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Yadana S, Valitutto MT, Aung O, Hayek LAC, Yu JH, Myat TW, Lin H, Htun MM, Thu HM, Hagan E, Francisco L, Murray S. Assessing Behavioral Risk Factors Driving Zoonotic Spillover Among High-risk Populations in Myanmar. Ecohealth 2023:10.1007/s10393-023-01636-9. [PMID: 37256491 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global emergence of zoonoses warrants improved awareness of activities that predispose vulnerable communities to greater risk of disease. Zoonotic disease outbreaks regularly occur within Myanmar and at its borders partly due to insufficient knowledge of behavioral risks, hindering participatory surveillance and reporting. This study employed a behavioral surveillance strategy among high-risk populations to understand the behavioral risks for zoonotic disease transmission in an effort to identify risk factors for pathogen spillover. To explore behavioral mechanisms of spillover in Myanmar, we aimed to: (1) evaluate the details around animal contact and types of interaction, (2) assess the association between self-reported unusual symptoms (i.e., any illness or sickness that is not known or recognized in the community or diagnosed by medical providers) and animal contact activities and (3) identify the potential risk factors including behavioral practices of self-reported illness. Participants were enrolled at two community sites: Hpa-An and Hmawbi in Southern Myanmar. A behavioral questionnaire was administered to understand participants' animal exposures, behaviors and self-reported illnesses. From these responses, associations between (1) animal contact activities and self-reported unusual illnesses, and (2) potential risk factors and self-reported unusual illness were tested. Contact with poultry seemed to be very frequent (91.1%) and many participants reported raising, handling and having poultry in their houses as well as slaughtering or being scratched/bitten by them, followed by contact with rodents (57.8%) and swine (17.9%). Compared to participants who did not have any unusual symptoms, participants who had unusual symptoms in the past year were more likely to have sold dead animals (OR = 13.6, 95% CI 6.8-27.2), slaughtered (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.7-3.3), raised (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.3-5.0) or handled animals (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.6), and had eaten sick (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 3.0-6.4) and/or dead animals (OR = 6.0, 95% CI 4.1-8.8) in the same year. Odds of having reported unusual symptoms was higher among those involved in animal production business (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.9-6.2) and animal-involved livelihoods (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.2) compared to other livelihoods. The results suggest that there is a high level of interaction between humans, livestock and wild animals in communities we investigated in Myanmar. The study highlights the specific high-risk behaviors as they relate to animal contact and demographic risk factors for zoonotic spillover. Our findings contribute to human behavioral data needed to develop targeted interventions to prevent zoonotic disease transmission at human-animal interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yadana
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA.
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA.
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 10th St. & Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, 20560, USA
| | - Jennifer H Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Theingi Win Myat
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Htin Lin
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Moh Moh Htun
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research. No 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon, Yangon, 1119, Myanmar
| | - Emily Hagan
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Leilani Francisco
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC, 20008, USA
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Sanchez CR, Hayek LAC, Carlin EP, Brown SA, Citino S, Marker L, Jones KL, Murray S. Glomerular filtration rate determined by measuring serum clearance of a single dose of inulin and serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in clinically normal cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus). Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:375-380. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Murray S, Kishbaugh JC, Hayek LAC, Kutinsky I, Dennis PM, Devlin W, Hope KL, Danforth MD, Murphy HW. Diagnosing cardiovascular disease in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with brain natriuretic peptide. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214101. [PMID: 30889217 PMCID: PMC6424555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in zoo-housed great apes, accounting for 41% of adult gorilla death in North American zoological institutions. Obtaining a timely and accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in gorillas is challenging, relying on echocardiography which generally requires anesthetic medications that may confound findings and can cause severe side effects in cardiovascularly compromised animals. The measurement of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has emerged as a modality of interest in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of human patients with heart failure. This study evaluated records for 116 zoo-housed gorillas to determine relationships of BNP with cardiovascular disease. Elevations of BNP levels correlated with the presence of visible echocardiographic abnormalities, as well as reported clinical signs in affected gorillas. Levels of BNP greater 150 pb/mL should alert the clinician to the presence of myocardial strain and volume overload, warranting medical evaluation and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Kishbaugh
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington DC, United States of America
- BodeVet, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lee-Ann C. Hayek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ilana Kutinsky
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patricia M. Dennis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William Devlin
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katharine L. Hope
- Department of Animal Health, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Marietta D. Danforth
- Great Ape Heart Project, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hayley W. Murphy
- Great Ape Heart Project, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Animal Divisions, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Mutinda M, Crofoot MC, Kishbaugh JC, Hayek LAC, Zimmerman D, Tunseth DA, Murray S. Blood Biochemical Reference Intervals for Free-Ranging Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya. INT J PRIMATOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Norton BB, Tunseth D, Holder K, Briggs M, C Hayek LA, Murray S. Causes of morbidity in captive African lions (Panthera leo) in North America, 2001-2016. Zoo Biol 2018; 37:354-359. [PMID: 30070397 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The lion (Panthera leo) is an iconic resident of zoos and wild animal parks throughout the world. Regular assessment of the morbidity of captive lions is necessary to address wellness concerns and improve the healthcare and management of this vulnerable species. In an effort to understand disease morbidity broadly and guide future inquiries into captive lion health, we distributed a questionnaire that emphasized diseases of organ systems rather than individual diagnoses. We sent the questionnaire to 108 American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) institutions housing lions between 2001 and 2016. Fifty-six facilities responded of which 32 responses had usable data for 111 lions. Responses were compiled and analyzed with respect to age, class, and sex. Neoplasia, renal disease, and dental disease were the most common causes of morbidity in these captive lions. Older animals generally experienced a higher prevalence of multiple types of disease. Three cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCM) were reported in nearly 40% (3/8) of cardiovascular diseases and 3% (3/111) of disease cases overall, which is the first report of HCM in lions, to the authors' knowledge. There is a relative paucity of literature on lion and large felid cardiovascular conditions, which suggests that this may be an understudied area of lion health. This broad assessment of morbidities present in captive lion populations aimed to identify key areas for further research and screenings. Management priorities of captive lions should include prevention strategies for dental disease and trauma, frequent screening for renal disease and neoplasia, and further research into cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Norton
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Devin Tunseth
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kali Holder
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael Briggs
- African Predator Conservation Research Organization, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Suzan Murray
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
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Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayek LAC. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF BRYOZOAN PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION. I. RATE TESTS FOR RANDOM CHANGE VERSUS SELECTION IN DIFFERENTIATION OF LIVING SPECIES. Evolution 2017; 47:1526-1538. [PMID: 28564886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1992] [Accepted: 02/04/1993] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The possible roles of random genetic change and natural selection in bryozoan speciation were analyzed using quantitative genetic methods on breeding data for traits of skeletal morphology in two closely related species of the cheilostome Stylopoma. The hypothesis that morphologic differences between the species are caused entirely by mutation and genetic drift could not be rejected for reasonable rates of mutation maintained for as few as 103 to 104 generations. Divergence times this short or shorter are consistent with the abrupt appearances of many invertebrate species in the fossil record, commonly followed by millions of years of morphologic stasis. To produce these differences over 103 generations or fewer, directional selection acting alone would require unrealistically high levels of minimum selective mortality throughout divergence. Thus, selection is unnecessary to explain the divergence of these species, except as a means of accelerating the effects of random genetic change on shorter time scales (directional selection), or decelerating them over longer ones (stabilizing selection). These results are consistent with a variety of models of phenotypic evolution involving random shifts between multiple adaptive peaks. Similar results were obtained by substituting trait heritabilities and genetic covariances reconstructed by partitioning within- and among-colony phenotypic variance in place of the values based on breeding data. Quantitative genetic analysis of speciation in fossil bryozoan lineages is thus justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Cheetham
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560
| | - Jeremy B C Jackson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- Statistics and Mathematics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560
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Abstract
Not all boundaries, whether stratigraphical or geographical, are marked by species-level changes in community composition. For example, paleodata for some sites do not show readily discernible glacial-interglacial contrasts. Rather, the proportional abundances of species can vary subtly between glacials and interglacials. This paper presents a simple quantitative measure of assemblage turnover (assemblage turnover index, ATI) that uses changes in species' proportional abundances to identify intervals of community change. A second, functionally-related index (conditioned-on-boundary index, CoBI) identifies species contributions to the total assemblage turnover. With these measures we examine benthonic foraminiferal assemblages to assess glacial/interglacial contrasts at abyssal depths. Our results indicate that these measures, ATI and CoBI, have potential as sequence stratigraphic tools in abyssal depth deposits. Many peaks in the set of values of ATI coincide with terminations at the end of glaciations and delineate peak-bounded ATI intervals (PATIs) separated by boundaries that approximate to glacial terminations and to transgressions at neritic depths. These measures, however, can be used to evaluate the assemblage turnover and composition at any defined ecological or paleoecological boundary. The section used is from Ocean Drilling Program (OPD) Hole 994C, drilled on the Blake Ridge, offshore SE USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ann C. Hayek
- Smithsonian Institution Mathematics and Statistics NMNH MRC-121, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Brent Wilson
- Petroleum Geoscience Programme, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago
- * E-mail:
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Adey WH, Laughinghouse HD, Miller JB, Hayek LAC, Thompson JG, Bertman S, Hampel K, Puvanendran S. Algal turf scrubber (ATS) floways on the Great Wicomico River, Chesapeake Bay: productivity, algal community structure, substrate and chemistry(1). J Phycol 2013; 49:489-501. [PMID: 27007038 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) units were deployed on the Great Wicomico River (GWR) for 22 months to examine the role of substrate in increasing algal productivity and nutrient removal. The yearly mean productivity of flat ATS screens was 15.4 g · m(-2) · d(-1) . This was elevated to 39.6 g · m(-2) · d(-1) with a three-dimensional (3-D) screen, and to 47.7 g · m(-2) · d(-1) by avoiding high summer harvest temperatures. These methods enhanced nutrient removal (N, P) in algal biomass by 3.5 times. Eighty-six algal taxa (Ochrophyta [diatoms], Chlorophyta [green algae], and Cyan-obacteria [blue-green algae]) self-seeded from the GWR and demonstrated yearly cycling. Silica (SiO2 ) content of the algal biomass ranged from 30% to 50% of total biomass; phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon content of the total algal biomass ranged from 0.15% to 0.21%, 2.13% to 2.89%, and 20.0% to 25.7%, respectively. Carbohydrate content (at 10%-25% of AFDM) was dominated by glucose. Lipids (fatty acid methyl ester; FAMEs) ranged widely from 0.5% to 9% AFDM, with Omega-3 fatty acids a consistent component. Mathematical modeling of algal produ-ctivity as a function of temperature, light, and substrate showed a proportionality of 4:3:3, resp-ectively. Under landscape ATS operation, substrate manipulation provides a considerable opportunity to increase ATS productivity, water quality amelioration, and biomass coproduction for fertilizers, fermentation energy, and omega-3 products. Based on the 3-D prod-uctivity and algal chemical composition demonstrated, ATS systems used for nonpoint source water treat-ment can produce ethanol (butanol) at 5.8× per unit area of corn, and biodiesel at 12.0× per unit area of soy beans (agricultural production US).
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Adey
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| | - H Dail Laughinghouse
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| | - John B Miller
- Chemistry Department - MS5413, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008, USA
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- Statistics and Mathematics, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - Jesse G Thompson
- Chemistry Department - MS5413, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008, USA
| | - Steven Bertman
- Chemistry Department - MS5413, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008, USA
| | - Kristin Hampel
- Chemistry Department - MS5413, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008, USA
| | - Shanmugam Puvanendran
- Chemistry Department - MS5413, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008, USA
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Adey WH, Hayek LAC. Elucidating Marine Biogeography with Macrophytes: Quantitative Analysis of the North Atlantic Supports the Thermogeographic Model and Demonstrates a Distinct Subarctic Region in the Northwestern Atlantic. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2011. [DOI: 10.1656/045.018.m801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Siegal-Willott JL, Harr K, Hayek LAC, Scott KC, Gerlach T, Sirois P, Reuter M, Crewz DW, Hill RC. Proximate nutrient analyses of four species of submerged aquatic vegetation consumed by Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) compared to romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:594-602. [PMID: 21370638 DOI: 10.1638/2009-0118.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) consume a variety of sea grasses and algae. This study compared the dry matter (DM) content, proximate nutrients (crude protein [CP], ether-extracted crude fat [EE], nonfiber carbohydrate [NFC], and ash), and the calculated digestible energy (DE) of sea grasses (Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, and Syringodium filiforme) collected in spring, summer, and winter, and an alga (Chara sp.) with those of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia). Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (L) measured after ash-extraction were also compared. Results of statistical tests (C = 0.01) revealed DM content was higher in aquatic vegetation than in lettuce (P = 0.0001), but NDF and ADF were up to threefold greater, EE (P = 0.00001) and CP (P = 0.00001) were 2-9 times less, and NFC (P = 0.0001) was 2-6 times lower in sea grass than in lettuce, on a DM basis. Chara was lower in NDF, ADF, L, EE, CP, and NFC relative to lettuce on a DM basis. Ash content (DM basis) was higher (P = 0.0001), and DE was 2-6 times lower in aquatic vegetation than in lettuce. Sea grass rhizomes had lower L and higher ash contents (DM basis) than sea grass leaves. Based on the nutrient analyses, romaine lettuce and sea grasses are not equivalent forages, which suggests that the current diet of captive Florida manatees should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Siegal-Willott
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Hayek LAC, Heyer WR. Determining sexual dimorphism in frog measurement data: integration of statistical significance, measurement error, effect size and biological significance. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2005; 77:45-76. [PMID: 15692678 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652005000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several analytic techniques have been used to determine sexual dimorphism in vertebrate morphological measurement data with no emergent consensus on which technique is superior. A further confounding problem for frog data is the existence of considerable measurement error. To determine dimorphism, we examine a single hypothesis (Ho = equal means) for two groups (females and males). We demonstrate that frog measurement data meet assumptions for clearly defined statistical hypothesis testing with statistical linear models rather than those of exploratory multivariate techniques such as principal components, correlation or correspondence analysis. In order to distinguish biological from statistical significance of hypotheses, we propose a new protocol that incorporates measurement error and effect size. Measurement error is evaluated with a novel measurement error index. Effect size, widely used in the behavioral sciences and in meta-analysis studies in biology, proves to be the most useful single metric to evaluate whether statistically significant results are biologically meaningful. Definitions for a range of small, medium, and large effect sizes specifically for frog measurement data are provided. Examples with measurement data for species of the frog genus Leptodactylus are presented. The new protocol is recommended not only to evaluate sexual dimorphism for frog data but for any animal measurement data for which the measurement error index and observed or a priori effect sizes can be calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ann C Hayek
- Mathematics and Statistics, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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Parmelee JR, Heyer WR, Donnelly MA, McDiarmid RW, Hayek LAC, Foster MS. Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Amphibians. Syst Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/2413714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Krenz JD, Heyer WR, Donnelly MA, McDiarmid RW, Hayek LAC, Foster MS. Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Amphibians. COPEIA 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/1446924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayek LAC. Quantitative Genetics of Bryozoan Phenotypic Evolution. III. Phenotypic Plasticity and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation. Evolution 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/2410339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayek LAC. Quantitative Genetics of Bryozoan Phenotypic Evolution. II. Analysis of Selection and Random change in Fossil Species Using Reconstructed Genetic Parameters. Evolution 1994. [DOI: 10.2307/2410098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Hayek LAC. Quantitative Genetics of Bryozoan Phenotypic Evolution. I. Rate Tests for Random Change Versus Selection in Differentiation of Living Species. Evolution 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/2410165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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