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Swainson LA, Sharma AA, Ghneim K, Ribeiro SP, Wilkinson P, Dunham RM, Albright RG, Wong S, Estes JD, Piatak M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Sekaly RP, McCune JM. IFN-α blockade during ART-treated SIV infection lowers tissue vDNA, rescues immune function, and improves overall health. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153046. [PMID: 35104248 PMCID: PMC8983135 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs (TI-IFNs) drive immune effector functions during acute viral infections and regulate cell cycling and systemic metabolism. That said, chronic TI-IFN signaling in the context of HIV infection treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) also facilitates viral persistence, in part by promoting immunosuppressive responses and CD8+ T cell exhaustion. To determine whether inhibition of IFN-α might provide benefit in the setting of chronic, ART-treated SIV infection of rhesus macaques, we administered an anti-IFN-α antibody followed by an analytical treatment interruption (ATI). IFN-α blockade was well-tolerated and associated with lower expression of TI-IFN-inducible genes (including those that are antiviral) and reduced tissue viral DNA (vDNA). The reduction in vDNA was further accompanied by higher innate proinflammatory plasma cytokines, expression of monocyte activation genes, IL-12-induced effector CD8+ T cell genes, increased heme/metabolic activity, and lower plasma TGF-β levels. Upon ATI, SIV-infected, ART-suppressed nonhuman primates treated with anti-IFN-α displayed lower levels of weight loss and improved erythroid function relative to untreated controls. Overall, these data demonstrated that IFN-α blockade during ART-treated SIV infection was safe and associated with the induction of immune/erythroid pathways that reduced viral persistence during ART while mitigating the weight loss and anemia that typically ensue after ART interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard M. Dunham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca G. Albright
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samson Wong
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,HIV Frontiers/Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Swainson LA, Ahn H, Pajanirassa P, Khetarpal V, Deleage C, Estes JD, Hunt PW, Munoz-Sanjuan I, McCune JM. Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibition during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Lowers PD-1 Expression and Improves Post-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy CD4 + T Cell Counts and Body Weight. J Immunol 2019; 203:899-910. [PMID: 31285277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a key regulator of many important physiological processes and plays a harmful role in cancer, many neurologic conditions, and chronic viral infections. In HIV infection, KP activity is consistently associated with reduced CD4 T cell counts and elevated levels of T cell activation and viral load; it also independently predicts mortality and morbidity from non-AIDS events. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is a therapeutically important target in the KP. Using the nonhuman primate model of SIV infection in rhesus macaques, we investigated whether KMO inhibition could slow the course of disease progression. We used a KMO inhibitor, CHDI-340246, to perturb the KP during early acute infection and followed the animals for 1 y to assess clinical outcomes and immune phenotype and function during pre-combination antiretroviral therapy acute infection and combination antiretroviral therapy-treated chronic infection. Inhibition of KMO in acute SIV infection disrupted the KP and prevented SIV-induced increases in downstream metabolites, improving clinical outcome as measured by both increased CD4+ T cell counts and body weight. KMO inhibition increased naive T cell frequency and lowered PD-1 expression in naive and memory T cell subsets. Importantly, early PD-1 expression during acute SIV infection predicted clinical outcomes of body weight and CD4+ T cell counts. Our data indicate that KMO inhibition in early acute SIV infection provides clinical benefit and suggest a rationale for testing KMO inhibition as an adjunctive treatment in SIV/HIV infection to slow the progression of the disease and improve immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
| | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Priya Pajanirassa
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | | | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
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Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Swainson LA, Chu SN, Ortiz AM, Santee CA, Petriello A, Dunham RM, Fadrosh DW, Lin DL, Faruqi AA, Huang Y, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Hecht FM, Pilcher CD, Klatt NR, Brenchley JM, Lynch SV, McCune JM. Gut-Resident Lactobacillus Abundance Associates with IDO1 Inhibition and Th17 Dynamics in SIV-Infected Macaques. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1589-97. [PMID: 26586432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes can profoundly modulate mucosal barrier-promoting Th17 cells in mammals. A salient feature of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunopathogenesis is the loss of Th17 cells, which has been linked to increased activity of the immunomodulatory enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO 1). The role of gut microbes in this system remains unknown, and the SIV-infected rhesus macaque provides a well-described model for HIV-associated Th17 loss and mucosal immune disruption. We observed a specific depletion of gut-resident Lactobacillus during acute and chronic SIV infection of rhesus macaques, which was also seen in early HIV-infected humans. This depletion in rhesus macaques correlated with increased IDO1 activity and Th17 loss. Macaques supplemented with a Lactobacillus-containing probiotic exhibited decreased IDO1 activity during chronic SIV infection. We propose that Lactobacillus species inhibit mammalian IDO1 and thus may help to preserve Th17 cells during pathogenic SIV infection, providing support for Lactobacillus species as modulators of mucosal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louise A Swainson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Simon N Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Joint Medical Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair and Immunopathogenesis Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clark A Santee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Annalise Petriello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Dunham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Douglas W Fadrosh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ali A Faruqi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher D Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair and Immunopathogenesis Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Bajpai UD, Swainson LA, Mold JE, Graf JD, Imboden JB, McCune JM. A functional variant in FCRL3 is associated with higher Fc receptor-like 3 expression on T cell subsets and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2451-9. [PMID: 22392608 DOI: 10.1002/art.34457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells suppress effector T cells and prevent autoimmune disease. Treg cell function is deficient in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a loss which may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. We previously showed that a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the FCRL3 gene led to higher expression of Fc receptor-like 3 (FcRL3) on Treg cells and that FcRL3+ Treg cells are functionally deficient in comparison to FcRL3- Treg cells. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential role of FcRL3 in RA. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the FCRL3 -169 genotype and FcRL3 expression on T cell subsets, including Treg cells, in peripheral blood samples from 51 patients with RA enrolled in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) RA Cohort. Clinical data were obtained from the UCSF RA Cohort database. RESULTS Patients with the FCRL3 -169C allele (genotype C/C or C/T) expressed higher levels of FcRL3 on Treg cells, and on CD8+ and γ/δ T cells, in comparison to RA patients with the T/T genotype. Higher FcRL3 expression on these T cell subpopulations correlated with RA disease activity in patients harboring the FCRL3 -169C allele. Furthermore, FcRL3 expression on Treg cells was higher in patients with erosive RA, and the FCRL3 -169C allele was overrepresented in patients with erosive RA. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that FcRL3 expression, which is strongly associated with the presence of the FCRL3 -169C allele, may serve as a biomarker for RA disease activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alleles
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Swainson LA, Mold JE, Bajpai UD, McCune JM. Expression of the autoimmune susceptibility gene FcRL3 on human regulatory T cells is associated with dysfunction and high levels of programmed cell death-1. J Immunol 2010; 184:3639-47. [PMID: 20190142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) play a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance and inhibiting autoimmune disease. Despite being a major focus of modern immunological investigation, many aspects of T(reg) biology remain unknown. In a screen for novel candidate genes involved in human T(reg) function, we detected the expression of an autoimmune susceptibility gene, FcRL3, in T(reg) but not in conventional CD4(+) T cells. FcRL3 is an orphan receptor of unknown function with structural homology to classical Fc receptors. Numerous genetic studies have demonstrated a link between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the FCRL3 promoter and both overexpression of FcRL3 and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Given the critical role of T(reg) in suppressing autoimmunity, we sought to ascertain how expression of FcRL3 relates to the phenotype, differentiation, and function of T(reg). We show in this study that FcRL3 is expressed on a population of thymically derived T(reg) that exhibits a memory phenotype and high levels of programmed cell death-1. Purified FcRL3(+) T(reg) are less responsive to antigenic stimulation in the presence of IL-2 than their FcRL3(-) counterparts, despite intact proximal and distal IL-2 signaling as determined by phosphorylation of Stat-5 and upregulation of Bcl2. In vitro suppression assays demonstrated that FcRL3(+) T(reg) have reduced capacity to suppress the proliferation of effector T cells. These data suggest that FcRL3 expression is associated with T(reg) dysfunction that may, in turn, contribute to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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