0004 0484 3312Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos ,grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.416302.20000 0004 0484 3312Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Viengmon Davong
- grid.416302.20000 0004 0484 3312Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Guy E. Thwaites
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK ,grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- grid.5335.00000000121885934The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- grid.412433.30000 0004 0429 6814Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rogawski McQuade ET, Shaheen F, Kabir F, Rizvi A, Platts-Mills JA, Aziz F, Kalam A, Qureshi S, Elwood S, Liu J, Lima AAM, Kang G, Bessong P, Samie A, Haque R, Mduma ER, Kosek MN, Shrestha S, Leite JP, Bodhidatta L, Page N, Kiwelu I, Shakoor S, Turab A, Soofi SB, Ahmed T, Houpt ER, Bhutta Z, Iqbal NT. Epidemiology of Shigella infections and diarrhea in the first two years of life using culture-independent diagnostics in 8 low-resource settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008536. [PMID: 32804926 PMCID: PMC7451981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-independent diagnostics have revealed a larger burden of Shigella among children in low-resource settings than previously recognized. We further characterized the epidemiology of Shigella in the first two years of life in a multisite birth cohort. We tested 41,405 diarrheal and monthly non-diarrheal stools from 1,715 children for Shigella by quantitative PCR. To assess risk factors, clinical factors related to age and culture positivity, and associations with inflammatory biomarkers, we used log-binomial regression with generalized estimating equations. The prevalence of Shigella varied from 4.9%-17.8% in non-diarrheal stools across sites, and the incidence of Shigella-attributable diarrhea was 31.8 cases (95% CI: 29.6, 34.2) per 100 child-years. The sensitivity of culture compared to qPCR was 6.6% and increased to 27.8% in Shigella-attributable dysentery. Shigella diarrhea episodes were more likely to be severe and less likely to be culture positive in younger children. Older age (RR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.70, 1.81 per 6-month increase in age), unimproved sanitation (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.29), low maternal education (<10 years, RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26), initiating complementary foods before 3 months (RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.20), and malnutrition (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.95 per unit increase in weight-for-age z-score) were risk factors for Shigella. There was a linear dose-response between Shigella quantity and myeloperoxidase concentrations. The burden of Shigella varied widely across sites, but uniformly increased through the second year of life and was associated with intestinal inflammation. Culture missed most clinically relevant cases of severe diarrhea and dysentery. Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality among children in low and middle-income countries. We characterized the epidemiology of Shigella using highly sensitive diagnostic methods in 41,405 diarrheal and monthly non-diarrheal stools from the first two years of life in a multisite birth cohort. The prevalence of Shigella varied from 4.9%-17.8% across sites, and the incidence of Shigella-attributable diarrhea was 31.8 cases (95% CI: 29.6, 34.2) per 100 child-years. Shigella diarrhea episodes were more likely to be severe and less likely to be culture positive in younger children. Older age, unimproved sanitation, low maternal education, initiating complementary foods before 3 months, and malnutrition were risk factors for Shigella. There was a linear dose-response between Shigella quantity and myeloperoxidase, a marker of intestinal inflammation, which suggests a potential mechanism for the impact of Shigella on child growth. Because culture missed most clinically relevant cases of severe diarrhea and dysentery, molecular diagnostics may be important tools in upcoming Shigella vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ETRM); (NTI)
| | - Fariha Shaheen
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Furqan Kabir
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arjumand Rizvi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - James A. Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatima Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adil Kalam
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahida Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Elwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sadia Shakoor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Turab
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Bashir Soofi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Najeeha Talat Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (ETRM); (NTI)
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Serichantalergs O, Wassanarungroj P, Khemnu N, Poly F, Guerry P, Bodhidatta L, Crawford J, Swierczewski B. Distribution of genes related to Type 6 secretion system and lipooligosaccharide that induced ganglioside mimicry among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from human diarrhea in Thailand. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:18. [PMID: 32308743 PMCID: PMC7146907 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the most common bacteria responsible for human gastroenteritis worldwide. The mode of human transmission is foodborne infections due to consumption of contaminated food, especially poultry. Type 6 secretion systems (T6SS) were described recently as Campylobacter virulence mechanisms. Furthermore, infection sequelae associated with neurological disorders like Guillain-Barré (GBS) and Miller Fisher (MF) syndromes can become serious health problems in some patients after Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Our objective was to determine the distribution of these virulence genes among C. jejuni isolated from stool of human diarrhea. Methods A total of 524 C. jejuni strains from travelers and pediatric cases of acute diarrhea in Thailand were selected for this study. All isolates belonged to one of 20 known capsule types and all were assayed by PCR for T6SS, a hemolysin co-regulated protein (hcp) gene, and GBS-associated genes (cgtA, cgtB, cstII HS19 and cstII HS2 ) which are involved in sialic acid production in the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) cores of C. jejuni. The distribution of these genes are summarized and discussed. Results Of all isolates with these 20 capsule types identified, 328 (62.6%) were positive for hcp, ranging from 29.2 to 100% among 10 capsule types. The GBS-associated LOS genes were detected among 14 capsule type isolates with 24.4% and 23.3% of C. jejuni isolates possessed either cstII HS19 or all three genes (cgtA, cgtB and cstII HS19 ), which were classified as LOS classes A and B whereas 9.2% of C. jejuni isolates possessing cstII HS2 were classified as LOS class C. The C. jejuni isolates of LOS A, B, and C together accounted for 56.9% of the isolates among 14 different capsule types while 31.1% of all C. jejuni isolates did not possess any GBS-associated genes. No significant difference was detected from C. jejuni isolates possessing GBS-associated LOS genes among travelers and children, but changes between those with hcp were significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggested a high diversity of hcp and GBS-associated LOS genes among capsule types of C. jejuni isolated from Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oralak Serichantalergs
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharawalai Wassanarungroj
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuanpan Khemnu
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frédéric Poly
- 2Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Patricia Guerry
- 2Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John Crawford
- 3US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD USA
| | - Brett Swierczewski
- 4Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
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15
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Sakpaisal P, Silapong S, Yowang A, Boonyasakyothin G, Yuttayong B, Suksawad U, Sornsakrin S, Lertsethtakarn P, Bodhidatta L, Crawford JM, Mason CJ. Prevalence and Genotypic Distribution of Rotavirus in Thailand: A Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1258-1265. [PMID: 30915947 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus has been one of the major etiological agents causing severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. In Thailand, rotavirus contributes to one-third of reported pediatric diarrheal cases. We studied stool samples from 1,709 children with acute gastroenteritis and 1,761 children with no reported gastroenteritis whose age ranged from 3 months to 5 years from four different regions in Thailand between March 2008 and August 2010. The samples were tested for the presence of rotavirus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of vp6 gene and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive samples were further characterized for their G and P genotypes (vp7 and vp4 genes) by conventional RT-PCR. From all four regions, 26.8% of cases and 1.6% of controls were positive for rotavirus, and G1P[8] was the most predominant genotype, followed by G2P[4], G3P[8], and G9P[8]. In addition, the uncommon genotypes including G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[6], G2P[8], G4P[6], G9P[4], G9P[6], G12P[6], and G12P[8] were also detected at approximately 14% of all samples tested. Interestingly, G5P[19], a recombinant genotype between human and animal strains, and G1P7[5], a reassortant vaccine strain which is closely related to four human-bovine reassortant strains of RotaTeq™ vaccine, were detected in control samples. Data reported in this study will provide additional information on molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Thailand before the impending national implementation of rotavirus vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amara Yowang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Boonyaorn Yuttayong
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Suksawad
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sornsakrin
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John M Crawford
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Murphy H, Bodhidatta L, Sornsakrin S, Khadka B, Pokhrel A, Shakya S, Suksawad U, Wongstitwilairoong B, Shrestha S, Mason C, Pandey P. Traveler's diarrhea in Nepal-changes in etiology and antimicrobial resistance. J Travel Med 2019; 26:5537693. [PMID: 31355414 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a comprehensive investigation to update our knowledge of traveler's diarrhea (TD) etiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Nepal. METHODS A case-control study of TD etiology was conducted at the CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center in Kathmandu from 2012 to 2014. Stool samples were tested by microscopy, culture and molecular techniques for identification of bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens, and AMR. We analysed patient demographic data, pre-treatment information and clinical outcomes. RESULTS We enrolled 433 TD cases and 209 non-diarrhea controls. At least one of enteric pathogens was identified among 82% of cases and 44% of controls (P < 0.001). Multiple pathogens were observed among 35% of cases and 10% of controls. The most common pathogens significantly identified among cases in comparison with controls were Campylobacter (20%), norovirus (17%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (12%), rotavirus (9%) and Shigella (8%) (P < 0.001). We noted Campylobacter, Shigella and ETEC resistance to azithromycin at 8, 39 and 22% and to ciprofloxacin at 97, 78 and 23%, respectively. CONCLUSION Among travellers to Nepal with TD, viral pathogens were commonly found and norovirus was the second most common pathogen after campylobacter. We noted increased AMR to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and azithromycin (AZM). There is heightened concern for AZM treatment failures, though this continues to remain the drug of choice for TD treatment in our setting where FQs should not be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Murphy
- IHA Infectious Diseases Consultants, 5333 McAuley Dr., Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sornsakrin
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Umaporn Suksawad
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonchai Wongstitwilairoong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjaya Shrestha
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Carl Mason
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Haque MA, Platts-Mills JA, Mduma E, Bodhidatta L, Bessong P, Shakoor S, Kang G, Kosek MN, Lima AAM, Shrestha SK, Alam MA, Havt A, Samie A, Guerrant RL, Lang D, Mahfuz M, Bhutta ZA, Houpt ER, Ahmed T. Determinants of Campylobacter infection and association with growth and enteric inflammation in children under 2 years of age in low-resource settings. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17124. [PMID: 31748573 PMCID: PMC6868199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species infections have been associated with malnutrition and intestinal inflammation among children in low-resource settings. However, it remains unclear whether that association is specific to Campylobacter jejuni/coli. The aim of this study was to assess the association between both all Campylobacter species infections and Campylobacter jejuni/coli infections on growth and enteric inflammation in children aged 1-24 months. We analyzed data from 1715 children followed from birth until 24 months of age in the MAL-ED birth cohort study, including detection of Campylobacter species by enzyme immunoassay and Campylobacter jejuni/coli by quantitative PCR in stool samples. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration in stool, used as a quantitative index of enteric inflammation, was measured. The incidence rate per 100 child-months of infections with Campylobacter jejuni/coli and Campylobacter species during 1-24 month follow up were 17.7 and 29.6 respectively. Female sex of child, shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding, lower maternal age, mother having less than 3 living children, maternal educational level of <6 years, lack of routine treatment of drinking water, and unimproved sanitation were associated with Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection. The cumulative burden of both Campylobacter jejuni/coli infections and Campylobacter species were associated with poor growth and increased intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aldo A M Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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Korpe PS, Valencia C, Haque R, Mahfuz M, McGrath M, Houpt E, Kosek M, McCormick BJJ, Penataro Yori P, Babji S, Kang G, Lang D, Gottlieb M, Samie A, Bessong P, Faruque ASG, Mduma E, Nshama R, Havt A, Lima IFN, Lima AAM, Bodhidatta L, Shreshtha A, Petri WA, Ahmed T, Duggal P. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis in Children From 8 Low-income Sites: Results From the MAL-ED Study. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1660-1669. [PMID: 29701852 PMCID: PMC6233690 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium species are enteric protozoa that cause significant morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. We characterized the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in children from 8 resource-limited sites in Africa, Asia, and South America. Methods Children were enrolled within 17 days of birth and followed twice weekly for 24 months. Diarrheal and monthly surveillance stool samples were tested for Cryptosporidium by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Socioeconomic data were collected by survey, and anthropometry was measured monthly. Results Sixty-five percent (962/1486) of children had a Cryptosporidium infection and 54% (802/1486) had at least 1 Cryptosporidium-associated diarrheal episode. Cryptosporidium diarrhea was more likely to be associated with dehydration (16.5% vs 8.3%, P < .01). Rates of Cryptosporidium diarrhea were highest in the Peru (10.9%) and Pakistan (9.2%) sites. In multivariable regression analysis, overcrowding at home was a significant risk factor for infection in the Bangladesh site (odds ratio, 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-4.6]). Multiple linear regression demonstrated a decreased length-for-age z score at 24 months in Cryptosporidium-positive children in the India (β = -.26 [95% CI, -.51 to -.01]) and Bangladesh (β = -.20 [95% CI, -.44 to .05]) sites. Conclusions This multicountry cohort study confirmed the association of Cryptosporidium infection with stunting in 2 South Asian sites, highlighting the significance of cryptosporidiosis as a risk factor for poor growth. We observed that the rate, age of onset, and number of repeat infections varied per site; future interventions should be targeted per region to maximize success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonum S Korpe
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristian Valencia
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Monica McGrath
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Fogarty International Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Houpt
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Margaret Kosek
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Pablo Penataro Yori
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - A S G Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Institute, Tanzania
| | | | - Alexandre Havt
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ila F N Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Aldo A M Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Priya Duggal
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Lertsethtakarn P, Silapong S, Sakpaisal P, Serichantalergs O, Ruamsap N, Lurchachaiwong W, Anuras S, Platts-Mills JA, Liu J, Houpt ER, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski BE, Mason CJ. Travelers' Diarrhea in Thailand: A Quantitative Analysis Using TaqMan® Array Card. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:120-127. [PMID: 29351583 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is a common illness experienced by travelers from developed countries who visit developing countries. Recent questionnaire-based surveillance studies showed that approximately 6%-16% of travelers experienced TD while visiting Thailand; however, a majority of TD information was limited mainly to US military populations. Methods A TD surveillance study was conducted at Bumrungrad International Hospital in 2012-2014 in Bangkok, Thailand. Enteropathogens were identified using conventional methods and the TaqMan® array card (TAC), which uses real-time polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. Analyses to determine pathogen-disease and symptoms association were performed to elucidate the clinical relevance of each enteropathogen. Results TAC identified more pathogens per sample than conventional methods. Campylobacter spp. were the most prevalent, followed by the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and norovirus GII. These agents had significant pathogen-disease associations as well as high attributable fractions among diarrheal cases. A wide range of pathogen loads for Campylobacter spp. was associated with TD, while heat-labile toxin enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was associated with an increased pathogen load. Most cases were associated with inflammatory diarrhea, while Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. were associated with dysentery. Conclusions A pan-molecular diagnostic method such as TAC produces quantifiable and comparable results of all tested pathogens, thereby reducing the variability associated with multiple conventional methods. This allows better determination of the clinical relevance of each diarrhea etiologic agent, as well as their geographical relevance in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ruamsap
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Woradee Lurchachaiwong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sinn Anuras
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Chung The H, Boinett C, Pham Thanh D, Jenkins C, Weill FX, Howden BP, Valcanis M, De Lappe N, Cormican M, Wangchuk S, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Nguyen TNT, Ha Thanh T, Voong VP, Duong VT, Nguyen PHL, Turner P, Wick R, Ceyssens PJ, Thwaites G, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Rabaa MA, Baker S. Dissecting the molecular evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4828. [PMID: 31645551 PMCID: PMC6811581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei increasingly dominates the international epidemiological landscape of shigellosis. Treatment options for S. sonnei are dwindling due to resistance to several key antimicrobials, including the fluoroquinolones. Here we analyse nearly 400 S. sonnei whole genome sequences from both endemic and non-endemic regions to delineate the evolutionary history of the recently emergent fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei. We reaffirm that extant resistant organisms belong to a single clonal expansion event. Our results indicate that sequential accumulation of defining mutations (gyrA-S83L, parC-S80I, and gyrA-D87G) led to the emergence of the fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei population around 2007 in South Asia. This clone was then transmitted globally, resulting in establishments in Southeast Asia and Europe. Mutation analysis suggests that the clone became dominant through enhanced adaptation to oxidative stress. Experimental evolution reveals that under fluoroquinolone exposure in vitro, resistant S. sonnei develops further intolerance to the antimicrobial while the susceptible counterpart fails to attain complete resistance. Shigella sonnei is one of the main species causing shigellosis worldwide. Here the authors analyse nearly 400 S. sonnei genome sequences and carry out experimental evolution experiments to shed light into the evolutionary processes underlying the recent emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Christine Boinett
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Niall De Lappe
- National Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Cormican
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Phat Voong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thuy Duong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phu Huong Lan Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Ryan Wick
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Bodhidatta L, Anuras S, Sornsakrin S, Suksawad U, Serichantalergs O, Srijan A, Sethabutr O, Mason CJ. Epidemiology and etiology of Traveler's diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand, a case-control study. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2019; 5:9. [PMID: 31183159 PMCID: PMC6555966 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is a common health problem among visitors from developed to developing countries. Although global and regional estimates of pathogen distribution are available, the etiology of diarrhea among non-military travelers to Thailand is largely unknown. Methods A prospective TD case-control study was conducted among adult travelers from developed countries at a prominent hospital in Bangkok, Thailand during 2001–2003. Stool samples were collected from acute TD cases and non-diarrheal controls and analyzed for bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens by microbiology, ELISA or PCR methods. Calculation of adjusted odd ratios for risk factors was performed by logistic regression using STATA statistical software. Results Stool samples were collected and analyzed from 389 TD cases and 400 non-diarrhea controls. At least one pathogen was detected in 227 (58%) cases and 124 (31%) controls. Plesiomonas (14%), Vibrio (14%), Campylobacter (14%), and norovirus (12%) were the most frequently isolated pathogens among cases and significantly associated with diarrhea at p = 0.006, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively. Shigella (3%) and ETEC (8%), detected in lower prevalence, also showed significant association with TD at p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively. Travelers from East Asian countries had an increased risk of Vibrio infection (Crude odds ratio: 3.1, p-value = 0.001); travelers from the United States, Canada, and Europe had an increased risk of Campylobacter infection (Crude odds ratio: 2.6, p-value = 0.001); and travelers from Australia and New Zealand had an increased risk of Salmonella infection (Crude odds ratio: 3.2, p-value = 0.009). Conclusions Etiology of TD in Thailand is mainly of bacterial origin. Plesiomonas, Vibrio, and norovirus are underappreciated diarrheagenic pathogens. In our study, the origin of the traveler plays an important role in diarrhea etiology. Understanding variations in TD severity and etiology among travelers from different regions warrants further study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40794-019-0085-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Sinn Anuras
- 2Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sornsakrin
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Umaporn Suksawad
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Apichai Srijan
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Orntipa Sethabutr
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,3Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
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22
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Lurchachaiwong W, Ruksasiri S, Wassanarungroj P, Serichantalergs O, Bodhidatta L, Crawford J, Shrestha SK, Pandey P. Determination of azithromycin heteroresistant Campylobacter jejuni in traveler's diarrhea. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:19. [PMID: 31080519 PMCID: PMC6501284 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common cause of traveler's diarrhea (TD) and human bacterial gastroenteritis. A heteroresistant Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolate, identified by microbiological methods and characterized with molecular techniques, was obtained from a traveler in Nepal suffering TD. The presence of atypical colonies within the clear zone of inhibition was the first evidence of an atypical phenotype, leading to additional characterization of this heteroresistant strain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and population analysis profiling (PAP) demonstrated heteroresistance to azithromycin (AZM), a first-line antibiotic treatment for Campylobacter infections. Molecular analysis indicated a point mutation occurred on the 23S rRNA gene at the A2075G transitions, and the number of mutated gene copies was proportional to AZM resistance. Heteroresistant C. jejuni subpopulations from acute TD are likely underestimated, which may lead to treatment failures, as was the case for this patient. The presence of a heteroresistant strain in a high antibiotic environment may select for additional drug resistance and enable distribution into hospital and local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woradee Lurchachaiwong
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Supaporn Ruksasiri
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Patcharawalai Wassanarungroj
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - John Crawford
- 1Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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23
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Platts-Mills JA, Liu J, Rogawski ET, Kabir F, Lertsethtakarn P, Siguas M, Khan SS, Praharaj I, Murei A, Nshama R, Mujaga B, Havt A, Maciel IA, McMurry TL, Operario DJ, Taniuchi M, Gratz J, Stroup SE, Roberts JH, Kalam A, Aziz F, Qureshi S, Islam MO, Sakpaisal P, Silapong S, Yori PP, Rajendiran R, Benny B, McGrath M, McCormick BJJ, Seidman JC, Lang D, Gottlieb M, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM, Leite JP, Samie A, Bessong PO, Page N, Bodhidatta L, Mason C, Shrestha S, Kiwelu I, Mduma ER, Iqbal NT, Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Haque R, Kang G, Kosek MN, Houpt ER. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6:e1309-e1318. [PMID: 30287127 PMCID: PMC6227251 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Optimum management of childhood diarrhoea in low-resource settings has been hampered by insufficient data on aetiology, burden, and associated clinical characteristics. We used quantitative diagnostic methods to reassess and refine estimates of diarrhoea aetiology from the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study. Methods We re-analysed stool specimens from the multisite MAL-ED cohort study of children aged 0–2 years done at eight locations (Dhaka, Bangladesh; Vellore, India; Bhaktapur, Nepal; Naushero Feroze, Pakistan; Venda, South Africa; Haydom, Tanzania; Fortaleza, Brazil; and Loreto, Peru), which included active surveillance for diarrhoea and routine non-diarrhoeal stool collection. We used quantitative PCR to test for 29 enteropathogens, calculated population-level pathogen-specific attributable burdens, derived stringent quantitative cutoffs to identify aetiology for individual episodes, and created aetiology prediction scores using clinical characteristics. Findings We analysed 6625 diarrhoeal and 30 968 non-diarrhoeal surveillance stools from 1715 children. Overall, 64·9% of diarrhoea episodes (95% CI 62·6–71·2) could be attributed to an aetiology by quantitative PCR compared with 32·8% (30·8–38·7) using the original study microbiology. Viral diarrhoea (36·4% of overall incidence, 95% CI 33·6–39·5) was more common than bacterial (25·0%, 23·4–28·4) and parasitic diarrhoea (3·5%, 3·0–5·2). Ten pathogens accounted for 95·7% of attributable diarrhoea: Shigella (26·1 attributable episodes per 100 child-years, 95% CI 23·8–29·9), sapovirus (22·8, 18·9–27·5), rotavirus (20·7, 18·8–23·0), adenovirus 40/41 (19·0, 16·8–23·0), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (18·8, 16·5–23·8), norovirus (15·4, 13·5–20·1), astrovirus (15·0, 12·0–19·5), Campylobacter jejuni or C coli (12·1, 8·5–17·2), Cryptosporidium (5·8, 4·3–8·3), and typical enteropathogenic E coli (5·4, 2·8–9·3). 86·2% of the attributable incidence for Shigella was non-dysenteric. A prediction score for shigellosis was more accurate (sensitivity 50·4% [95% CI 46·7–54·1], specificity 84·0% [83·0–84·9]) than current guidelines, which recommend treatment only of bloody diarrhoea to cover Shigella (sensitivity 14·5% [95% CI 12·1–17·3], specificity 96·5% [96·0–97·0]). Interpretation Quantitative molecular diagnostics improved estimates of pathogen-specific burdens of childhood diarrhoea in the community setting. Viral causes predominated, including a substantial burden of sapovirus; however, Shigella had the highest overall burden with a high incidence in the second year of life. These data could improve the management of diarrhoea in these low-resource settings. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shaila S Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Buliga Mujaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Timothy L McMurry
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jean Gratz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Stroup
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James H Roberts
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - M Ohedul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pablo P Yori
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Monica McGrath
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Seidman
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjaya Shrestha
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit, Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Margaret N Kosek
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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24
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Rogawski ET, Liu J, Platts-Mills JA, Kabir F, Lertsethtakarn P, Siguas M, Khan SS, Praharaj I, Murei A, Nshama R, Mujaga B, Havt A, Maciel IA, Operario DJ, Taniuchi M, Gratz J, Stroup SE, Roberts JH, Kalam A, Aziz F, Qureshi S, Islam MO, Sakpaisal P, Silapong S, Yori PP, Rajendiran R, Benny B, McGrath M, Seidman JC, Lang D, Gottlieb M, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM, Leite JP, Samie A, Bessong PO, Page N, Bodhidatta L, Mason C, Shrestha S, Kiwelu I, Mduma ER, Iqbal NT, Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Haque R, Kang G, Kosek MN, Houpt ER. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6:e1319-e1328. [PMID: 30287125 PMCID: PMC6227248 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteropathogen infections in early childhood not only cause diarrhoea but contribute to poor growth. We used molecular diagnostics to assess whether particular enteropathogens were associated with linear growth across seven low-resource settings. METHODS We used quantitative PCR to detect 29 enteropathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal stools collected from children in the first 2 years of life obtained during the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) multisite cohort study. Length was measured monthly. We estimated associations between aetiology-specific diarrhoea and subclinical enteropathogen infection and quantity and attained length in 3 month intervals, at age 2 and 5 years, and used a longitudinal model to account for temporality and time-dependent confounding. FINDINGS Among 1469 children who completed 2 year follow-up, 35 622 stool samples were tested and yielded valid results. Diarrhoeal episodes attributed to bacteria and parasites, but not viruses, were associated with small decreases in length after 3 months and at age 2 years. Substantial decrements in length at 2 years were associated with subclinical, non-diarrhoeal, infection with Shigella (length-for-age Z score [LAZ] reduction -0·14, 95% CI -0·27 to -0·01), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (-0·21, -0·37 to -0·05), Campylobacter (-0·17, -0·32 to -0·01), and Giardia (-0·17, -0·30 to -0·05). Norovirus, Cryptosporidium, typical enteropathogenic E coli, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were also associated with small decrements in LAZ. Shigella and E bieneusi were associated with the largest decreases in LAZ per log increase in quantity per g of stool (-0·13 LAZ, 95% CI -0·22 to -0·03 for Shigella; -0·14, -0·26 to -0·02 for E bieneusi). Based on these models, interventions that successfully decrease exposure to Shigella, enteroaggregative E coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia could increase mean length of children by 0·12-0·37 LAZ (0·4-1·2 cm) at the MAL-ED sites. INTERPRETATION Subclinical infection and quantity of pathogens, particularly Shigella, enteroaggregative E coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia, had a substantial negative association with linear growth, which was sustained during the first 2 years of life, and in some cases, to 5 years. Successfully reducing exposure to certain pathogens might reduce global stunting. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shaila S Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Buliga Mujaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jean Gratz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Stroup
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James H Roberts
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - M Ohedul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pablo P Yori
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Monica McGrath
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica C Seidman
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carl Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjaya Shrestha
- Walter Reed/AFRIMS Research Unit, Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Margaret N Kosek
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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25
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Margulieux KR, Srijan A, Ruekit S, Nobthai P, Poramathikul K, Pandey P, Serichantalergs O, Shrestha SK, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski BE. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase prevalence and virulence factor characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli responsible for acute diarrhea in Nepal from 2001 to 2016. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:87. [PMID: 30038780 PMCID: PMC6053774 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial species are an increasingly dangerous public health threat, and are now endemic in many areas of South Asia. However, there are a lack of comprehensive data from many countries in this region determining historic and current MDR prevalence. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of both acute infant diarrhea and traveler’s diarrhea in Nepal. The MDR prevalence and associated resistance mechanisms of ETEC isolates responsible for enteric infections in Nepal are largely unknown. Methods A total of 265 ETEC isolates were obtained from acute diarrheal samples (263/265) or patient control samples (2/265) at traveler’s clinics or regional hospitals in Nepal from 2001 to 2016. Isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance, to include extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, via the Microscan Automated Microbiology System. ETEC virulence factors, specifically enterotoxins and colonization factors (CFs), were detected using multiplex PCR, and prevalence in the total isolate population was compared to ESBL-positive isolates. ESBL-positive isolates were assessed using multiplex PCR for genetic markers potentially responsible for observed resistance. Results A total of 118/265 (44.5%) ETEC isolates demonstrated resistance to ≥2 antibiotics. ESBL-positive phenotypes were detected in 40/265 isolates, with isolates from 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2016 demonstrating ESBL prevalence rates of 1.5, 34.5, 31.2, and 35.0% respectively. No difference was observed in overall enterotoxin characterization between the total ETEC and ESBL-positive populations. The CFs CS2 (13.6%), CS3 (25.3%), CS6 (30.2%), and CS21 (62.6%) were the most prevalent in the total ETEC population. The ESBL-positive ETEC isolates exhibited a higher association trend with the CFs CS2 (37.5%), CS3 (35%), CS6 (42.5%), and CS21 (67.5%). The primary ESBL gene identified was blaCTX-M-15 (80%), followed by blaSHV-12 (20%) and blaCTX-M-14 (2.5%). The beta-lactamase genes blaTEM-1 (40%) and blaCMY-2 (2.5%) were also identified. It was determined that 42.5% of the ESBL-positive isolates carried multiple resistance genes. Conclusion Over 30% of ETEC isolates collected post-2013 and evaluated in this study demonstrated ESBL resistance. Persistent surveillance and characterization of enteric ETEC isolates are vital for tracking the community presence of MDR bacterial species in order to recommend effective treatment strategies and help mitigate the spread of resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Margulieux
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Apichai Srijan
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Sirigade Ruekit
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Panida Nobthai
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Kamonporn Poramathikul
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Hospital and Travel Medicine Clinic, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,4Present Address: Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
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Ruksasiri S, Lurchachaiwong W, Wassanarungroj P, Serichantalergs O, Sivhour C, Samon N, Ly S, Chanthap L, Bodhidatta L, Crawford J. Antimicrobial resistant Helicobacter fennelliae isolated from non-diarrheal child stool sample in Battambang, Cambodia. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:18. [PMID: 29854008 PMCID: PMC5975586 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter fennelliae (H. fennelliae) is associated with human gastroenteritis; however, H. fennelliae was isolated and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic identification from a non-diarrheal child stool sample in Cambodia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that this isolate had a high minimal inhibitory concentration against macrolides and quinolones, which are first-line antibiotic treatment choices for Campylobacter infections. Consequently, macrolides and quinolones were likewise expected to be ineffective against Campylobacter-like organisms such as H. fennelliae. This isolate warranted further genetic characterization to better understand associated antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Resistant pathogens from asymptomatic diarrheal cases are likely underestimated, and as such colonized individuals may spread resistant organisms to local community members and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Ruksasiri
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Woradee Lurchachaiwong
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Patcharawalai Wassanarungroj
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Chiek Sivhour
- Battambang Referral Hospital, PrekMohatep Village, SvayPor Commune, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Nou Samon
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 18.118 Street Sangkat Mettapheap Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovann Ly
- 4Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, 151-153, Kampuchea KromBlvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lon Chanthap
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 18.118 Street Sangkat Mettapheap Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - John Crawford
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Poramathikul K, Bodhidatta L, Chiek S, Oransathid W, Ruekit S, Nobthai P, Lurchachaiwong W, Serichantalergs O, Lon C, Swierczewski B. Multidrug-Resistant Shigella Infections in Patients with Diarrhea, Cambodia, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1640-3. [PMID: 27532684 PMCID: PMC4994341 DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.152058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed multidrug resistance in 10 (91%) of 11 Shigella isolates from a diarrheal surveillance study in Cambodia. One isolate was resistant to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins and showed decreased susceptibility to azithromycin. We found mutations in gyrA, parC, β-lactamase, and mphA genes. Multidrug resistance increases concern about shigellosis treatment options.
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Olortegui MP, Rouhani S, Yori PP, Salas MS, Trigoso DR, Mondal D, Bodhidatta L, Platts-Mills J, Samie A, Kabir F, Lima A, Babji S, Shrestha SK, Mason CJ, Kalam A, Bessong P, Ahmed T, Mduma E, Bhutta ZA, Lima I, Ramdass R, Moulton LH, Lang D, George A, Zaidi AK, Kang G, Houpt ER, Kosek MN. Astrovirus Infection and Diarrhea in 8 Countries. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-1326. [PMID: 29259078 PMCID: PMC9923568 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Astroviruses are important drivers of viral gastroenteritis but remain understudied in community settings and low- and middle-income countries. We present data from 8 countries with high prevalence of diarrhea and undernutrition to describe astrovirus epidemiology and assess evidence for protective immunity among children 0 to 2 years of age. METHODS We used 25 898 surveillance stools and 7077 diarrheal stools contributed by 2082 children for enteropathogen testing, and longitudinal statistical analysis to describe incidence, risk factors, and protective immunity. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of children experienced astrovirus infections. Prevalence in diarrheal stools was 5.6%, and severity exceeded all enteropathogens except rotavirus. Incidence of infection and diarrhea were 2.12 and 0.88 episodes per 100 child-months, respectively. Children with astrovirus infection had 2.30 times the odds of experiencing diarrhea after adjustment for covariates (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01-2.62; P < .001). Undernutrition was a risk factor: odds of infection and diarrhea were reduced by 10% and 13%, respectively, per increase in length-for-age z score (infection: odds ratio, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.85-0.96]; P < .001; diarrhea: odds ratio, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.79-0.96]; P = .006). Some evidence of protective immunity to infection was detected (hazard ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.71-1.00], P = .052), although this was heterogeneous between sites and significant in India and Peru. CONCLUSIONS Astrovirus is an overlooked cause of diarrhea among vulnerable children worldwide. With the evidence presented here, we highlight the need for future research as well as the potential for astrovirus to be a target for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Rouhani
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru;,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - James Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | - Aldo Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Sanjaya Kumar Shrestha
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand;,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adil Kalam
- Aga Khan University, Naushahro Feroze, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ila Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Lawrence H. Moulton
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dennis Lang
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and,Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru;,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;,Address correspondence to Margaret N. Kosek, MD, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail
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Srijan A, Lurchachaiwong W, Wongstitwilairoong B, Bodhidatta L, Mason C, Swierczewski B. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoid Salmonella in military personnel, 1988-2013. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.234767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Lertsethtakarn P, Nakjarung K, Silapong S, Neesanant P, Sakpaisal P, Bodhidatta L, Liu J, Houpt E, Velasco JM, Macareo LR, Swierczewski BE, Mason CJ. Detection of Diarrhea Etiology Among U.S. Military Personnel During Exercise Balikatan 2014, Philippines, Using TaqMan Array Cards. Mil Med 2017; 181:e1669-e1674. [PMID: 27849506 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-15-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel are vulnerable to diarrhea. Diarrheal disease is common when deployed for operations or exercise in developing countries. Although diarrheal disease is transient, cumulative time lost and medical asset can have a significant impact on military operations. Currently, diagnostics of diarrheal etiology typically relies on a mixture of conventional bacteriology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods including real-time PCR. These methods, however, can be time and labor intensive, although the identification of diarrheal etiology needs to be informative and rapid for treatment and prevention. Real-time PCR has been increasingly used to identify pathogens. Real-time PCR panels of common diarrheal pathogens have been developed, but several diarrheal pathogens are not included in the panel. An expanded and customizable panel to detect diarrhea etiology has been developed employing TaqMan Array Card (TAC) technology. TAC performs 384 real-time PCR reactions simultaneously. As currently configured for diarrheal disease by the University of Virginia, a maximum of 8 samples can be tested simultaneously with approximately 48 target pathogens per sample including bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoan parasites, and viruses. TAC diarrheal disease panels have been successfully applied to detect pathogens in acute diarrheal stool samples from young children in several international multicenter diarrhea studies. METHODS In this study, TAC was applied to stool samples collected under an approved human use protocol from military personnel with acute diarrhea participating in the annual joint military exercise, Balikatan, between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States in 2014. Several established pathogen-specific real-time PCR detection assays were also performed in parallel for comparative purposes. FINDINGS TAC was applied to 7 stool samples. Campylobacter spp. was the most common diarrheal disease pathogen detected. Results from TAC matched 5 out of 6 pathogen specific real-time PCR assays. TAC required a total of 5-6 hours to complete all the procedures from nucleic acid extraction and data analysis, whereas a minimum of 18 hours and 4 hours are required for conventional bacteriology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, per pathogen. DISCUSSION With TAC, pathogen load can be estimated from the amount of nucleic acid present for each pathogen, which can be analyzed further to better determine pathogen attribution and to compare pathogen load between case and control samples. Unfortunately, such correlative analysis was not possible because of the limited sample size available in this study. A larger sample size is needed for further evaluation of TAC on a specific population set, including military personnel. Regardless, TAC was found to be a useful and functional diagnostic platform that is less time-consuming, easy to use with high reproducibility, and costs less per sample compared to the current typically employed methods. The successful application of TAC in acute diarrhea stool samples from a US military population in the Philippines demonstrates its versatility as a potential candidate for a next-generation diagnostics platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Kaewkanya Nakjarung
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pimmnapar Neesanant
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, P. O. Box 801363, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Eric Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, P. O. Box 801363, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - John Mark Velasco
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Louis R Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Mohan VR, Karthikeyan R, Babji S, McGrath M, Shrestha S, Shrestha J, Mdumah E, Amour C, Samie A, Nyathi E, Haque R, Qureshi S, Yori PP, Lima AAM, Bodhidatta L, Svensen E, Bessong P, Ahmed T, Seidman JC, Zaidi AKM, Kosek MN, Guerrant RL, Gratz J, Platts-Mills JA, Lang DR, Gottlieb M, Houpt ER, Kang G. Rotavirus Infection and Disease in a Multisite Birth Cohort: Results From the MAL-ED Study. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:305-316. [PMID: 28472348 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a multicountry birth cohort study, we describe rotavirus infection in the first 2 years of life in sites with and without rotavirus vaccination programs. Methods Children were recruited by 17 days of age and followed to 24 months with collection of monthly surveillance and diarrheal stools. Data on sociodemographics, feeding, and illness were collected at defined intervals. Stools were tested for rotavirus and sera for antirotavirus immunoglobulins by enzyme immunoassays. Results A total of 1737 children contributed 22646 surveillance and 7440 diarrheal specimens. Overall, rotavirus was detected in 5.5% (408/7440) of diarrheal stools, and 344 (19.8%) children ever had rotavirus gastroenteritis. Household overcrowding and a high pathogen load were consistent risk factors for infection and disease. Three prior infections conferred 74% (P < .001) protection against subsequent infection in sites not using vaccine. In Peru, incidence of rotavirus disease was relatively higher during the second year of life despite high vaccination coverage. Conclusions Rotavirus infection and disease were common, but with significant heterogeneity by site. Protection by vaccination may not be sustained in the second year of life in settings with high burdens of transmission and poor response to oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudhir Babji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Monica McGrath
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sanjaya Shrestha
- Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Research Unit Nepal.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jasmin Shrestha
- Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Research Unit Nepal.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Aldo A M Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) Research Unit Nepal.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jessica C Seidman
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Margaret N Kosek
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jean Gratz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Dennis R Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Serichantalergs O, Ruekit S, Pandey P, Anuras S, Mason C, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski B. Incidence of Campylobacter concisus and C. ureolyticus in traveler's diarrhea cases and asymptomatic controls in Nepal and Thailand. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:47. [PMID: 28824712 PMCID: PMC5561605 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter concisus and C. ureolyticus have emerged in recent years as being associated with acute and prolonged gastroenteritis and implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, there are limited data on the prevalence of these microorganisms in Southeast Asia. In this study, 214 pathogen-negative stool samples after laboratory examination for common enteric pathogens to include C. jejuni and C. coli by culture from two case–control traveler’s diarrhea (TD) studies conducted in Thailand (cases = 26; controls = 30) and Nepal (cases = 83; controls = 75) respectively were assayed by PCR for the detection of Campylobacter 16S rRNA and two specific heat shock protein genes specific for C. concisus (cpn60) and C. ureolyticus (Hsp60) respectively. Results Campylobacter 16S rRNA was detected in 28.5% (61/214) of the pathogen-negative TD stool samples (CIWEC Travel Medicine Clinic, Kathmandu, Nepal: cases = 36, control = 14; Bamrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand: cases = 9, controls = 2). C. consisus was identified significantly more often in TD cases in Nepal (28.9%; 24/83) as compared to controls (4%; 3/75) (OR = 9.76; 95% CI 2.80–34.02; P = 0.0003) while C. consisus was detected in only two cases (2/26; 7.7%) and none of the controls stool samples from Thailand. C. ureolyticus was detected in four cases (4.8%; 4/83) and four controls (5.3%; 4/75) and in one case (3.8%; 1/26) and one control (3.1%; 1/30) from Nepal and Thailand respectively. C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated in 18.3 and 3.4% of the cases and in 4.0 and 1.4% of the controls in stool samples from both Thailand and Nepal respectively while C. concisus nor C. ureolyticus were not tested for in these samples. Conclusion These findings suggest that C. concisus potentially is a pathogen associated with TD in Nepal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. concisus and C. ureolyticus detected from traveler’s diarrhea cases from travelers to Nepal and Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oralak Serichantalergs
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Sirigade Ruekit
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center, GPO Box 12895, Kapurdhara Marg, Kathmandu, 44600 Nepal
| | - Sinn Anuras
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, 33 Soi Sukhumvit 3, Khwaeng Khlong Toei Nuea, Khet Watthana, Bangkok, 10110 Thailand
| | - Carl Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Brett Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Rogawski ET, Guerrant RL, Havt A, Lima IFN, Medeiros PHQS, Seidman JC, McCormick BJJ, Babji S, Hariraju D, Bodhidatta L, Shrestha J, Anania J, Maro A, Samie A, Yori PP, Qureshi S, Mahfuz M, Bessong PO, Kosek MN, Ahmed T, Bhutta ZA, Lang DR, Gottlieb M, Houpt ER, Lima AAM. Epidemiology of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infections and associated outcomes in the MAL-ED birth cohort. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005798. [PMID: 28742106 PMCID: PMC5542697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) have been associated with mildly inflammatory diarrhea in outbreaks and in travelers and have been increasingly recognized as enteric pathogens in young children with and without overt diarrhea. We examined the risk factors for EAEC infections and their associations with environmental enteropathy biomarkers and growth outcomes over the first two years of life in eight low-resource settings of the MAL-ED study. Methods EAEC infections were detected by PCR gene probes for aatA and aaiC virulence traits in 27,094 non-diarrheal surveillance stools and 7,692 diarrheal stools from 2,092 children in the MAL-ED birth cohort. We identified risk factors for EAEC and estimated the associations of EAEC with diarrhea, enteropathy biomarker concentrations, and both short-term (one to three months) and long-term (to two years of age) growth. Results Overall, 9,581 samples (27.5%) were positive for EAEC, and almost all children had at least one detection (94.8%) by two years of age. Exclusive breastfeeding, higher enrollment weight, and macrolide use within the preceding 15 days were protective. Although not associated with diarrhea, EAEC infections were weakly associated with biomarkers of intestinal inflammation and more strongly with reduced length at two years of age (LAZ difference associated with high frequency of EAEC detections: -0.30, 95% CI: -0.44, -0.16). Conclusions Asymptomatic EAEC infections were common early in life and were associated with linear growth shortfalls. Associations with intestinal inflammation were small in magnitude, but suggest a pathway for the growth impact. Increasing the duration of exclusive breastfeeding may help prevent these potentially inflammatory infections and reduce the long-term impact of early exposure to EAEC. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) are pathogens that infect the intestine and can cause diarrhea. They are also commonly identified among young children in low-resource settings, who can carry the pathogen without symptomatic diarrhea. We examined the risk factors for EAEC infections and their associations with child health outcomes over the first two years of life in eight low-resource settings of the MAL-ED study. EAEC infections were detected using molecular methods in more than 30,000 stools collected from 2,092 children in the MAL-ED study. We identified risk factors for EAEC and estimated the associations of EAEC with diarrhea, markers of intestinal health, and child growth. Almost all children were infected with EAEC at least once by two years of age. Exclusive breastfeeding, higher enrollment weight, and recent macrolide antibiotic use were protective against these infections. Although not associated with diarrhea in these children, EAEC infections were associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced length at two years of age. EAEC may impact child development, even in the absence of diarrhea, by causing intestinal inflammation and impairing child growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Rogawski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ila F. N. Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Q. S. Medeiros
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jessica C. Seidman
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. J. McCormick
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sudhir Babji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dinesh Hariraju
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Japhat Anania
- Haydom Global Health Research Center, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Athanasia Maro
- Haydom Global Health Research Center, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | - Shahida Qureshi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pascal O. Bessong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dennis R. Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aldo A. M. Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Mason CJ, Sornsakrin S, Seidman JC, Srijan A, Serichantalergs O, Thongsen N, Ellis MW, Ngauy V, Swierczewski BE, Bodhidatta L. Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter and other diarrheal pathogens isolated from US military personnel deployed to Thailand in 2002-2004: a case-control study. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28883983 PMCID: PMC5530911 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-017-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Campylobacter continues to be an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and a leading cause in Southeast Asia. Studies of US soldiers and marines deployed to Thailand for a 2 to 3 week field exercise provide a unique population in which to study traveler’s diarrhea. Methods A case–control study of 217 deployed military personnel was conducted from 2002 through 2004. Of these, 155 subjects who presented to a field medical unit with acute diarrhea were enrolled as cases. These subjects referred an additional 62 diarrhea-free colleagues who served as controls. Frequencies of isolation of Campylobacter spp. and other enteric pathogens were compared in cases and controls, and antibiotic resistance of isolates was described. Results Of the 155 subjects with diarrhea, Campylobacter spp. was the most commonly identified pathogen, found in 54 (35%) of the subjects, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella species found in 36 (23%) subjects. Of the 57 separate C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from these individuals, 51 (89%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin by the disc diffusion method. Nearly one-third of the Campylobacter species were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to azithromycin remained low at 2% (n = 1). Conclusions The significant morbidity and marked fluoroquinolone resistance associated with Campylobacter infections in Thailand are important considerations for clinicians providing counseling on appropriate antibacterial regimens for civilian and military travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sornsakrin
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jessica C Seidman
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Apichai Srijan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Nucharee Thongsen
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Michael W Ellis
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606 USA
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859 USA
| | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Liu J, Silapong S, Jeanwattanalert P, Lertsehtakarn P, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski B, Mason C, McVeigh AL, Savarino SJ, Nshama R, Mduma E, Maro A, Zhang J, Gratz J, Houpt ER. Multiplex real time PCR panels to identify fourteen colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176882. [PMID: 28475640 PMCID: PMC5419558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of childhood diarrhea in low income countries and in travelers to those areas. Inactivated enterotoxins and colonization factors (CFs) are leading vaccine candidates, therefore it is important to determine the prevailing CF types in different geographic locations and populations. Here we developed real time PCR (qPCR) assays for 14 colonization factors, including the common vaccine targets. These assays, along with three enterotoxin targets (STh, STp, and LT) were formulated into three 5-plex qPCR panels, and validated on 120 ETEC isolates and 74 E. coli colony pools. The overall sensitivity and specificity was 99% (199/202) and 99% (2497/2514), respectively, compared to the CF results obtained with conventional PCR. Amplicon sequencing of discrepant samples revealed that the qPCR was 100% accurate. qPCR panels were also performed on nucleic acid extracted from stool and compared to the results of the ETEC isolates or E. coli colony pools cultured from them. 95% (105/110) of the CF detections in the cultures were confirmed in the stool. Additionally, direct testing of stool yielded 30 more CF detections. Among 74 randomly selected E. coli colony pools with paired stool, at least one CF was detected in 63% (32/51) of the colony pools while at least one CF was detected in 78% (47/60) of the stool samples (P = NS). We conclude that these ETEC CF assays can be used on both cultures and stool samples to facilitate better understanding of CF distribution for ETEC epidemiology and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sasikorn Silapong
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brett Swierczewski
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Annette L. McVeigh
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP), Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Savarino
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP), Enteric Disease Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Centre, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Athanasia Maro
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jixian Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jean Gratz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Rabaa MA, Dung TTN, Duy PT, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski B, Sessions OM, Mason CJ, Baker S. A28 Frequent co-infection among human group a rotaviruses in Thailand. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vew036.027. [PMID: 28845279 PMCID: PMC5565994 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew036.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome, Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T T N Dung
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome, Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - P T Duy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome, Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - L Bodhidatta
- U.S. Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - O M Sessions
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C J Mason
- U.S. Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome, Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Schwinger C, Fadnes LT, Shrestha SK, Shrestha PS, Chandyo RK, Shrestha B, Ulak M, Bodhidatta L, Mason C, Strand TA. Predicting Undernutrition at Age 2 Years with Early Attained Weight and Length Compared with Weight and Length Velocity. J Pediatr 2017; 182:127-132.e1. [PMID: 27974166 PMCID: PMC5323241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the abilities of weight and length velocities vs attained growth measures to predict stunting, wasting, and underweight at age 2 years. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed data from a community-based cohort study (The Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development study [MAL-ED] study) in Bhaktapur, Nepal. A total of 240 randomly selected children were enrolled at birth and followed up monthly up to age 24 months. Linear and logistic regression models were used to predict malnutrition at 2 years of age with growth velocity z scores at 0-3, 0-6, 3-6, 6-9, 6-12, and 9-12 months (using the World Health Organization Growth Standards) or attained growth at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months as predictors. RESULTS At age 2 years, 4% of the children were wasted, 13% underweight, and 21% stunted. Children who were malnourished at age 2 years had lower mean growth z scores already at birth and throughout the study period. Anthropometric indicators in infancy were significant predictors for growth at the age of 2 years during most periods and at most ages in infancy. Weight-for-age z score, length-for-age z score, and weight-for-length z score at age 12 months had excellent areas under the curve (91-95) to predict the value of the same indicator at age 24 months. Maximum area under the curve values for weight and length velocity were somewhat lower (70-84). CONCLUSIONS Growth measured at one time point in infancy was better correlated with undernutrition at age 2 years than growth velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Schwinger
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lars T Fadnes
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sanjaya K Shrestha
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Research Unit, Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ram Krishna Chandyo
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribuhvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binob Shrestha
- Research Unit, Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manjeswori Ulak
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribuhvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Silapong S, Sakpaisal P, Bodhidatta L, Lertsethtakarn P, Sethabutr O, Vansith K, Meng CY, Swierczewski BE, Mason CJ. Genotypic Distribution of Rotavirus in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: An Association of G9 with More Severe Diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:947-952. [PMID: 28167599 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRotavirus causes significant morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Stool samples from a previous hospital-based surveillance study to detect diarrhea etiology at the National Pediatric Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, by Meng and others in 2011 were tested for rotavirus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting vp6 gene and characterized for G- and P-genotypes of positive samples based on vp7 and vp4 genes, respectively. Rotavirus was detected in 159/531 (30%) of children with diarrhea and none was detected in 287 nondiarrhea controls. All but three of the rotavirus-positive cases were children under the age of 2. The most common genotypes characterized by PCR and sequencing were G1P[8] (69%), G9P[8] (11%), and G2P[4] (11%). Genotype G9 was detected at a relatively high percentage that is consistent with the global trend and found to be associated with hospitalization. Data on disease burden and genotypic distribution are required information for the planning of rotavirus vaccine implementation in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimmada Sakpaisal
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paphavee Lertsethtakarn
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orntipa Sethabutr
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ket Vansith
- National Pediatric Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Brett E Swierczewski
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
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Dyson ZA, Thanh DP, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Srijan A, Rabaa MA, Vinh PV, Thanh TH, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Holt KE. Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Salmonella Typhi Isolated in Thailand before and after the Introduction of a National Immunization Program. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005274. [PMID: 28060810 PMCID: PMC5245908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, are commonly used by travellers, however, there are few examples of national immunization programs in endemic areas. There is therefore a paucity of data on the impact of typhoid immunization programs on localised populations of S. Typhi. Here we have used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to characterise 44 historical bacterial isolates collected before and after a national typhoid immunization program that was implemented in Thailand in 1977 in response to a large outbreak; the program was highly effective in reducing typhoid case numbers. Thai isolates were highly diverse, including 10 distinct phylogenetic lineages or genotypes. Novel prophage and plasmids were also detected, including examples that were previously only reported in Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli. The majority of S. Typhi genotypes observed prior to the immunization program were not observed following it. Post-vaccine era isolates were more closely related to S. Typhi isolated from neighbouring countries than to earlier Thai isolates, providing no evidence for the local persistence of endemic S. Typhi following the national immunization program. Rather, later cases of typhoid appeared to be caused by the occasional importation of common genotypes from neighbouring Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. These data show the value of WGS in understanding the impacts of vaccination on pathogen populations and provide support for the proposal that large-scale typhoid immunization programs in endemic areas could result in lasting local disease elimination, although larger prospective studies are needed to test this directly. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is associated with inadequate hygiene in low-income settings and a lack of sanitation infrastructure. A sustained outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Thailand in the 1970s, which peaked in 1975–1976. In response to this typhoid fever outbreak the government of Thailand initiated an immunization program, which resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of typhoid cases in Thailand. To better understand the population of S. Typhi circulating in Thailand at this time, as well as the impact of the immunization program on the pathogen population, we sequenced the genomes of 44 S. Typhi obtained from hospitals in Thailand before and after the immunization program. The genome sequences showed that isolates of S. Typhi bacteria isolated from post-immunization era typhoid cases were likely imported from neighbouring countries, rather than strains that have persisted in Thailand throughout the immunization period. Our work provides the first historical insights into S. Typhi in Thailand during the 1970s, and provides a model for the impact of immunization on S. Typhi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A. Dyson
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (KEH); (ZAD)
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Jeffries Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichai Srijan
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E. Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (KEH); (ZAD)
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Njamkepo E, Fawal N, Tran-Dien A, Hawkey J, Strockbine N, Jenkins C, Talukder KA, Bercion R, Kuleshov K, Kolínská R, Russell JE, Kaftyreva L, Accou-Demartin M, Karas A, Vandenberg O, Mather AE, Mason CJ, Page AJ, Ramamurthy T, Bizet C, Gamian A, Carle I, Sow AG, Bouchier C, Wester AL, Lejay-Collin M, Fonkoua MC, Le Hello S, Blaser MJ, Jernberg C, Ruckly C, Mérens A, Page AL, Aslett M, Roggentin P, Fruth A, Denamur E, Venkatesan M, Bercovier H, Bodhidatta L, Chiou CS, Clermont D, Colonna B, Egorova S, Pazhani GP, Ezernitchi AV, Guigon G, Harris SR, Izumiya H, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Lutyńska A, Gouali M, Grimont F, Langendorf C, Marejková M, Peterson LAM, Perez-Perez G, Ngandjio A, Podkolzin A, Souche E, Makarova M, Shipulin GA, Ye C, Žemličková H, Herpay M, Grimont PAD, Parkhill J, Sansonetti P, Holt KE, Brisse S, Thomson NR, Weill FX. Erratum: Global phylogeography and evolutionary history of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16209. [PMID: 27694821 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Amour C, Gratz J, Mduma E, Svensen E, Rogawski ET, McGrath M, Seidman JC, McCormick BJJ, Shrestha S, Samie A, Mahfuz M, Qureshi S, Hotwani A, Babji S, Trigoso DR, Lima AAM, Bodhidatta L, Bessong P, Ahmed T, Shakoor S, Kang G, Kosek M, Guerrant RL, Lang D, Gottlieb M, Houpt ER, Platts-Mills JA. Epidemiology and Impact of Campylobacter Infection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1171-1179. [PMID: 27501842 PMCID: PMC5064165 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED), we describe the epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in the first 2 years of life. METHODS Children were actively followed up until 24 months of age. Diarrheal and nondiarrheal stool samples were collected and tested by enzyme immunoassay for Campylobacter Stool and blood samples were assayed for markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation. RESULTS A total of 1892 children had 7601 diarrheal and 26 267 nondiarrheal stool samples tested for Campylobacter We describe a high prevalence of infection, with most children (n = 1606; 84.9%) having a Campylobacter-positive stool sample by 1 year of age. Factors associated with a reduced risk of Campylobacter detection included exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, .47-.67), treatment of drinking water (0.76; 0.70-0.83), access to an improved latrine (0.89; 0.82-0.97), and recent macrolide antibiotic use (0.68; 0.63-0.74). A high Campylobacter burden was associated with a lower length-for-age Z score at 24 months (-1.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.94 to -1.70) compared with a low burden (-1.49; -1.60 to -1.38). This association was robust to confounders and consistent across sites. Campylobacter infection was also associated with increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Campylobacter was prevalent across diverse settings and associated with growth shortfalls. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, drinking water treatment, improved latrines, and targeted antibiotic treatment may reduce the burden of Campylobacter infection and improve growth in children in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Gratz
- Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | | | - Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Monica McGrath
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | - Sanjaya Shrestha
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo A M Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Margaret Kosek
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | | | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Chung The H, Rabaa MA, Pham Thanh D, De Lappe N, Cormican M, Valcanis M, Howden BP, Wangchuk S, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Nguyen Thi Nguyen T, Vu Thuy D, Thompson CN, Phu Huong Lan N, Voong Vinh P, Ha Thanh T, Turner P, Sar P, Thwaites G, Thomson NR, Holt KE, Baker S. South Asia as a Reservoir for the Global Spread of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002055. [PMID: 27483136 PMCID: PMC4970813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in the Shigellae, particularly as a specific multidrug-resistant (MDR) lineage of Shigella sonnei (lineage III) is becoming globally dominant. Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for Shigella infections. However, ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei are being increasingly isolated in Asia and sporadically reported on other continents. We hypothesized that Asia is a primary hub for the recent international spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed whole-genome sequencing on a collection of 60 contemporaneous ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei isolated in four countries within Asia (Vietnam, n = 11; Bhutan, n = 12; Thailand, n = 1; Cambodia, n = 1) and two outside of Asia (Australia, n = 19; Ireland, n = 16). We reconstructed the recent evolutionary history of these organisms and combined these data with their geographical location of isolation. Placing these sequences into a global phylogeny, we found that all ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei formed a single clade within a Central Asian expansion of lineage III. Furthermore, our data show that resistance to ciprofloxacin within S. sonnei may be globally attributed to a single clonal emergence event, encompassing sequential gyrA-S83L, parC-S80I, and gyrA-D87G mutations. Geographical data predict that South Asia is the likely primary source of these organisms, which are being regularly exported across Asia and intercontinentally into Australia, the United States and Europe. Our analysis was limited by the number of S. sonnei sequences available from diverse geographical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled reservoir populations of antimicrobial-resistant S. sonnei. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a single clone, which is widespread in South Asia, is likely driving the current intercontinental surge of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei and is capable of establishing endemic transmission in new locations. Despite being limited in geographical scope, our work has major implications for understanding the international transfer of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, with S. sonnei acting as a tractable model for studying how antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niall De Lappe
- National Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Cormican
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duong Vu Thuy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Corinne N. Thompson
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Phu Huong Lan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Poda Sar
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Rouhani S, Peñataro Yori P, Paredes Olortegui M, Siguas Salas M, Rengifo Trigoso D, Mondal D, Bodhidatta L, Platts-Mills J, Samie A, Kabir F, Lima A, Babji S, Mason CJ, Kalam A, Bessong P, Ahmed T, Mduma E, Bhutta ZA, Lima I, Ramdass R, Lang D, George A, Zaidi AKM, Kang G, Houpt E, Kosek MN. Norovirus Infection and Acquired Immunity in 8 Countries: Results From the MAL-ED Study. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1210-7. [PMID: 27013692 PMCID: PMC4845786 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is an important cause of childhood diarrhea. We present data from a longitudinal, multicountry study describing norovirus epidemiology during the first 2 years of life. METHODS A birth cohort of 1457 children across 8 countries contributed 7077 diarrheal stools for norovirus testing. A subset of 199 children contributed additional asymptomatic samples (2307) and diarrheal stools (770), which were used to derive incidence rates and evaluate evidence for acquired immunity. RESULTS Across sites, 89% of children experienced at least 1 norovirus infection before 24 months, and 22.7% of all diarrheal stools were norovirus positive. Severity of norovirus-positive diarrhea was comparable to other enteropathogens, with the exception of rotavirus. Incidence of genogroup II (GII) infection was higher than genogroup I and peaked at 6-11 months across sites. Undernutrition was a risk factor for symptomatic norovirus infection, with an increase in 1 standard deviation of length-for-age z score associated with a 17% reduction (odds ratio, 0.83 [95% confidence interval, .72-.97]; P = .011) in the odds of experiencing diarrhea when norovirus was present, after accounting for genogroup, rotavirus vaccine, and age. Evidence of acquired immunity was observed among GII infections only: Children with prior GII infection were found to have a 27% reduction in the hazard of subsequent infection (hazard ratio, 0.727; P = .010). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of norovirus across 8 sites in highly variable epidemiologic settings and demonstration of protective immunity for GII infections provide support for investment in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Carl J Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adil Kalam
- Aga Khan University, Naushahro Feroze, Pakistan
| | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | | | | | - Ila Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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44
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Njamkepo E, Fawal N, Tran-Dien A, Hawkey J, Strockbine N, Jenkins C, Talukder KA, Bercion R, Kuleshov K, Kolínská R, Russell JE, Kaftyreva L, Accou-Demartin M, Karas A, Vandenberg O, Mather AE, Mason CJ, Page AJ, Ramamurthy T, Bizet C, Gamian A, Carle I, Sow AG, Bouchier C, Wester AL, Lejay-Collin M, Fonkoua MC, Le Hello S, Blaser MJ, Jernberg C, Ruckly C, Mérens A, Page AL, Aslett M, Roggentin P, Fruth A, Denamur E, Venkatesan M, Bercovier H, Bodhidatta L, Chiou CS, Clermont D, Colonna B, Egorova S, Pazhani GP, Ezernitchi AV, Guigon G, Harris SR, Izumiya H, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Lutyńska A, Gouali M, Grimont F, Langendorf C, Marejková M, Peterson LAM, Perez-Perez G, Ngandjio A, Podkolzin A, Souche E, Makarova M, Shipulin GA, Ye C, Žemličková H, Herpay M, Grimont PAD, Parkhill J, Sansonetti P, Holt KE, Brisse S, Thomson NR, Weill FX. Global phylogeography and evolutionary history of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16027. [PMID: 27572446 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Together with plague, smallpox and typhus, epidemics of dysentery have been a major scourge of human populations for centuries(1). A previous genomic study concluded that Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the epidemic dysentery bacillus, emerged and spread worldwide after the First World War, with no clear pattern of transmission(2). This is not consistent with the massive cyclic dysentery epidemics reported in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(1,3,4) and the first isolation of Sd1 in Japan in 1897(5). Here, we report a whole-genome analysis of 331 Sd1 isolates from around the world, collected between 1915 and 2011, providing us with unprecedented insight into the historical spread of this pathogen. We show here that Sd1 has existed since at least the eighteenth century and that it swept the globe at the end of the nineteenth century, diversifying into distinct lineages associated with the First World War, Second World War and various conflicts or natural disasters across Africa, Asia and Central America. We also provide a unique historical perspective on the evolution of antibiotic resistance over a 100-year period, beginning decades before the antibiotic era, and identify a prevalent multiple antibiotic-resistant lineage in South Asia that was transmitted in several waves to Africa, where it caused severe outbreaks of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nizar Fawal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alicia Tran-Dien
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jane Hawkey
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nancy Strockbine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Public Health England, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Colindale NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Kaisar A Talukder
- icddr,b, Enteric and Food Microbiology Laboratory, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Raymond Bercion
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, République Centrafricaine.,Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Konstantin Kuleshov
- Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | - Renáta Kolínská
- Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Julie E Russell
- Public Health England, National Collection of Type Cultures, Porton Down SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Lidia Kaftyreva
- Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Marie Accou-Demartin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Andreas Karas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Department of Microbiology, LHUB-ULB, Brussels University Hospitals Laboratory, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.,Environmental Health Research Centre, Public Health School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alison E Mather
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Carl J Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Andrew J Page
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Chantal Bizet
- Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Isabelle Carle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | - Astrid Louise Wester
- Department of Foodborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monique Lejay-Collin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Simon Le Hello
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | - Corinne Ruckly
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Audrey Mérens
- Biology Department and Infection Control Unit, Bégin Military Hospital, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France
| | | | - Martin Aslett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Angelika Fruth
- Divison of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institut, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Erick Denamur
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Malabi Venkatesan
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
| | - Hervé Bercovier
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chien-Shun Chiou
- Center of Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung 40855, Taiwan
| | - Dominique Clermont
- Institut Pasteur, Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (CIP), 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Svetlana Egorova
- Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | | | - Ghislaine Guigon
- Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Anna Lutyńska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malika Gouali
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Francine Grimont
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Monika Marejková
- National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lorea A M Peterson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Guillermo Perez-Perez
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | - Alexander Podkolzin
- Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | - Erika Souche
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Mariia Makarova
- Pasteur Institute of St Petersburg, St Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - German A Shipulin
- Federal Budget Institute of Science, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Helena Žemličková
- Czech National Collection of Type Cultures (CNCTC), National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Charles University, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Herpay
- Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Center for Epidemiology, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Patrick A D Grimont
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics Unit, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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45
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Chung The H, Rabaa MA, Thanh DP, Ruekit S, Wangchuk S, Dorji T, Tshering KP, Nguyen TNT, Vinh PV, Thanh TH, Minh CNN, Turner P, Sar P, Thwaites G, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Bodhidatta L, Jeffries Mason C, Baker S. Introduction and establishment of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei into Bhutan. Microb Genom 2015; 1:e000042. [PMID: 28348825 PMCID: PMC5320628 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei is a major contributor to the global burden of diarrhoeal disease, generally associated with dysenteric diarrhoea in developed countries but also emerging in developing countries. The reason for the recent success of S. sonnei is unknown, but is likely catalysed by its ability to acquire resistance against multiple antimicrobials. Between 2011 and 2013, S. sonnei exhibiting resistance to fluoroquinolones, the first-line treatment recommended for shigellosis, emerged in Bhutan. Aiming to reconstruct the introduction and establishment of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei populations in Bhutan, we performed whole-genome sequencing on 71 S. sonnei samples isolated in Bhutan between 2011 and 2013.We found that these strains represented an expansion of a clade within the previously described lineage III, found specifically in Central Asia. Temporal phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that all of the sequenced Bhutanese S. sonnei diverged from a single ancestor that was introduced into Bhutan around 2006. Our data additionally predicted that fluoroquinolone resistance, conferred by mutations in gyrA and parC, arose prior to the introduction of the founder strain into Bhutan. Once established in Bhutan, these S. sonnei had access to a broad gene pool, as indicated by the acquisition of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding plasmids and genes encoding type IV pili. The data presented here outline a model for the introduction and maintenance of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei in a new setting. Given the current circulation of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei in Asia, we speculate that this pattern of introduction is being recapitulated across the region and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tshering Dorji
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Kinzang Pem Tshering
- Department of Pediatrics, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk Referral Hospital, Kawa Jangsa, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Poda Sar
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.,The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, OUCRU, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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46
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Silapong S, Neesanant P, Sethabutr O, Lertsethtakarn P, Bodhidatta L, McAvin JC, Mason CJ. A Field-Expedient Method for Direct Detection of Enterotoxigenic E Coli and Shigella from Stool. US Army Med Dep J 2015:51-58. [PMID: 26606409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We describe a field-expedient analytic system that fills a unique and critical public health role and potentially provides a valuable aid in diagnostics. Dual-fluorigenic, hydrolysis probe (TaqMan), PCR assays for detection of causative agents of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) disease and shigellosis/bacillary dysentery were prepared in a thermal-stable, hydrolytic enzyme resistant format. The assays were packaged as a kit for use with a portable, ruggedized, qRT-PCR thermocycler. The analytical limit of detection of each q RT-PCR ETEC-STIa, ETEC-STIb, and ETEC-LT assay was 30 colony forming units (CFU) and Shigella/enteroinvasive E coli assay was 3 CFU. During field evaluation, testing was conducted using a blind-panel of 138 stored stool samples previously obtained from enterotoxigenic E coli disease (n=91) and shigellosis (n=47) patients. Sample processing and analyses were completed in 3 days. Test results of the qRT-PCR assays showed promise as aid in pathogen identification when compared to culture, digoxigenin-labeled probe (ETEC), and serotyping (Shigella) the qRT-PCR. The sensitivity of each of the 4 qRT-PCR assays was 100% and specificity was ETEC-STIa (92.4%), ETEC-STIb (92.6%), ETEC-LT (79.6%), and Shigella/enteroinvasive E coli (81.6%). Sequencing of qRT-PCR amplicon indicated that the sensitivity and specificity of each qRT-PCR assay exceeded the comparator methods. The system shows promise as a rapid method for direct detection of ETEC and Shigella from stool and is applicable for use in clinical diagnostics and biosurveillance as an extension of temporary field laboratories or as a part of fixed reference laboratory facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikorn Silapong
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Platts-Mills JA, Babji S, Bodhidatta L, Gratz J, Haque R, Havt A, McCormick BJ, McGrath M, Olortegui MP, Samie A, Shakoor S, Mondal D, Lima IF, Hariraju D, Rayamajhi BB, Qureshi S, Kabir F, Yori PP, Mufamadi B, Amour C, Carreon JD, Richard SA, Lang D, Bessong P, Mduma E, Ahmed T, Lima AA, Mason CJ, Zaidi AK, Bhutta ZA, Kosek M, Guerrant RL, Gottlieb M, Miller M, Kang G, Houpt ER. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 2015. [PMID: 26202075 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of the causes of diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries have looked at severe disease in people presenting for care, and there are few estimates of pathogen-specific diarrhoea burdens in the community. METHODS We undertook a birth cohort study with not only intensive community surveillance for diarrhoea but also routine collection of non-diarrhoeal stools from eight sites in South America, Africa, and Asia. We enrolled children within 17 days of birth, and diarrhoeal episodes (defined as maternal report of three or more loose stools in 24 h, or one loose stool with visible blood) were identified through twice-weekly home visits by fieldworkers over a follow-up period of 24 months. Non-diarrhoeal stool specimens were also collected for surveillance for months 1-12, 15, 18, 21, and 24. Stools were analysed for a broad range of enteropathogens using culture, enzyme immunoassay, and PCR. We used the adjusted attributable fraction (AF) to estimate pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhoea. FINDINGS Between November 26, 2009, and February 25, 2014, we tested 7318 diarrhoeal and 24 310 non-diarrhoeal stools collected from 2145 children aged 0-24 months. Pathogen detection was common in non-diarrhoeal stools but was higher with diarrhoea. Norovirus GII (AF 5·2%, 95% CI 3·0-7·1), rotavirus (4·8%, 4·5-5·0), Campylobacter spp (3·5%, 0·4-6·3), astrovirus (2·7%, 2·2-3·1), and Cryptosporidium spp (2·0%, 1·3-2·6) exhibited the highest attributable burdens of diarrhoea in the first year of life. The major pathogens associated with diarrhoea in the second year of life were Campylobacter spp (7·9%, 3·1-12·1), norovirus GII (5·4%, 2·1-7·8), rotavirus (4·9%, 4·4-5·2), astrovirus (4·2%, 3·5-4·7), and Shigella spp (4·0%, 3·6-4·3). Rotavirus had the highest AF for sites without rotavirus vaccination and the fifth highest AF for sites with the vaccination. There was substantial variation in pathogens according to geography, diarrhoea severity, and season. Bloody diarrhoea was primarily associated with Campylobacter spp and Shigella spp, fever and vomiting with rotavirus, and vomiting with norovirus GII. INTERPRETATION There was substantial heterogeneity in pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhoea, with important determinants including age, geography, season, rotavirus vaccine usage, and symptoms. These findings suggest that although single-pathogen strategies have an important role in the reduction of the burden of severe diarrhoeal disease, the effect of such interventions on total diarrhoeal incidence at the community level might be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Jean Gratz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Monica McGrath
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ila Fn Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J Daniel Carreon
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie A Richard
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Lang
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aldo Aam Lima
- Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Carl J Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Margaret Kosek
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Miller
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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48
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Velasco JM, Valderamat MT, Nogrado K, Wongstitwilairoong T, Swierczewski B, Bodhidatta L, Lertsethtakarn P, Klungthong C, Fernandez S, Mason C, Yoon IK, Macareo L. Diarrheal and Respiratory Illness Surveillance During US-RP Balikatan 2014. MSMR 2015; 22:20-23. [PMID: 26115171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal and respiratory illness surveillance was conducted during the 2014 Republic of the Philippines-U.S. Exercise Balikatan in the Philippines. Seven stool and three respiratory specimens that met the inclusion criteria were collected. Diarrhea stool specimens were tested with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 12 viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens. Campylobacter, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were detected in four of seven (57%), two of seven (29%), and four of seven (57%) specimens, respectively. There were co-infections of EPEC and ETEC in two cases and EPEC and Campylobacter spp. in one case. Respiratory samples were tested using RT-PCR. One of three samples was positive for influenza B. Laboratory-based surveillance is important in determining causative agents for illnesses experienced by military personnel during deployment. Development of vaccines for enteric diseases should be expedited to mitigate their impact on operational readiness.
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49
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Houpt E, Gratz J, Kosek M, Zaidi AKM, Qureshi S, Kang G, Babji S, Mason C, Bodhidatta L, Samie A, Bessong P, Barrett L, Lima A, Havt A, Haque R, Mondal D, Taniuchi M, Stroup S, McGrath M, Lang D. Microbiologic methods utilized in the MAL-ED cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 59 Suppl 4:S225-32. [PMID: 25305291 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A central hypothesis of The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) study is that enteropathogens contribute to growth faltering. To examine this question, the MAL-ED network of investigators set out to achieve 3 goals: (1) develop harmonized protocols to test for a diverse range of enteropathogens, (2) provide quality-assured and comparable results from 8 global sites, and (3) achieve maximum laboratory throughput and minimum cost. This paper describes the rationale for the microbiologic assays chosen and methodologies used to accomplish the 3 goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Monica McGrath
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Dennis Lang
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health Foundation of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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50
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Bodhidatta L, Abente E, Neesanant P, Nakjarung K, Sirichote P, Bunyarakyothin G, Vithayasai N, Mason CJ. Molecular epidemiology and genotype distribution of noroviruses in children in Thailand from 2004 to 2010: A multi-site study. J Med Virol 2015; 87:664-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Eugenio Abente
- Department of Enteric Diseases; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pimmnapar Neesanant
- Department of Enteric Diseases; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kaewkanya Nakjarung
- Department of Enteric Diseases; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pantip Sirichote
- Department of Medical Science; Ministry of Public Health; Nonthaburi Thailand
| | | | | | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangkok Thailand
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