[Zinc finger protein-36 deficiency inhibits osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and preosteoblasts by activating the ERK/MAPK pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the role of zinc finger protein 36(ZFP36) in regulating osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and preosteoblasts.

METHODS

ZFP36 expression was observed in primary mouse BMSCs and mouse preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cells) during induced osteogenic differentiation. Zfp36-deficient cell models were constructed in the two cells using RNA interference technique and the changes in differentiation capacities of the transfected cells into osteoblasts were observed. Transcriptome sequencing was used to investigate the potential mechanisms of ZFP36 for regulating osteoblast differentiation of the two cells. U0126, a ERK/MAPK signal suppressor, was used to verify the regulatory mechanism of Zfp36 in osteogenic differentiation of Zfp36-deficient cells.

RESULTS

During the 14-day induction of osteogenic differentiation, both mouse BMSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited increased expression of ZFP36, and its mRNA expression reached the peak level on Day 7(P < 0.0001). The Zfp36-deficient cell models showed reduced intensity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining with significantly lowered expressions of the osteogenic marker genes including Alpl, Sp7, Bglap and Ibsp (P < 0.01). Transcriptome sequencing verified the reduction of bone mineralization-related gene expressions in Zfp36-deficient cells and indicated the involvement of ERK signaling in the potential regulatory mechanism of Zfp36. Immunoblotting showed that pERK protein expression increased significantly in Zfp36-deficient cells compared with the control cells. In Zfp36-deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, inhibition of activated ERK/MAPK signaling with U0126 resulted in obviously enhanced ALP staining and significantly increased expressions of osteoblast differentiation markers Runx2 and Bglap (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

ZFP36 is involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation of mouse BMSCs and preosteoblasts, and ZFP36 deficiency causes inhibition of osteoblast differentiation of the cells by activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Notch signaling regulates Th17 cells differentiation through PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway and involves in the thyroid injury of autoimmune thyroiditis

PURPOSE

Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common thyroid disease; however, there were no measures to prevent the progression of the disease. The present study attempts to identify that Notch signaling regulates the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells by activating downstream Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/AKT/mTORC1) pathway participating in the thyroid injury of the experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT).

METHODS

In vivo experiments, mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control group, an EAT group, and two groups with LY294002 treatment (pTg plus 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg LY294002, respectively). The degrees of thyroiditis were evaluated, and the percentage of Th17 cells, expression of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), and the main components of the Notch-PI3K signaling pathway were detected in different groups. In vitro experiments, two different dosages of LY294002 (25 and 50 μM) were used to intervene splenic mononuclear cells (SMCs) from EAT mice to further evaluate the regulatory effect of Notch-PI3K pathway on Th17 cells.

RESULTS

Our data demonstrate that the infiltration of Th17 cells and the expressions of IL-17A, Notch, hairy and split 1 (Hes1), p‑AKT (Ser473), p‑AKT (Thr308), p‑mTOR (Ser2448), S6K1, and S6K2 increased remarkably in EAT mice. After PI3K pathway was blocked, the degrees of thyroiditis were significantly alleviated, and the proportion of Th17 cells, the expression of IL-17A, and the above Notch-PI3K pathway-related molecules decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the proportion of Th17 cells was positively correlated with the concentration of serum thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), IL-17A, and Notch-PI3K pathway-related molecules mRNA levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Notch signal promotes the secretion of IL-17A from Th17 cells by regulating the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway through Hes-Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and participates in thyroid autoimmune damage, and the PI3K pathway inhibitor may play important effects on AIT by affecting Th17 cells differentiation.

LIPH contributes to glycolytic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by activating LPA/LPAR axis and maintaining ALDOA stability

BACKGROUND

LIPH, a membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1a, can produce LPA (Lysophosphatidic acid) from PA (Phosphatidic acid) on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. It is well known that LIPH dysfunction contributes to lipid metabolism disorder. Previous study shows that LIPH was found to be a potential gene related to poor prognosis with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the biological functions of LIPH in PDAC remain unclear.

METHODS

Cell viability assays were used to evaluate whether LIPH affected cell proliferation. RNA sequencing and immunoprecipitation showed that LIPH participates in tumor glycolysis by stimulating LPA/LPAR axis and maintaining aldolase A (ALDOA) stability in the cytosol. Subcutaneous, orthotopic xenograft models and patient-derived xenograft PDAC model were used to evaluate a newly developed Gemcitabine-based therapy.

RESULTS

LIPH was significantly upregulated in PDAC and was related to later pathological stage and poor prognosis. LIPH downregulation in PDAC cells inhibited colony formation and proliferation. Mechanistically, LIPH triggered PI3K/AKT/HIF1A signaling via LPA/LPAR axis. LIPH also promoted glycolysis and de novo synthesis of glycerolipids by maintaining ALDOA stability in the cytosol. Xenograft models show that PDAC with high LIPH expression levels was sensitive to gemcitabine/ki16425/aldometanib therapy without causing discernible side effects.

CONCLUSION

LIPH directly bridges PDAC cells and tumor microenvironment to facilitate aberrant aerobic glycolysis via activating LPA/LPAR axis and maintaining ALDOA stability, which provides an actionable gemcitabine-based combination therapy with limited side effects.

Andrographolide loaded montmorillonite attenuated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli induced intestinal barrier injury and inflammation in a mouse model

Montmorillonite (MMT), a natural absorbent agent, has widely been accepted for its antidiarrhea function in human and farm animals; however, its specific physicochemical property limits its biological function in practical use. In the current study, raw MMT was loaded by andrographolide, namely andrographolide loaded montmorillonite (AGP-MMT). The microstructure of AGP-MMT was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of AGP-MMT on the growth performance, intestinal barrier and inflammation was investigated in an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenged mice model. The results show that the microstructure of MMT was obviously changed after andrographolide modification: AGP-MMT exhibited a large number of spheroid particles, and floccule aggregates, but lower interplanar spacing compared with MMT. ETEC infection induced body weight losses and intestinal barrier function injury, as indicated by a lower villus height and ratio of villus height/crypt depth, whereas the serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-xylose and ETEC shedding were higher in the ETEC group compared with the CON group. Mice pretreated with AGP-MMT showed alleviated body weight losses and the intestinal barrier function injury induced by ETEC challenge. The villus height and the ratio of villus height/crypt depth, were higher in mice pretreated with AGP-MMT than those pretreated with equal levels of MMT. Pretreatment with AGP-MMT also alleviated the increased concentration of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and the corresponding genes in the jejunum induced by ETEC infection in mice. The protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β were lower in mice pretreated with AGP-MMT than those with equal levels of MMT. The results indicate that AGP-MMT was more effective in alleviating intestinal barrier injury and inflammation in mice with ETEC challenge than MMT.

Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective

We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or Δ L ∼ 0.56 ) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at L ∼ 5 - 7 at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at L ∼ 8 - 12 at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an L -shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of ∼ 1.45 MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.

[Comparative analysis of clinical diagnosis application of two intrauterine adhesion scoring criteria]

Objective: To explore the similarities and differences of China Society of Gynecology Endoscopy (CSGE) and American Fertility Society (AFS) intrauterine adhesion (IUA) scoring criteria on IUA grading and their predictive value of reproductive prognosis. Methods: From January 2016 to January 2019, a total of 1 249 patients were diagnosed with IUA by hysteroscopy at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Totally, 378 patients with complete clinical data were enrolled, and the results diagnosed by CSGT and AFS scoring criteria were compared and analyzed.And follow-up for 2 years, the pregnancy rate and live birth rate were statistical analysis. Results: (1) The grade of IUA according to AFS and CSGE scoring criteria was less consistent (κ=0.295, P<0.001). Compared with AFS, the proportion of severe IUA cases diagnosed by CSGE was significantly lower [45.8% (173/378) vs 15.1% (57/378); RR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.15-0.30, P<0.01); the proportions of both mild and moderate IUA cases were significantly higher (RR=4.16, 95%CI: 2.38-7.14; RR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.75-3.23; both P<0.01). (2) The pregnancy rates of mild, moderate and severe IUA diagnosed according to CSGE were 11/13, 64.5% (147/228), 31.8% (7/22), live birth rates were 11/13, 54.8% (125/228) and 22.7% (5/22), respectively; there were statistically significant differences between the groups (all P<0.01). The pregnancy rates of mild, moderate and severe IUA diagnosed based on AFS were 3/3, 66.9% (97/145) and 56.5% (65/115), respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (P>0.05). (3) IUA grades based on both CSGE and AFS criteria were significantly negatively correlated with pregnancy rates and live birth rates (CSGE: r=-0.210, r=-0.226; AFS: r=-0.130, r=-0.147; all P<0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that CSGE had higher OR for both pregnancy rates and live birth rates compared to AFS (3.889 vs 1.657, 3.983 vs 1.554, respectrvely). Conclusions: Compared with AFS, the IUA grade based on CSGE is better related with reproductive prognosis, suggesting that the CSGE standard might be more objective and comprehensive and has better predictive value for reproductive prognosis, thus avoiding overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

[The prevalence and influence factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of dental nurse]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and Influence factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among dental nurses in tertiary stomatology hospitals. Methods: From June to July 2020, 1321 dental nurses from 18 tertiary stomatology hospitals in 18 provinces of China were enrolled as research subjects through a phased sampling method. The cross-sectional study was performed with validated instruments including the basic information questionnaire, Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, Nurse-Physician Collaboration Scale, and Chinese Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, so as to get the information about the social demography information, nursing-physician cooperation, work stress and the incidence of WMSDs. The influenang factors of WMSDs was analyzed. Results: The past prevalence, annual prevalence, and weekly prevalence of WMSDs were 80.8% (1067/1321) , 68.7% and 43.7% (575/1321) . 58.4% (771/1321) of nurses had WMSDs in three or more body parts. Neck (51.4%) , waist (42.2%) and shoulder (41.6%) were the top three body regions in the past year. The absenteeism rate due to musculoskeletal disorders ranged from 3.5% to 9.0%, waist (8.9%) and neck (8.0%) were the top two body regions. Working more than 40 hours per week (OR=1.74, P<0.001) and effect/reward>1 (OR=1.50, P=0.002) were risk factors of WMSDs (OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.32~2.30; OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.17~1.92, P<0.05) , while regular physical exercise every week (≥30 min per times) was the protective factor (OR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.56~0.97, P=0.030) . Conclusion: The prevalence rate of WMSDs of dental nurses in China was high, and most of the nurses suffered with many body parts. Thus, we should reduce controllable occupational stresso, ensuring adequate rest and strengthening physical exercise to reduce the incidence of WMSDs.

Acceleration of Brain Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging with Compressed Sensitivity Encoding: A Prospective Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

While three-dimensional susceptibility-weighted imaging has been widely suggested for intracranial vessel imaging, hemorrhage detection, and other neuro-diseases, its relatively long scan time has necessitated the clinical verification of recent progresses of fast imaging techniques. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of brain SWI accelerated by compressed sensitivity encoding to identify the optimal acceleration factors for clinical practice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety-nine subjects, prospectively enrolled from 5 centers, underwent 8 brain SWI sequences: 5 different folds of compressed sensitivity encoding acceleration (CS2, CS4, CS6, CS8, and CS10), 2 different folds of sensitivity encoding acceleration (SF2 and SF4), and 1 without acceleration. Images were assessed quantitatively on both the SNR of the red nucleus and its contrast ratio to the CSF and, subjectively, with scoring on overall image quality; visibility of the substantia nigra-red nucleus, basilar artery, and internal cerebral vein; and diagnostic confidence of the cerebral microbleeds and other intracranial diseases.

RESULTS

Compressed sensitivity encoding showed a promising ability to reduce the acquisition time (from 202 to 41 seconds) of SWI while increasing the acceleration factor from 2 to 10, though at the cost of decreasing the SNR, contrast ratio, and the scores of visual assessments. The visibility of the substantia nigra-red nucleus and internal cerebral vein became unacceptable in CS6 to CS10. The basilar artery was well-distinguished, and diseases including cerebral microbleeds, cavernous angiomas, intracranial gliomas, venous malformations, and subacute hemorrhage were well-diagnosed in all compressed sensitivity encoding sequences.

CONCLUSIONS

Compressed sensitivity encoding factor 4 is recommended in routine practice. Compressed sensitivity encoding factor 10 is potentially a fast surrogate for distinguishing the basilar artery and detecting susceptibility-related abnormalities (eg, cerebral microbleeds, cavernous angiomas, gliomas, and venous malformation) at the sacrifice of visualization of the substantia nigra-red nucleus and internal cerebral vein.

Study on a new manner of the magnetization switching actuated by a unidirectional pulse current

A new writing scheme with a unidirectional pulse current is proposed for spin transfer torque (STT) based magnetic random-access memory (MRAM). To investigate the feasibility of the writing scheme, bilayered nano-pillars composed of a soft layer with small in-plane shape anisotropy and a hard layer with either large perpendicular anisotropy (PMA) or in-plane anisotropy (IMA) are designed and their switching behaviors are studied. It is found that in either type of bilayered nano-pillars, with the aid of the attached hard layer, the magnetization of the soft layer can be switched back and forth under a unidirectional pulse current. In an IMA/IMA nano-pillar, the magnetization of the free layer (FL) can achieve excellent alignment, which is in contrast to the IMA/PMA nano-pillar. By optimizing the dimensions and magnetic parameters of the IMA/IMA nano-pillar, a decently low switching current density (4.3 × 10¹¹A m^-2) and ultrashort switching time (<1 ns) can be reached. Based on these results, the unidirectional writing scheme is practical if an IMA/IMA bilayer is used to replace the FL in a magnetic tunnel junction. Considering that a unidirectional writing scheme can enable the application of materials with high spin polarization such as half metals, and avoid the injection of writing current into junction using a special design, it may be very promising for STT-MRAM.

[An optimized protocol of meniscus cell extraction for single-cell RNA sequencing]

OBJECTIVE

To optimize the protocol of meniscus cell extraction to enhance the efficiency of cell suspension preparation and maintain a high cell viability for single-cell RNA sequencing.

METHODS

We compared the efficiency of the routine cell extraction methods (short-time digestion and long-time digestion) and the optimized protocol for obtaining meniscus cell suspensions by evaluating the cell number obtained and the cell viability. Single-cell RNA sequencing datasets were analyzed to evaluate the stability of the cell suspension prepared using the optimized protocol. The reliability of the optimized protocol was assessed by comparing the single-cell RNA sequencing dataset obtained by the optimized protocol with published single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of the meniscus.

RESULTS

The optimized protocol harvested a greater number of cells (over 1×10⁵) than the routine protocols. The cell suspension prepared with the optimized protocol showed a cell viability higher than 80%, the highest among the 3 methods. Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing datasets showed that the ratio of the mitochondrial genes was below 20% in over 80% of the cells. CD34⁺ cells, MCAM⁺ cells and COL1A1⁺ cells were identified in the datasets. Comparison with the publish datasets showed that the optimized protocol was capable of harvesting COL3A1⁺, COL1A1⁺, MYLK⁺, BMP2⁺, CD93⁺ and CDK1⁺ cells.

CONCLUSION

Single-cell suspension prepared from the meniscus can be stably obtained using the optimized protocol for single-cell RNA sequencing using the 10× Genomics platform.

[Diagnostic issues of Whipple's disease during chronic inflammatory rheumatism: About three cases]

INTRODUCTION

Whipple's disease (WD) can mimic chronic inflammatory rheumatism leading to incorrect prescription of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFI). Several complicated cases of WD have been reported during TNFI treatment which is strongly suspected to modify the host-pathogen relationship. Tropheryma whipplei asymptomatic carriage is high in the general population, making the diagnosis of WD more difficult face to unexplained arthritis.

OBSERVATIONS

We report three observations that illustrate situations for which the detection of T. whipplei might be valuable to investigate the differential diagnosis of inflammatory rheumatism.

CONCLUSION

The decision to check for T. whipplei infection should rely on individual clinical assessment. It should be considered in the absence of clinical response or in case of worsening of an inflammatory rheumatism under TNFI treatment, especially in front of atypical features. A systematic screening for T. whipplei before anti-TNF treatment seems unjustified since asymptomatic carriers are frequent.

Bisphenol A Exposure Disrupts Enamel Formation via EZH2-Mediated H3K27me3

Enamel formation is a serial and complex biological process, during which related genes are expressed progressively in a spatiotemporal manner. This process is vulnerable to environmental cues, resulting in developmental defects of enamel (DDE). However, how environmental factors are biologically integrated during enamel formation is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mechanism of DDE elicited by a model endocrine-disrupting chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), in mouse incisors. We show that BPA exposure leads to DDE in mouse incisors, as well as excessive proliferation in dental epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Western blotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and immunofluorescence staining revealed that this effect was accompanied by upregulation of a repressive mark, H3K27me3, in the labial cervical loop of mouse incisors. Perturbation of H3K27me3 methyltransferase EZH2 repressed the level of H3K27me3 and partially attenuated the excessive proliferation in dental epithelial stem/progenitor cells and DDE induced by BPA exposure. Overall, our results demonstrate the essential role of repressive histone modification H3K27me3 in DDE elicited by exposure to an endocrine-disrupting chemical.

Engagement among physicians fighting COVID-19: the mediating role of autonomy

Background

Keeping and improving work engagement among physicians fighting COVID-19 is important to healthy medical systems. In line with the job demands-resources model, optimism was expected to positively relate with job resources, leading to higher work engagement. However, the underlying mechanism between optimism, autonomy and work engagement has not been explored.

Aims

To examine whether optimism has a positive impact on work engagement via autonomy among physicians fighting COVID-19 in China.

Methods

This study was conducted among physicians in March 2020. A convenience sample was used to recruit physicians from the Wuhan Leishenshan Hospital and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital. One hundred and four Chinese physicians working in the COVID-19 epidemic completed a survey measuring levels of autonomy, optimism and work engagement. The PROCESS macro (model 4) was used to test hypotheses about mediation.

Results

This current study found that optimism was related to increased autonomy, and autonomy was related to increased work engagement. The results of the bias-corrected bootstrap method suggested the indirect effect of optimism on work engagement via autonomy (Effect = 0.16, SE = 0.08, lower level confidence interval = 0.04, upper level confidence interval = 0.37), indicating a mediated relationship, in which autonomy is one mechanism to explain the link between optimism and increased work engagement.

Conclusions

This study follows an observational design, with in-depth analysis of the relationship between optimism, autonomy and work engagement. When management implements strategies to improve work engagement among physicians working in the COVID-19 epidemic, the mediating impact of autonomy on the association between optimism and work engagement should be considered.

Precision measurement of the neutral pion lifetime

The explicit breaking of the axial symmetry by quantum fluctuations gives rise to the so-called axial anomaly. This phenomenon is solely responsible for the decay of the neutral pion π⁰ into two photons (γγ), leading to its unusually short lifetime. We precisely measured the decay width Γ of the [Formula: see text] process. The differential cross sections for π⁰ photoproduction at forward angles were measured on two targets, carbon-12 and silicon-28, yielding [Formula: see text], where stat. denotes the statistical uncertainty and syst. the systematic uncertainty. We combined the results of this and an earlier experiment to generate a weighted average of [Formula: see text] Our final result has a total uncertainty of 1.50% and confirms the prediction based on the chiral anomaly in quantum chromodynamics.

Safety and tolerability of transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in children: Prospective single center evidence from 3.5 million stimulations

BACKGROUND

Non-invasive brain stimulation is being increasingly used to interrogate neurophysiology and modulate brain function. Despite the high scientific and therapeutic potential of non-invasive brain stimulation, experience in the developing brain has been limited.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the safety and tolerability of non-invasive neurostimulation in children across diverse modalities of stimulation and pediatric populations.

METHODS

A non-invasive brain stimulation program was established in 2008 at our pediatric, academic institution. Multi-disciplinary neurophysiological studies included single- and paired-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) methods. Motor mapping employed robotic TMS. Interventional trials included repetitive TMS (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Standardized safety and tolerability measures were completed prospectively by all participants.

RESULTS

Over 10 years, 384 children underwent brain stimulation (median 13 years, range 0.8-18.0). Populations included typical development (n = 118), perinatal stroke/cerebral palsy (n = 101), mild traumatic brain injury (n = 121) neuropsychiatric disorders (n = 37), and other (n = 7). No serious adverse events occurred. Drop-outs were rare (<1%). No seizures were reported despite >100 participants having brain injuries and/or epilepsy. Tolerability between single and paired-pulse TMS (542340 stimulations) and rTMS (3.0 million stimulations) was comparable and favourable. TMS-related headache was more common in perinatal stroke (40%) than healthy participants (13%) but was mild and self-limiting. Tolerability improved over time with side-effect frequency decreasing by >50%. Robotic TMS motor mapping was well-tolerated though neck pain was more common than with manual TMS (33% vs 3%). Across 612 tDCS sessions including 92 children, tolerability was favourable with mild itching/tingling reported in 37%.

CONCLUSIONS

Standard non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms are safe and well-tolerated in children and should be considered minimal risk. Advancement of applications in the developing brain are warranted. A new and improved pediatric NIBS safety and tolerability form is included.

A small proton charge radius from an electron-proton scattering experiment

Elastic electron-proton scattering (e-p) and the spectroscopy of hydrogen atoms are the two methods traditionally used to determine the proton charge radius, r_p. In 2010, a new method using muonic hydrogen atoms¹ found a substantial discrepancy compared with previous results², which became known as the 'proton radius puzzle'. Despite experimental and theoretical efforts, the puzzle remains unresolved. In fact, there is a discrepancy between the two most recent spectroscopic measurements conducted on ordinary hydrogen^3,4. Here we report on the proton charge radius experiment at Jefferson Laboratory (PRad), a high-precision e-p experiment that was established after the discrepancy was identified. We used a magnetic-spectrometer-free method along with a windowless hydrogen gas target, which overcame several limitations of previous e-p experiments and enabled measurements at very small forward-scattering angles. Our result, r_p = 0.831 ± 0.007_stat ± 0.012_syst femtometres, is smaller than the most recent high-precision e-p measurement⁵ and 2.7 standard deviations smaller than the average of all e-p experimental results⁶. The smaller r_p we have now measured supports the value found by two previous muonic hydrogen experiments^1,7. In addition, our finding agrees with the revised value (announced in 2019) for the Rydberg constant⁸-one of the most accurately evaluated fundamental constants in physics.

First Measurement of Near-Threshold J/ψ Exclusive Photoproduction off the Proton

We report on the measurement of the γp→J/ψp cross section from E_{γ}=11.8  GeV down to the threshold at 8.2 GeV using a tagged photon beam with the GlueX experiment. We find that the total cross section falls toward the threshold less steeply than expected from two-gluon exchange models. The differential cross section dσ/dt has an exponential slope of 1.67±0.39  GeV^{-2} at 10.7 GeV average energy. The LHCb pentaquark candidates P_{c}^{+} can be produced in the s channel of this reaction. We see no evidence for them and set model-dependent upper limits on their branching fractions B(P_{c}^{+}→J/ψp) and cross sections σ(γp→P_{c}^{+})×B(P_{c}^{+}→J/ψp).

The synergistic mechanism of NOx and chlorobenzene degradation in municipal solid waste incinerators

The development of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst that destroys both NO_x and chlorobenzene (CB) has drawn considerable interest for controlling emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators.

Synergistic Promotion Effect between NO x and Chlorobenzene Removal on MnO x-CeO2 Catalyst

Developing new technologies for the simultaneous removal of NO _x and dioxins from metallurgical facility and waste incinerator emissions remains challenging. Here, we present a new synergistic improvement effects of NO _x and chlorobenzene (CB) on the MnO _x-CeO₂ catalyst. CB promoted both the NO _x conversion and N₂ selectivity below 300 °C during the NO _x reduction process, in which the MnO _x-CeO₂ catalyst caused the undesired side reactions due to the over-oxidation of NH₃. Meanwhile, NO _x and NH₃ promoted the CB oxidation activity above 100 °C in the presence of O₂. On the basis of the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transforms and kinetic studies, the promotion was due to the separation of the MnO _x-CeO₂ catalyst into different temperature windows: NO _x reduction at 100-200 °C and CB oxidation at 200-300 °C. The side reactions mainly occurred above 200 °C, which is suppressed by the coverage and activation of CB on catalyst surface.

Extracellular matrix protein 1 promotes cell metastasis and glucose metabolism by inducing integrin β4/FAK/SOX2/HIF-1α signaling pathway in gastric cancer

Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is related to strong invasiveness and poor prognosis in major malignancies, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we aimed to elucidate the function of ECM1 on cell metastasis and glucose metabolism in gastric cancer (GC). The level of ECM1 in sera and tissues of patient with GC were positively correlated with tumor invasion and recurrence. Genetic manipulation of ECM1 expression affected cell metastasis and glucose metabolism in GC cell lines. Enhanced ECM1 expression facilitated gene expression levels associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and glucose metabolism. Interestingly, our results indicated that ECM1 directly interacted with integrin β4 (ITGB4) and activated ITGB4/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling pathway, which further induced the expression of transcription factor SOX2. Aberrant expression of SOX2 altered gene expression of EMT factors and glucose metabolism enzymes. Furthermore, SOX2 enhanced hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-1α) promoter activity to regulate glucose metabolism. The micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of xenograft model showed that ECM1 substantially increased ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in xenograft tumors. Using in vivo mouse tail vein injection experiments, ECM1 was also found to increase in lung surface metastasis. These findings provide evidence that ECM1 regulates GC cell metastasis and glucose metabolism by inducing ITGB4/FAK/SOX2/HIF-1α signal pathway and have important implications for the development of therapeutic target to prevent tumor metastasis and recurrence.

[Expression of ER and PR in the endometrium of patients with intrauterine adhesions]

Objective: To estimate the expression of ER and PR in the endometrium of both intrauterine adhesions (IUA) and non-IUA specimens. Methods: The endometrium specimens from patients undergoing hysteroscopy for confirmed moderate IUA (n=20: 10 in proliferative phase, and 10 in secretory phase) were enrolled as the IUA group in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from October 2014 to August 2015. The specimens scheduled for hysteroscopy due to infertility were recruited into the control group (n=26: 13 in proliferative phase, and 13 in secretory phase). Immunohistochemistry and quantificational real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of ER-α, ER-β and PR in endometrium with different menstrual period in both groups. Results: (1) Location: in both groups, the expression of ER-α, ER-β and PR appeared in the endometrial glandular epithelial cells and the stromal cells of the endometrium. The positive brown granules of ER-α, ER-β and PR appeared mainly in cell nucleus. (2) ER-α and ER-β in the endometrium: the protein expression of ER-α and ER-β in IUA group (proliferative phase: 0.657±0.028, 0.493±0.023; secretory phase: 0.537±0.020, 0.365±0.031) were significantly higher than those of control group (proliferative phase: 0.586±0.025, 0.437±0.022; secretory phase: 0.459±0.025, 0.323±0.017; all P<0.01). And the ER-α and ER-β mRNA expressions in IUA group were 2.524±0.296, 1.947±0.339, higher than those of control group in the proliferative phase (all P<0.01), and in the secretory phase (1.977±0.333, 1.345±0.292) were also higher than those in the control group (all P<0.01). (3) PR in the endometrium: the protein expression of PR was not significantly different between IUA group (proliferative phase: 0.248±0.025, secretory phase: 0.194±0.024) and control group (proliferative phase: 0.234±0.019, secretory phase: 0.186±0.020; P=0.162, 0.359). Meanwhile, there were no statistical differences in the mRNA expression of PR in both groups with different menstrual period (proliferative phase: 1.144±0.384 versus 0.981±0.306, secretory phase: 0.763±0.237 versus 0.631±0.203; P=0.270, 0.166). (4) ER and PR expression in menstrual cycles: the expression of ER-α, ER-β and PR in the IUA group changed with the menstrual cycles, and their expression in the proliferative phase were higher than those in the secretory phase (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The expression of ER-α and ER-β in the endometrium of IUA patients changes with menstrual cycle, and are higher compared with those in normal endometrium. No difference is found in the PR expression between the two groups.

Ontogeny of Hepatic Drug Transporters as Quantified by LC-MS/MS Proteomics

Protein expression of major hepatic uptake and efflux drug transporters in human pediatric (n = 69) and adult (n = 41) livers was quantified by liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Transporter protein expression of OCT1, OATP1B3, P-gp, and MRP3 was age-dependent. Particularly, significant differences were observed in transporter expression (P < 0.05) between the following age groups: neonates vs. adults (OCT1, OATP1B3, P-gp), neonates or infants vs. adolescents and/or adults (OCT1, OATP1B3, and P-gp), infants vs. children (OATP1B3 and P-gp), and adolescents vs. adults (MRP3). OCT1 showed the largest increase, of almost 5-fold, in protein expression with age. Ontogenic expression of OATP1B1 was confounded by genotype and was revealed only in livers harboring SLCO1B1*1A/*1A. In livers >1 year, tissues harboring SLCO1B1*14/*1A showed 2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05) protein expression than SLCO1B1*15/*1A. Integration of these ontogeny data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models will be a crucial step in predicting hepatic drug disposition in children.

Effects of miR-26a on the expression of Beclin 1 in retinoblastoma cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of miR-26a on Beclin 1 expression in retinoblastoma (RB) cell lines (Y79 and WERi-RB-1). RB cells were transfected with miR-26a mimic, antagomir-26a, or control mimic. The Beclin 1 mRNA and protein levels were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. The activity of Beclin 1 3ꞌ-UTR reporter gene was detected with the luciferase assay. After transfection with miR-26a mimic, Beclin 1 mRNA and protein levels as well as the activity of the 3'-UTR reporter gene decreased. However, all were increased upon inhibition of miR-26a with antagomir-26a. Beclin 1 is the target of miR-26a in human RB cell lines Y79 and WERi-RB-1, and miR-26a inhibits the expression of Beclin 1 by reducing its mRNA and protein levels.

Relationship between CYP17 gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer

Cytochrome P450 17a-hydroxylase (CYP17) plays a critical role in androgen biosynthesis. Polymorphisms of the CYP17 promoter have been proposed as risk factors for prostate cancer; however, some studies have produced inconclusive or controversial results. We investigated the relationship between polymorphisms of the CYP17 gene and the risk of prostate cancer. A total of 176 patients with prostate cancer were enrolled in the study, and 168 healthy individuals acted as the control group. The participants were divided into those <71 years old and those ≥71 years old. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the genotype of CYP17 in the samples. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were also measured in all subjects. When T/C and C/C were compared with T/T, the ORs were 0.478 (P = 0.489) and 0.814 (P = 0.367), respectively. There was no significant difference in PSA concentration among the three genotypes in the <71 group, whereas there were statistically significant differences in the ≥71 group (P = 0.003 and 0.012, respectively). There was no significant difference in free PSA and total PSA levels between the three groups and the control group. The T/C and C/C genotypes were not associated with the risk of prostate cancer, and there were no significant differences between them. In the ≥71 group, the T/C and C/C genotypes were closely associated with prostate cancer, which suggests that the CYP17 gene might be a risk factor for prostate cancer in males of advanced age.

Construction of a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line that stably expresses stathmin with a Ser25 phosphorylation site mutation

We constructed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells that stably express stathmin with a Ser25 phosphorylation site mutation (stathmin S25A). We used the polymerase chain reaction for site-directed mutagenesis, constructed a stathmin S25A plasmid, and verified the results by restriction enzyme cleavage and sequencing technology. Using the liposome transfection method, stathmin wild-type and S25A HCCLM6 cells were established, which were identified by western blotting. The sequencing report of the stathmin S25A plasmid showed that stathmin serine at position 25 had mutated into alanine. Stable cells transfected with stathmin wild-type and S25A plasmids were constructed. Using western blotting, we confirmed that the expression level of stathmin pS25 in the stathmin S25A cells was reduced than that in the stathmin wild-type and HCCLM6 control cells (P < 0.05). We constructed stathmin S25A HCCLM6 cells, which offer an experimental model for further investigation of the molecular mechanism of stathmin phosphorylation in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Metabolic targeting of oncogene MYC by selective activation of the proton-coupled monocarboxylate family of transporters

Deregulation of the MYC oncogene produces Myc protein that regulates multiple aspects of cancer cell metabolism, contributing to the acquisition of building blocks essential for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, disabling Myc function represents an attractive therapeutic option for cancer treatment. However, pharmacological strategies capable of directly targeting Myc remain elusive. Here, we identified that 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a drug candidate that primarily inhibits glycolysis, preferentially induced massive cell death in human cancer cells overexpressing the MYC oncogene, in vitro and in vivo, without appreciable effects on those exhibiting low MYC levels. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of glutamine metabolism synergistically potentiated the synthetic lethal targeting of MYC by 3-BrPA due in part to the metabolic disturbance caused by this combination. Mechanistically, we identified that the proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and MCT2, which enable efficient 3-BrPA uptake by cancer cells, were selectively activated by Myc. Two regulatory mechanisms were involved: first, Myc directly activated MCT1 and MCT2 transcription by binding to specific recognition sites of both genes; second, Myc transcriptionally repressed miR29a and miR29c, resulting in enhanced expression of their target protein MCT1. Of note, expressions of MCT1 and MCT2 were each significantly elevated in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas and C-MYC-overexpressing lymphomas than in tumors without MYC overexpression, correlating with poor prognosis and unfavorable patient survival. These results identify a novel mechanism by which Myc sensitizes cells to metabolic inhibitors and validate 3-BrPA as potential Myc-selective cancer therapeutics.