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Kang G, Allard CAH, Valencia-Montoya WA, van Giesen L, Kim JJ, Kilian PB, Bai X, Bellono NW, Hibbs RE. Sensory specializations drive octopus and squid behaviour. Nature 2023; 616:378-383. [PMID: 37045917 PMCID: PMC10262778 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of new traits enables expansion into new ecological and behavioural niches. Nonetheless, demonstrated connections between divergence in protein structure, function and lineage-specific behaviours remain rare. Here we show that both octopus and squid use cephalopod-specific chemotactile receptors (CRs) to sense their respective marine environments, but structural adaptations in these receptors support the sensation of specific molecules suited to distinct physiological roles. We find that squid express ancient CRs that more closely resemble related nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas octopuses exhibit a more recent expansion in CRs consistent with their elaborated 'taste by touch' sensory system. Using a combination of genetic profiling, physiology and behavioural analyses, we identify the founding member of squid CRs that detects soluble bitter molecules that are relevant in ambush predation. We present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a squid CR and compare this with octopus CRs1 and nicotinic receptors2. These analyses demonstrate an evolutionary transition from an ancestral aromatic 'cage' that coordinates soluble neurotransmitters or tastants to a more recent octopus CR hydrophobic binding pocket that traps insoluble molecules to mediate contact-dependent chemosensation. Thus, our study provides a foundation for understanding how adaptation of protein structure drives the diversification of organismal traits and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guipeun Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Corey A H Allard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wendy A Valencia-Montoya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeong Joo Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter B Kilian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ryan E Hibbs
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Kang G, Allard C, Valencia-Montoya W, Joo Kim J, van Giesen L, Kilian P, Bai X, Bellono N, Hibbs RE. Structural and evolutionary studies on cephalopod chemotactile receptors. Biophys J 2023; 122:393a-394a. [PMID: 36783997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guipeun Kang
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Corey Allard
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeong Joo Kim
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaochen Bai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Ryan E Hibbs
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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3
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van Giesen L, Kilian PB, Allard CAH, Bellono NW. Molecular Basis of Chemotactile Sensation in Octopus. Cell 2021; 183:594-604.e14. [PMID: 33125889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals display wide-ranging evolutionary adaptations based on their ecological niche. Octopuses explore the seafloor with their flexible arms using a specialized "taste by touch" system to locally sense and respond to prey-derived chemicals and movement. How the peripherally distributed octopus nervous system mediates relatively autonomous arm behavior is unknown. Here, we report that octopus arms use a family of cephalopod-specific chemotactile receptors (CRs) to detect poorly soluble natural products, thereby defining a form of contact-dependent, aquatic chemosensation. CRs form discrete ion channel complexes that mediate the detection of diverse stimuli and transduction of specific ionic signals. Furthermore, distinct chemo- and mechanosensory cells exhibit specific receptor expression and electrical activities to support peripheral information coding and complex chemotactile behaviors. These findings demonstrate that the peripherally distributed octopus nervous system is a key site for signal processing and highlight how molecular and anatomical features synergistically evolve to suit an animal's environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena van Giesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter B Kilian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Corey A H Allard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Abstract
All animals detect and integrate diverse environmental signals to mediate behavior. Cnidarians, including jellyfish and sea anemones, both detect and capture prey using stinging cells called nematocytes which fire a venom-covered barb via an unknown triggering mechanism. Here, we show that nematocytes from Nematostella vectensis use a specialized voltage-gated calcium channel (nCaV) to distinguish salient sensory cues and control the explosive discharge response. Adaptations in nCaV confer unusually sensitive, voltage-dependent inactivation to inhibit responses to non-prey signals, such as mechanical water turbulence. Prey-derived chemosensory signals are synaptically transmitted to acutely relieve nCaV inactivation, enabling mechanosensitive-triggered predatory attack. These findings reveal a molecular basis for the cnidarian stinging response and highlight general principles by which single proteins integrate diverse signals to elicit discrete animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Weir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christophe Dupre
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Amy S-Y Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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5
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Greppi C, Laursen WJ, Budelli G, Chang EC, Daniels AM, van Giesen L, Smidler AL, Catteruccia F, Garrity PA. Mosquito heat seeking is driven by an ancestral cooling receptor. Science 2020; 367:681-684. [PMID: 32029627 PMCID: PMC8092076 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that kill >700,000 people annually. These insects use body heat to locate and feed on warm-blooded hosts, but the molecular basis of such behavior is unknown. Here, we identify ionotropic receptor IR21a, a receptor conserved throughout insects, as a key mediator of heat seeking in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Although Ir21a mediates heat avoidance in Drosophila, we find it drives heat seeking and heat-stimulated blood feeding in Anopheles At a cellular level, Ir21a is essential for the detection of cooling, suggesting that during evolution mosquito heat seeking relied on cooling-mediated repulsion. Our data indicate that the evolution of blood feeding in Anopheles involves repurposing an ancestral thermoreceptor from non-blood-feeding Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Greppi
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Willem J Laursen
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Gonzalo Budelli
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Elaine C Chang
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Abigail M Daniels
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrea L Smidler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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6
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Budelli G, Ni L, Berciu C, van Giesen L, Knecht ZA, Chang EC, Kaminski B, Silbering AF, Samuel A, Klein M, Benton R, Nicastro D, Garrity PA. Ionotropic Receptors Specify the Morphogenesis of Phasic Sensors Controlling Rapid Thermal Preference in Drosophila. Neuron 2019; 101:738-747.e3. [PMID: 30654923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermosensation is critical for avoiding thermal extremes and regulating body temperature. While thermosensors activated by noxious temperatures respond to hot or cold, many innocuous thermosensors exhibit robust baseline activity and lack discrete temperature thresholds, suggesting they are not simply warm and cool detectors. Here, we investigate how the aristal Cold Cells encode innocuous temperatures in Drosophila. We find they are not cold sensors but cooling-activated and warming-inhibited phasic thermosensors that operate similarly at warm and cool temperatures; we propose renaming them "Cooling Cells." Unexpectedly, Cooling Cell thermosensing does not require the previously reported Brivido Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. Instead, three Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), IR21a, IR25a, and IR93a, specify both the unique structure of Cooling Cell cilia endings and their thermosensitivity. Behaviorally, Cooling Cells promote both warm and cool avoidance. These findings reveal a morphogenetic role for IRs and demonstrate the central role of phasic thermosensing in innocuous thermosensation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Budelli
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Lina Ni
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Cristina Berciu
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Zachary A Knecht
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Elaine C Chang
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaminski
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Ana F Silbering
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Aravi Samuel
- Department of Physics and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; Department of Physics and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA.
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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7
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van Giesen L, Garrity PA. More than meets the IR: the expanding roles of variant Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in sensing odor, taste, temperature and moisture. F1000Res 2017; 6:1753. [PMID: 29034089 PMCID: PMC5615767 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a branch of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family and serve as important mediators of sensory transduction in invertebrates. Recent work shows that, though initially studied as olfactory receptors, the IRs also mediate the detection of taste, temperature, and humidity. Here, we summarize recent insights into IR evolution and its potential ecological significance as well as recent advances in our understanding of how IRs contribute to diverse sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena van Giesen
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul A Garrity
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Choi J, van Giesen L, Choi MS, Kang K, Sprecher SG, Kwon JY. A Pair of Pharyngeal Gustatory Receptor Neurons Regulates Caffeine-Dependent Ingestion in Drosophila Larvae. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:181. [PMID: 27486388 PMCID: PMC4949222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of taste is an essential chemosensory modality that enables animals to identify appropriate food sources and control feeding behavior. In particular, the recognition of bitter taste prevents animals from feeding on harmful substances. Feeding is a complex behavior comprised of multiple steps, and food quality is continuously assessed. We here examined the role of pharyngeal gustatory organs in ingestion behavior. As a first step, we constructed a gustatory receptor-to-neuron map of the larval pharyngeal sense organs, and examined corresponding gustatory receptor neuron (GRN) projections in the larval brain. Out of 22 candidate bitter compounds, we found 14 bitter compounds that elicit inhibition of ingestion in a dose-dependent manner. We provide evidence that certain pharyngeal GRNs are necessary and sufficient for the ingestion response of larvae to caffeine. Additionally, we show that a specific pair of pharyngeal GRNs, DP1, responds to caffeine by calcium imaging. In this study we show that a specific pair of GRNs in the pharyngeal sense organs coordinates caffeine sensing with regulation of behavioral responses such as ingestion. Our results indicate that in Drosophila larvae, the pharyngeal GRNs have a major role in sensing food palatability to regulate ingestion behavior. The pharyngeal sense organs are prime candidates to influence ingestion due to their position in the pharynx, and they may act as first level sensors of ingested food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekyun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon South Korea
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Min Sung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon South Korea
| | - KyeongJin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon South Korea
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Jae Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon South Korea
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9
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van Giesen L, Hernandez-Nunez L, Delasoie-Baranek S, Colombo M, Renaud P, Bruggmann R, Benton R, Samuel ADT, Sprecher SG. Erratum: Multimodal stimulus coding by a gustatory sensory neuron in Drosophila larvae. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11028. [PMID: 26972323 PMCID: PMC4793080 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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10
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van Giesen L, Hernandez-Nunez L, Delasoie-Baranek S, Colombo M, Renaud P, Bruggmann R, Benton R, Samuel ADT, Sprecher SG. Multimodal stimulus coding by a gustatory sensory neuron in Drosophila larvae. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10687. [PMID: 26864722 PMCID: PMC4753250 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate perception of taste information is crucial for animal survival. In adult Drosophila, gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) perceive chemical stimuli of one specific gustatory modality associated with a stereotyped behavioural response, such as aversion or attraction. We show that GRNs of Drosophila larvae employ a surprisingly different mode of gustatory information coding. Using a novel method for calcium imaging in the larval gustatory system, we identify a multimodal GRN that responds to chemicals of different taste modalities with opposing valence, such as sweet sucrose and bitter denatonium, reliant on different sensory receptors. This multimodal neuron is essential for bitter compound avoidance, and its artificial activation is sufficient to mediate aversion. However, the neuron is also essential for the integration of taste blends. Our findings support a model for taste coding in larvae, in which distinct receptor proteins mediate different responses within the same, multimodal GRN. While gustatory systems have been extensively studied in adult Drosophila, not much is known about taste coding at the larval stage. Here, the authors investigate gustatory receptor neurons in larvae and find single neurons are capable of responding to more than one taste modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena van Giesen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 10, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Luis Hernandez-Nunez
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sophie Delasoie-Baranek
- Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Martino Colombo
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Berne, Berne 3012, Switzerland
| | - Aravinthan D T Samuel
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 10, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
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11
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Sprecher SG, Bernardo-Garcia FJ, van Giesen L, Hartenstein V, Reichert H, Neves R, Bailly X, Martinez P, Brauchle M. Functional brain regeneration in the acoel worm Symsagittifera roscoffensis. Biol Open 2015; 4:1688-95. [PMID: 26581588 PMCID: PMC4736034 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of some animals to regrow their head and brain after decapitation provides a striking example of the regenerative capacity within the animal kingdom. The acoel worm Symsagittifera roscoffensis can regrow its head, brain and sensory head organs within only a few weeks after decapitation. How rapidly and to what degree it also reacquires its functionality to control behavior however remains unknown. We provide here a neuroanatomical map of the brain neuropils of the adult S. roscoffensis and show that after decapitation a normal neuroanatomical organization of the brain is restored in the majority of animals. By testing different behaviors we further show that functionality of both sensory perception and the underlying brain architecture are restored within weeks after decapitation. Interestingly not all behaviors are restored at the same speed and to the same extent. While we find that phototaxis recovered rapidly, geotaxis is not restored within 7 weeks. Our findings show that regeneration of the head, sensory organs and brain result in the restoration of directed navigation behavior, suggesting a tight coordination in the regeneration of certain sensory organs with that of their underlying neural circuits. Thus, at least in S. roscoffensis, the regenerative capacity of different sensory modalities follows distinct paths. Summary: Brain and head regeneration in the acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis is coordinated with restoration of directed navigation behavior, suggesting that the regenerative capacity of different sensory modalities follows distinct paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Sprecher
- Institute of Developmental and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - F Javier Bernardo-Garcia
- Institute of Developmental and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Institute of Developmental and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive, East Boyer Hall 559, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Heinrich Reichert
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Neves
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive, East Boyer Hall 559, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Xavier Bailly
- UPMC-CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, A v. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, Barcelona, Catalonia 23 08010, Spain
| | - Michael Brauchle
- Institute of Developmental and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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12
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