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Boosting the Oxygen Evolution Activity of FeNi Oxides/Hydroxides by Molecular and Atomic Engineering. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302251. [PMID: 37702295 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
FeNi oxides/hydroxides are the best performing catalysts for oxidizing water at basic pH. Consequently, their improvement is the cornerstone to develop more efficient artificial photosynthetic systems. During the last 5 years different reports have demonstrated an enhancement of their activity by engineering their structures via: (1) modulation of the number of oxygen, iron and nickel vacancies; (2) single atoms (SAs) doping with metals such as Au, Ir, Ru and Pt; and (3) modification of their surface using organic ligands. All these strategies have led to more active and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution rection (OER). In this Concept, we critically analyze these strategies using the most relevant examples.
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2
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Water oxidation kinetics of nanoporous BiVO 4 photoanodes functionalised with nickel/iron oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7442-7452. [PMID: 34163834 PMCID: PMC8171343 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06429g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, spectroelectrochemical techniques are employed to analyse the catalytic water oxidation performance of a series of three nickel/iron oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts deposited on FTO and BiVO4, at neutral pH. Similar electrochemical water oxidation performance is observed for each of the FeOOH, Ni(Fe)OOH and FeOOHNiOOH electrocatalysts studied, which is found to result from a balance between degree of charge accumulation and rate of water oxidation. Once added onto BiVO4 photoanodes, a large enhancement in the water oxidation photoelectrochemical performance is observed in comparison to the un-modified BiVO4. To understand the origin of this enhancement, the films were evaluated through time-resolved optical spectroscopic techniques, allowing comparisons between electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water oxidation. For all three catalysts, fast hole transfer from BiVO4 to the catalyst is observed in the transient absorption data. Using operando photoinduced absorption measurements, we find that water oxidation is driven by oxidised states within the catalyst layer, following hole transfer from BiVO4. This charge transfer is correlated with a suppression of recombination losses which result in remarkably enhanced water oxidation performance relative to un-modified BiVO4. Moreover, despite similar electrocatalytic behaviour of all three electrocatalysts, we show that variations in water oxidation performance observed among the BiVO4/MOOH photoanodes stem from differences in photoelectrochemical and electrochemical charge accumulation in the catalyst layers. Under illumination, the amount of accumulated charge in the catalyst is driven by the injection of photogenerated holes from BiVO4, which is further affected by the recombination loss at the BiVO4/MOOH interface, and thus leads to deviations from their behaviour as standalone electrocatalysts. Elucidating the role of charge accumulation and reaction kinetics in governing the performance of Ni/Fe oxyhydroxides as electrocatalysts and as co-catalysts on BiVO4 photoanodes water oxidation.![]()
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3
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The effect of nanoparticulate PdO co-catalysts on the faradaic and light conversion efficiency of WO 3 photoanodes for water oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1285-1291. [PMID: 33367408 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06124g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
WO3 photoanodes offer rare stability in acidic media, but are limited by their selectivity for oxygen evolution over parasitic side reactions, when employed in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, this is remedied via the modification of nanostructured WO3 photoanodes with surface decorated PdO as an oxygen evolution co-catalyst (OEC). The photoanodes and co-catalyst particles are grown using an up-scalable aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AA-CVD) route, and their physical properties characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Subsequent PEC and transient photocurrent (TPC) measurements showed that the use of a PdO co-catalyst dramatically increases the faradaic efficiency (FE) of water oxidation from 52% to 92%, whilst simultaneously enhancing the photocurrent generation and charge extraction rate. The Pd oxidation state was found to be critical in achieving these notable improvements to the photoanode performance, which is primarily attributed to the higher selectivity towards oxygen evolution when PdO is used as an OEC and the formation of a favourable junction between WO3 and PdO, that drives band bending and charge separation.
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4
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Correction to "Tracking Charge Transfer to Residual Metal Clusters in Conjugated Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution". J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:524. [PMID: 33353301 PMCID: PMC8504798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Publisher Correction: Spectroelectrochemical study of water oxidation on nickel and iron oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 31949162 PMCID: PMC6965187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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6
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Reply to: Questioning the rate law in the analysis of water oxidation catalysis on haematite photoanodes. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1099-1101. [PMID: 33168963 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Charge accumulation kinetics in multi-redox molecular catalysts immobilised on TiO 2. Chem Sci 2020; 12:946-959. [PMID: 34163861 PMCID: PMC8178996 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04344c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-redox catalysis requires the accumulation of more than one charge carrier and is crucial for solar energy conversion into fuels and valuable chemicals. In photo(electro)chemical systems, however, the necessary accumulation of multiple, long-lived charges is challenged by recombination with their counterparts. Herein, we investigate charge accumulation in two model multi-redox molecular catalysts for proton and CO2 reduction attached onto mesoporous TiO2 electrodes. Transient absorption spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemical techniques have been employed to study the kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer from the TiO2 to the molecular catalysts in acetonitrile, with triethanolamine as the hole scavenger. At high light intensities, we detect charge accumulation in the millisecond timescale in the form of multi-reduced species. The redox potentials of the catalysts and the capacity of TiO2 to accumulate electrons play an essential role in the charge accumulation process at the molecular catalyst. Recombination of reduced species with valence band holes in TiO2 is observed to be faster than microseconds, while electron transfer from multi-reduced species to the conduction band or the electrolyte occurs in the millisecond timescale. Finally, under light irradiation, we show how charge accumulation on the catalyst is regulated as a function of the applied bias and the excitation light intensity.
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8
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Impact of the Synthesis Route on the Water Oxidation Kinetics of Hematite Photoanodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7285-7290. [PMID: 32787321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Operando spectroelectrochemical analysis is used to determine the water oxidation reaction kinetics for hematite photoanodes prepared using four different synthetic procedures. While these photoanodes exhibit very different current/voltage performance, their underlying water oxidation kinetics are found to be almost invariant. Higher temperature thermal annealing was found to correlate with a shift in the photocurrent onset potential toward less positive potentials, assigned to a suppression of both back electron-hole recombination and of charge accumulation in intra-bandgap states, indicating these intra-bandgap states do not contribute directly to water oxidation.
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9
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Tracking Charge Transfer to Residual Metal Clusters in Conjugated Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14574-14587. [PMID: 32786800 PMCID: PMC7497637 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Semiconducting polymers are versatile
materials for solar energy
conversion and have gained popularity as photocatalysts for sunlight-driven
hydrogen production. Organic polymers often contain residual metal
impurities such as palladium (Pd) clusters that are formed during
the polymerization reaction, and there is increasing evidence for
a catalytic role of such metal clusters in polymer photocatalysts.
Using transient and operando optical spectroscopy on nanoparticles
of F8BT, P3HT, and the dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone
homopolymer P10, we demonstrate how differences in the time scale
of electron transfer to Pd clusters translate into hydrogen evolution
activity optima at different residual Pd concentrations. For F8BT
nanoparticles with common Pd concentrations of >1000 ppm (>0.1
wt
%), we find that residual Pd clusters quench photogenerated excitons
via energy and electron transfer on the femto-nanosecond time scale,
thus outcompeting reductive quenching. We spectroscopically identify
reduced Pd clusters in our F8BT nanoparticles from the microsecond
time scale onward and show that the predominant location of long-lived
electrons gradually shifts to the F8BT polymer when the Pd content
is lowered. While a low yield of long-lived electrons limits the hydrogen
evolution activity of F8BT, P10 exhibits a substantially higher hydrogen
evolution activity, which we demonstrate results from higher yields
of long-lived electrons due to more efficient reductive quenching.
Surprisingly, and despite the higher performance of P10, long-lived
electrons reside on the P10 polymer rather than on the Pd clusters
in P10 particles, even at very high Pd concentrations of 27000 ppm
(2.7 wt %). In contrast, long-lived electrons in F8BT already reside
on Pd clusters before the typical time scale of hydrogen evolution.
This comparison shows that P10 exhibits efficient reductive quenching
but slow electron transfer to residual Pd clusters, whereas the opposite
is the case for F8BT. These findings suggest that the development
of even more efficient polymer photocatalysts must target materials
that combine both rapid reductive quenching and rapid charge transfer
to a metal-based cocatalyst.
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10
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Determining the role of oxygen vacancies in the photoelectrocatalytic performance of WO 3 for water oxidation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2907-2914. [PMID: 34122791 PMCID: PMC8157495 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen vacancies are common to most metal oxides, whether intentionally incorporated or otherwise, and the study of these defects is of increasing interest for solar water splitting. In this work, we examine nanostructured WO3 photoanodes of varying oxygen content to determine how the concentration of bulk oxygen-vacancy states affects the photocatalytic performance for water oxidation. Using transient optical spectroscopy, we follow the charge carrier recombination kinetics in these samples, from picoseconds to seconds, and examine how differing oxygen vacancy concentrations impact upon these kinetics. We find that samples with an intermediate concentration of vacancies (∼2% of oxygen atoms) afford the greatest photoinduced charge carrier densities, and the slowest recombination kinetics across all timescales studied. This increased yield of photogenerated charges correlates with improved photocurrent densities under simulated sunlight, with both greater and lesser oxygen vacancy concentrations resulting in enhanced recombination losses and poorer J–V performances. Our conclusion, that an optimal – neither too high nor too low – concentration of oxygen vacancies is required for optimum photoelectrochemical performance, is discussed in terms of the competing beneficial and detrimental impact these defects have on charge separation and transport, as well as the implications held for other highly doped materials for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. A medium concentration of oxygen vacancies (VO ≈ 2%) is critical to the performance of WO3 photoanodes for solar water oxidation, enhancing charge separation and reducing recombination across all timescales examined.![]()
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11
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Impact of Oxygen Vacancy Occupancy on Charge Carrier Dynamics in BiVO4 Photoanodes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18791-18798. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Multihole water oxidation catalysis on haematite photoanodes revealed by operando spectroelectrochemistry and DFT. Nat Chem 2019; 12:82-89. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Abstract
In metal oxide-based photoelectrochemical devices, the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes is typically attributed to band-bending at the oxide/electrolyte interface. However, direct evidence of such band-bending impacting upon charge carrier lifetimes has been very limited to date. Herein we use ultrafast spectroscopy to track the rapid relaxation of holes in the space-charge layer and their recombination with trapped electrons in WO3 photoanodes. We observe that applied bias can significantly increase carrier lifetimes on all time scales from picoseconds to seconds and attribute this to enhanced band-bending correlated with changes in oxygen vacancy state occupancy. We show that analogous enhancements in carrier lifetimes can be obtained by changes in electrolyte composition, even in the absence of applied bias, highlighting routes to improve photoconversion yields/performance, through changes in band-bending. This study thus demonstrates the direct connection between carrier lifetime enhancement, increased band-bending, and oxygen vacancy defect state occupancy.
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14
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Effect of oxygen deficiency on the excited state kinetics of WO 3 and implications for photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5667-5677. [PMID: 31293751 PMCID: PMC6563783 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using WO3 as a model material, we investigate how different oxygen vacancy concentrations affect trapping of photogenerated charges and photocatalytic reactions in metal oxides.
Oxygen vacancies are widely used to tune the light absorption of semiconducting metal oxides, but a photophysical framework describing the impact of such point defects on the dynamics of photogenerated charges, and ultimately on catalysis, is still missing. We herein use WO3 as a model material and investigate the impact of significantly different degrees of oxygen deficiency on its excited state kinetics. For highly oxygen-deficient films, photoelectron spectroscopy shows an over 2 eV broad distribution of oxygen vacancy states within the bandgap which gives rise to extended visible light absorption. We examine the nature of this distribution using first-principles defect calculations and find that defects aggregate to form clusters rather than isolated vacancy sites. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we observe trapping of photogenerated holes within 200 fs after excitation at high degrees of oxygen deficiency, which increases their lifetime at the expense of oxidative driving force. This loss in driving force limits the use of metal oxides with significant degrees of sub-stoichiometry to photocatalytic reactions that require low oxidation power such as pollutant degradation, and highlights the need to fine-tune vacancy state distributions for specific target reactions.
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15
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Toward Improved Environmental Stability of Polymer:Fullerene and Polymer:Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells: A Common Energetic Origin of Light- and Oxygen-Induced Degradation. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2019; 4:846-852. [PMID: 32051858 PMCID: PMC7006362 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of nonfullerene electron acceptors resulting in further breakthroughs in the performance of organic solar cells, there is now an urgent need to understand their degradation mechanisms in order to improve their intrinsic stability through better material design. In this study, we present quantitative evidence for a common root cause of light-induced degradation of polymer:nonfullerene and polymer:fullerene organic solar cells in air, namely, a fast photo-oxidation process of the photoactive materials mediated by the formation of superoxide radical ions, whose yield is found to be strongly controlled by the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the electron acceptors used. Our results elucidate the general relevance of this degradation mechanism to both polymer:fullerene and polymer:nonfullerene blends and highlight the necessity of designing electron acceptor materials with sufficient electron affinities to overcome this challenge, thereby paving the way toward achieving long-term solar cell stability with minimal device encapsulation.
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16
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WO 3/BiVO 4: impact of charge separation at the timescale of water oxidation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2643-2652. [PMID: 30996980 PMCID: PMC6419945 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the role of applied bias on the charge carrier dynamics in the WO3/BiVO4 junction during water oxidation.
The four hole oxidation of water has long been considered the kinetic bottleneck for overall solar-driven water splitting, and thus requires the formation of long-lived photogenerated holes to overcome this kinetic barrier. However, photogenerated charges are prone to recombination unless they can be spatially separated. This can be achieved by coupling materials with staggered conduction and valence band positions, providing a thermodynamic driving force for charge separation. This has most aptly been demonstrated in the WO3/BiVO4 junction, in which quantum efficiencies for the water oxidation reaction can approach near unity. However, the charge carrier dynamics in this system remain elusive over timescales relevant to water oxidation (μs–s). In this work, the effect of charge separation on carrier lifetime, and the voltage dependence of this process, is probed using transient absorption spectroscopy and transient photocurrent measurements, revealing sub-μs electron transfer from BiVO4 to WO3. The interface formed between BiVO4 and WO3 is shown to overcome the “dead-layer effect” encountered in BiVO4 alone. Moreover, our study sheds light on the role of the WO3/BiVO4 junction in enhancing the efficiency of the water oxidation reaction, where charge separation across the WO3/BiVO4 junction improves both the yield and lifetime of holes present in the BiVO4 layer over timescales relevant to water oxidation.
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17
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Water Oxidation and Electron Extraction Kinetics in Nanostructured Tungsten Trioxide Photoanodes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16168-16177. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cover Feature: Behavior of Ru-bda Water-Oxidation Catalysts in Low Oxidation States (Chem. Eur. J. 49/2018). Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Behavior of Ru-bda Water-Oxidation Catalysts in Low Oxidation States. Chemistry 2018; 24:12838-12847. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Rational design of a neutral pH functional and stable organic photocathode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5732-5735. [PMID: 29774895 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01736k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work we lay out design guidelines for catalytically more efficient organic photocathodes achieving stable hydrogen production in neutral pH. We propose an organic photocathode architecture employing a NiO hole selective layer, a PCDTBT:PCBM bulk heterojunction, a compact TiO2 electron selective contact and a RuO2 nanoparticle catalyst. The role of each layer is discussed in terms of durability and function. With this strategically designed organic photocathode we obtain stable photocurrent densities for over 5 h and discuss routes for further performance improvement.
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21
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Chapter 5. Rate Law Analysis of Water Splitting Photoelectrodes. ADVANCES IN PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782629863-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
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The kinetics of photoelectrochemical
(PEC) oxidation of methanol, as a model organic substrate, on α-Fe2O3 photoanodes are studied using photoinduced absorption
spectroscopy and transient photocurrent measurements. Methanol is
oxidized on α-Fe2O3 to formaldehyde with
near unity Faradaic efficiency. A rate law analysis under quasi-steady-state
conditions of PEC methanol oxidation indicates that rate of reaction
is second order in the density of surface holes on hematite and independent
of the applied potential. Analogous data on anatase TiO2 photoanodes indicate similar second-order kinetics for methanol
oxidation with a second-order rate constant 2 orders of magnitude
higher than that on α-Fe2O3. Kinetic isotope
effect studies determine that the rate constant for methanol oxidation
on α-Fe2O3 is retarded ∼20-fold
by H/D substitution. Employing these data, we propose a mechanism
for methanol oxidation under 1 sun irradiation on these metal oxide
surfaces and discuss the implications for the efficient PEC methanol
oxidation to formaldehyde and concomitant hydrogen evolution.
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23
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24
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Water Oxidation Kinetics of Accumulated Holes on the Surface of a TiO2 Photoanode: A Rate Law Analysis. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Mononuclear ruthenium compounds bearing N-donor and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: structure and oxidative catalysis. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:2829-2843. [PMID: 28177011 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04729g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new CNNC carbene-phthalazine tetradentate ligand has been synthesised, which in the reaction with [Ru(T)Cl3] (T = trpy, tpm, bpea; trpy = 2,2';6',2''-terpyridine; tpm = tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane; bpea = N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethanamine) in MeOH or iPrOH undergoes a C-N bond scission due to the nucleophilic attack of a solvent molecule, with the subsequent formation of the mononuclear complexes cis-[Ru(PhthaPz-OR)(trpy)X]n+, [Ru(PhthaPz-OMe)(tpm)X]n+ and trans,fac-[Ru(PhthaPz-OMe)(bpea)X]n+ (X = Cl, n = 1; X = H2O, n = 2; PhthaPz-OR = 1-(4-alkoxyphthalazin-1-yl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium), named 1a+/2a2+ (R = Me), 1b+/2b2+ (R = iPr), 3+/42+ and 5+/62+, respectively. Interestingly, regulation of the stability regions of different Ru oxidation states is obtained by different ligand combinations, going from 62+, where Ru(iii) is clearly stable and mono-electronic transfers are favoured, to 2a2+/2b2+, where Ru(iii) is almost unstable with regard to its disproportionation. The catalytic performance of the Ru-OH2 complexes in chemical water oxidation at pH 1.0 points to poor stability (ligand oxidation), with subsequent evolution of CO2 together with O2, especially for 42+ and 62+. In electrochemically driven water oxidation, the highest TOF values are obtained for 2a2+ at pH 1.0. In alkene epoxidation, complexes favouring bi-electronic transfer processes show better performances and selectivities than those favouring mono-electronic transfers, while alkenes containing electron-donor groups show better performances than those bearing electron-withdrawing groups. Finally, when cis-β-methylstyrene is employed as the substrate, no cis/trans isomerization takes place, thus indicating the existence of a stereospecific process.
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Spectroelectrochemical analysis of the mechanism of (photo)electrochemical hydrogen evolution at a catalytic interface. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14280. [PMID: 28233785 PMCID: PMC5333116 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-electron heterogeneous catalysis is a pivotal element in the (photo)electrochemical generation of solar fuels. However, mechanistic studies of these systems are difficult to elucidate by means of electrochemical methods alone. Here we report a spectroelectrochemical analysis of hydrogen evolution on ruthenium oxide employed as an electrocatalyst and as part of a cuprous oxide-based photocathode. We use optical absorbance spectroscopy to quantify the densities of reduced ruthenium oxide species, and correlate these with current densities resulting from proton reduction. This enables us to compare directly the catalytic function of dark and light electrodes. We find that hydrogen evolution is second order in the density of active, doubly reduced species independent of whether these are generated by applied potential or light irradiation. Our observation of a second order rate law allows us to distinguish between the most common reaction paths and propose a mechanism involving the homolytic reductive elimination of hydrogen.
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27
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Backbone Immobilization of the Bis(bipyridyl)pyrazolate Diruthenium Catalyst for Electrochemical Water Oxidation. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Reaction Intermediates Involved in a Dinuclear Co–Hbpp Water Oxidation Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15291-15294. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Ru-bis(pyridine)pyrazolate (bpp)-Based Water-Oxidation Catalysts Anchored on TiO2
: The Importance of the Nature and Position of the Anchoring Group. Chemistry 2016; 22:5261-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The influence of electronic effects over Ru–bpp water oxidation catalysts.
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32
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Efficient Light-Driven Water Oxidation Catalysis by Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:3688-3696. [PMID: 26423045 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mastering the light-induced four-electron oxidation of water to molecular oxygen is a key step towards the achievement of overall water splitting to produce alternative solar fuels. In this work, we report two rugged molecular pyrazolate-based diruthenium complexes that efficiently catalyze visible-light-driven water oxidation. These complexes were fully characterized both in the solid state (by X-ray diffraction analysis) and in solution (spectroscopically and electrochemically). Benchmark performances for homogeneous oxygen production have been obtained for both catalysts in the presence of a photosensitizer and a sacrificial electron acceptor at pH 7, and a turnover frequency of up to 11.1 s(-1) and a turnover number of 5300 were obtained after three successive catalytic runs. Under the same experimental conditions with the same setup, the pyrazolate-based diruthenium complexes outperform other well-known water oxidation catalysts owing to both electrochemical and mechanistic aspects.
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Abstract
A new bis-facial dinuclear ruthenium complex, {[Ru(II)(bpy)]2(μ-bimp)(μ-Cl)}(2+), 2(2+), containing a hexadentate pyrazolate-bridging ligand (Hbimp) and bpy as auxiliary ligands has been synthesized and fully characterized in solution by spectrometric, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. The new compound has been tested with regard to its capacity to oxidize water and alkenes. The in situ generated bis-aqua complex, {[Ru(II)(bpy)(H2O)]2(μ-bimp)}(3+), 3(3+), is an excellent catalyst for the epoxidation of a wide range of alkenes. High turnover numbers (TN), up to 1900, and turnover frequencies (TOF), up to 73 min(-1), are achieved using PhIO as oxidant. Moreover, 3(3+) presents an outstanding stereospecificity for both cis and trans olefins toward the formation of their corresponding epoxides due to specific interactions transmitted by its ligand scaffold. A mechanistic analysis of the epoxidation process has been performed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations in order to better understand the putative cooperative effects within this dinuclear catalyst.
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Highly efficient binuclear ruthenium catalyst for water oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1697-1702. [PMID: 25727691 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water splitting is one of the key steps in the conversion of sunlight into a usable renewable energy carrier such as dihydrogen or more complex chemical fuels. Developing rugged and highly efficient catalysts for the oxidative part of water splitting, the water oxidation reaction generating dioxygen, is a major challenge in the field. Herein, we introduce a new, and rationally designed, pyrazolate-based diruthenium complex with the highest activity in water oxidation catalysis for binuclear systems reported to date. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed favorable preorganization of the metal ions, well suited for binding two water molecules at a distance adequate for OO bond formation; redox titrations as well as spectroelectrochemistry allowed characterization of the system in several oxidation states. Low oxidation potentials reflect the trianionic character of the elaborate compartmental pyrazolate ligand furnished with peripheral carboxylate groups. Water oxidation has been mediated both by a chemical oxidant (Ce(IV) )-by means of manometry and a Clark electrode for monitoring the dioxygen production-and electrochemically with impressive activities.
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Behavior of the Ru-bda Water Oxidation Catalyst Covalently Anchored on Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes Containing the Hpbl Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, Linkage Isomerism, and Epoxidation Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:10394-402. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501483s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Linkage Isomerism in Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes Containing the New Pyrazolate-Based Ligand Hpbl. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8025-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5009076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis involves transforming water and CO2 into O2 and carbohydrates: a challenging task for bioinspired renewable energy conversion schemes.
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Characterization and performance of electrostatically adsorbed Ru–Hbpp water oxidation catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00643c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Two organic ligands based on bis-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole (Hbpp) functionalized with a para-methylenebenzoic acid (Hbpp-R(a)) or its ester derivative (Hbpp-R(e)) were prepared and characterized. The ester-functionalized ligand was then used to prepare a series of related dinuclear ruthenium complexes of general formula [Ru(II)2(L-L)(bpp-R(n))(trpy)2](m+) (L-L=mu-Cl, mu-acetato, or (H2O)2; n=e or a; trpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; m=2 or 3). The complexes were characterized in solution by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. The [Ru(II)2(mu-Cl)(bpp-R(e))(trpy)2](PF6)(2) complex was further characterized in the solid state by X-ray diffraction. The complexes containing the free carboxylic acid ligand were anchored onto rutile TiO2 and treated with 0.1 M triflic acid solution to generate the homologous water-oxidation catalysts TiO(2)-[Ru(II) (2)(H2O)(2)(bpp-R(a))(trpy)2]2+. This new hybrid material catalytically oxidizes water to molecular oxygen in a heterogeneous manner using Ce(IV) as chemical oxidant. The generation of molecular oxygen is accompanied by the formation of carbon dioxide as well as some leaching of the Ru catalyst.
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