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Lundquist JT, Harnish DC, Kim CY, Mehlmann JF, Unwalla RJ, Phipps KM, Crawley ML, Commons T, Green DM, Xu W, Hum WT, Eta JE, Feingold I, Patel V, Evans MJ, Lai K, Borges-Marcucci L, Mahaney PE, Wrobel JE. Improvement of physiochemical properties of the tetrahydroazepinoindole series of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: beneficial modulation of lipids in primates. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1774-87. [PMID: 20095622 DOI: 10.1021/jm901650u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop orally active farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, a series of tetrahydroazepinoindoles with appended solubilizing amine functionalities were synthesized. The crystal structure of the previously disclosed FXR agonist, 1 (FXR-450), aided in the design of compounds with tethered solubilizing functionalities designed to reach the solvent cavity around the hFXR receptor. These compounds were soluble in 0.5% methylcellulose/2% Tween-80 in water (MC/T) for oral administration. In vitro and in vivo optimization led to the identification of 14dd and 14cc, which in a dose-dependent fashion regulated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice. Compound 14cc was dosed in female rhesus monkeys for 4 weeks at 60 mg/kg daily in MC/T vehicle. After 7 days, triglyceride (TG) levels and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) levels were significantly decreased and LDLc was decreased 63%. These data are the first to demonstrate the dramatic lowering of serum LDLc levels by a FXR agonist in primates and supports the potential utility of 14cc in treating dyslipidemia in humans beyond just TG lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Lundquist
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Evans MJ, Mahaney PE, Borges-Marcucci L, Lai K, Wang S, Krueger JA, Gardell SJ, Huard C, Martinez R, Vlasuk GP, Harnish DC. A synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist promotes cholesterol lowering in models of dyslipidemia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G543-52. [PMID: 19136377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90585.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in the regulation of bile acid, triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol homeostasis. WAY-362450 (FXR-450/XL335) is a potent synthetic FXR agonist as characterized in luciferase reporter assays and in mediating FXR target gene regulation in primary human and immortalized mouse hepatocytes. In vivo, WAY-362450 dose dependently decreased serum TG levels after 7 days of oral dosing in western diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-/- mice and in the diabetic mouse strains KK-Ay and db/db comparable to that achieved with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha agonist, fenofibrate. WAY-362450 treatment also reduced serum cholesterol levels via reductions in LDLc, VLDLc, and HDLc lipoprotein fractions that were not accompanied by hepatic cholesterol accumulation. This cholesterol lowering was dependent on FXR as demonstrated in a hypothyroid-induced hypercholesterolemia setting in FXR-/- mice. In fructose-fed models, WAY-362450 also decreased TG and VLDLc levels in rats and hamsters but significantly increased HDLc levels in rats while reducing HDLc levels in hamsters. The differential effect of WAY-362450 on HDLc is likely due to a murine-specific induction of endothelial lipase and scavenger receptor-BI that does not occur in rats. These studies demonstrate a consistent ability of WAY-362450 to lower both serum TG and cholesterol levels and suggest that synthetic FXR agonists may have clinical utility in the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Caggiano TJ, Brazzale A, Ho DM, Kraml CM, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Borges-Marcucci L, Eckert A, Keith JC, Kenney T, Harnish DC. Estrogen Receptor Dependent Inhibitors of NF-κB Transcriptional Activation-1 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Substituted 2-Cyanopropanoic Acid Derivatives: Pathway Selective Inhibitors of NF-κB, a Potential Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5245-8. [PMID: 17902637 DOI: 10.1021/jm701013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathway selective ligands of the estrogen receptor inhibit transcriptional activation of proinflammatory genes mediated by NF-kappaB. Substituted 2-cyanopropanoic acid derivatives were developed leading to the discovery of WAY-204688, an orally active, pathway selective, estrogen receptor dependent anti-inflammatory agent. This propanamide was shown to be orally active in preclinical models of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, without the proliferative effect associated with traditional estrogens.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antirheumatic Agents/chemistry
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Cell Line
- Creatine Kinase/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/physiology
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/physiology
- Humans
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy
- Luciferases/genetics
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/biosynthesis
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Nitriles/chemical synthesis
- Nitriles/chemistry
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Propionates/chemical synthesis
- Propionates/chemistry
- Propionates/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Caggiano
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-8000, USA.
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Evans M, Mahaney P, Hartman H, Borges-Marcucci L, Huard C, Lai K, Martinez R, Wang S, Harnish D. PO4-97 ACTIVATION OF FARNESOID X RECEPTOR (FXR) PROTECTS AGAINST DIET-INDUCED DYSLIPIDEMIA. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(07)71107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Steffan RJ, Matelan E, Ashwell MA, Moore WJ, Solvibile WR, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Kenney T, Winneker RC, Eckert A, Borges-Marcucci L, Adelman SJ, Xu Z, Mosyak L, Harnish DC. Control of chronic inflammation with pathway selective estrogen receptor ligands. Curr Top Med Chem 2006; 6:103-11. [PMID: 16454762 DOI: 10.2174/156802606775270279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel intervention points in the inflammatory pathway has been a focus of drug development in recent years. We have identified pathway selective ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER) that inhibit NF-kappaB mediated inflammatory gene expression causing a reduction of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes. SAR development of a series of 4-(Indazol-3-yl)-phenols has led to the identification of WAY-169916 an orally active non-steroidal ligand with the potential use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases without the classical proliferative effects associated with non-selective estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Steffan
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Borges-Marcucci L, Heayn M, Harnish D. Tu-P8:326 Estrogen receptor signalling antagonizes farnesoid X receptor transcriptional activity and triglyceride regulation. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(06)81029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Keith JC, Albert LM, Leathurby Y, Follettie M, Wang L, Borges-Marcucci L, Chadwick CC, Steffan RJ, Harnish DC. The utility of pathway selective estrogen receptor ligands that inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B transcriptional activity in models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R427-38. [PMID: 15899029 PMCID: PMC1174937 DOI: 10.1186/ar1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that produces synovial proliferation and joint erosions. The pathologic lesions of RA are driven through the production of inflammatory mediators in the synovium mediated, in part, by the transcription factor NF-κB. We have identified a non-steroidal estrogen receptor ligand, WAY-169916, that selectively inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity but is devoid of conventional estrogenic activity. The activity of WAY-169916 was monitored in two models of arthritis, the HLA-B27 transgenic rat and the Lewis rat adjuvant-induced model, after daily oral administration. In both models, a near complete reversal in hindpaw scores was observed as well as marked improvements in the histological scores. In the Lewis rat adjuvant model, WAY-169916 markedly suppresses the adjuvant induction of three serum acute phase proteins: haptoglobin, α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Gene expression experiments also demonstrate a global suppression of adjuvant-induced gene expression in the spleen, liver, and popliteal lymph nodes. Finally, WAY-169916 was effective in suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated inflammatory gene expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from patients with RA. Together, these data suggest the utility of WAY-169916, and other compounds in its class, in treating RA through global suppression of inflammation via selective blockade of NF-κB transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Keith
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leo M Albert
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yelena Leathurby
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Max Follettie
- Department Biological Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Department Biological Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas C Harnish
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Matelan E, Borges-Marcucci L, Eckert AM, Keith JC, Albert LM, Leathurby Y, Harris HA, Bhat RA, Ashwell M, Trybulski E, Winneker RC, Adelman SJ, Steffan RJ, Harnish DC. Identification of pathway-selective estrogen receptor ligands that inhibit NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2543-8. [PMID: 15699342 PMCID: PMC548967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405841102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is now recognized as a key component in a number of diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The transcription factor NF-kappaB has been shown to be involved in both the early and late stages of the inflammatory-proliferative process. In this report, we describe the identification of the pathway-selective estrogen receptor (ER) ligand, WAY-169916, that inhibits NF-kappaB transcriptional activity but is devoid of conventional estrogenic activity. This pathway-selective ligand does not promote the classic actions of estrogens such as stimulation of uterine proliferation or ER-mediated gene expression, but is a potent antiinflammatory agent, as demonstrated in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Our results indicate the potential utility of pathway-selective ER ligands such as WAY-169916 in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Chadwick
- Women's Health Research Institute and Departmens of Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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Steffan RJ, Matelan E, Ashwell MA, Moore WJ, Solvibile WR, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Kenney T, Eckert A, Borges-Marcucci L, Keith JC, Xu Z, Mosyak L, Harnish DC. Synthesis and activity of substituted 4-(indazol-3-yl)phenols as pathway-selective estrogen receptor ligands useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6435-8. [PMID: 15588074 DOI: 10.1021/jm049194+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathway-selective ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER) inhibit NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory gene expression causing a reduction of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. SAR development of a series of 4-(indazol-3-yl)phenols has led to the identification of WAY-169916 an orally active nonsteroidal ligand with the potential use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis without the classical proliferative effects associated with estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Steffan
- Chemical and Screening Sciences and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Diseases, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Steffan RJ, Matelan E, Ashwell MA, Moore WJ, Solvibile WR, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Kenney T, Eckert A, Borges-Marcucci L, Keith JC, Xu Z, Mosyak L, Harnish DC. Synthesis and activity of substituted 4-(indazol-3-yl)phenols as pathway-selective estrogen receptor ligands useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Med Chem 2004. [PMID: 15588074 DOI: 10.1021/jm049194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathway-selective ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER) inhibit NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory gene expression causing a reduction of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. SAR development of a series of 4-(indazol-3-yl)phenols has led to the identification of WAY-169916 an orally active nonsteroidal ligand with the potential use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis without the classical proliferative effects associated with estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Steffan
- Chemical and Screening Sciences and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Diseases, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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