1
|
Jiao GS, Cregar L, Wang J, Millis SZ, Tang C, O'Malley S, Johnson AT, Sareth S, Larson J, Thomas G. Synthetic small molecule furin inhibitors derived from 2,5-dideoxystreptamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19707-12. [PMID: 17179036 PMCID: PMC1750872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606555104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Furin plays a crucial role in embryogenesis and homeostasis and in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and viral and bacterial infections. Thus, inhibition of furin may provide a feasible and promising approach for therapeutic intervention of furin-mediated disease mechanisms. Here, we report on a class of small molecule furin inhibitors based on 2,5-dideoxystreptamine. Derivatization of 2,5-dideoxystreptamine by the addition of guanidinylated aryl groups yielded a set of furin inhibitors with nanomolar range potency against furin when assayed in a biochemical cleavage assay. Moreover, a subset of these furin inhibitors protected RAW 264.7 macrophage cells from toxicity caused by furin-dependent processing of anthrax protective antigen. These inhibitors were found to behave as competitive inhibitors of furin and to be relatively specific for furin. Molecular modeling revealed that these inhibitors may target the active site of furin as they showed site occupancy similar to the alkylating inhibitor decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-CH(2)Cl. The compounds presented here are bona fide synthetic small molecule furin inhibitors that exhibit potency in the nanomolar range, suggesting that they may serve as valuable tools for studying furin action and potential therapeutics agents for furin-dependent diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Sheng Jiao
- Departments of Chemistry, PanThera Biopharma LLC, 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 136, Aiea, HI 96701, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiao GS, Simo O, Nagata M, O'Malley S, Hemscheidt T, Cregar L, Millis SZ, Goldman ME, Tang C. Selectively guanidinylated derivatives of neamine. Syntheses and inhibition of anthrax lethal factor protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5183-9. [PMID: 16870442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono-, di-, and tri-guanidinylated derivatives of neamine were prepared via selective guanidinylation of neamine. These molecules represent a novel scaffold as inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor zinc metalloprotease. Methods for the synthesis of these compounds are described, and structure-activity relationships among the series are analyzed. In addition, initial findings regarding the mechanism of LF inhibition for these molecules are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Sheng Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr., Suite 200, Aiea, 96701, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
We report a detailed kinetic investigation of the aminoglycosides neomycin B and neamine as inhibitors of the lethal factor protease from Bacillus anthracis. Both inhibitors display a mixed-type, noncompetitive kinetic pattern, which suggests the existence of multiple enzyme-inhibitor binding sites or the involvement of multiple structural binding modes at the same site. Quantitative analysis of the ionic strength effects by using the Debye-Hückel model revealed that the average interionic distance at the point of enzyme-inhibitor attachment is likely to be extremely short, which suggests specific, rather than nonspecific, binding. Only one ion pair seems to be involved in the binding process, which suggests the presence of a single binding site. Combining the results of our substrate competition studies with the ionic strength effects on the apparent inhibition constant, we propose that aminoglycoside inhibitors, such as neomycin B, bind to the lethal factor protease from B. anthracis in two different structural orientations. These results have important implications for the rational design of lethal factor protease inhibitors as possible therapeutic agents against anthrax. The strategies and methods we describe are general and can be employed to investigate in depth the mechanism of inhibition by other bioactive compounds.
Collapse
|
4
|
Goldman ME, Cregar L, Nguyen D, Simo O, O'Malley S, Humphreys T. Cationic polyamines inhibit anthrax lethal factor protease. BMC Pharmacol 2006; 6:8. [PMID: 16762077 PMCID: PMC1513218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthrax is a human disease that results from infection by the bacteria, Bacillus anthracis and has recently been used as a bioterrorist agent. Historically, this disease was associated with Bacillus spore exposure from wool or animal carcasses. While current vaccine approaches (targeted against the protective antigen) are effective for prophylaxis, multiple doses must be injected. Common antibiotics that block the germination process are effective but must be administered early in the infection cycle. In addition, new therapeutics are needed to specifically target the proteolytic activity of lethal factor (LF) associated with this bacterial infection. Results Using a fluorescence-based assay to identify and characterize inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor protease activity, we identified several chemically-distinct classes of inhibitory molecules including polyamines, aminoglycosides and cationic peptides. In these studies, spermine was demonstrated for the first time to inhibit anthrax LF with a Ki value of 0.9 ± 0.09 μM (mean ± SEM; n = 3). Additional linear polyamines were also active as LF inhibitors with lower potencies. Conclusion Based upon the studies reported herein, we chose linear polyamines related to spermine as potential lead optimization candidates and additional testing in cell-based models where cell penetration could be studied. During our screening process, we reproducibly demonstrated that the potencies of certain compounds, including neomycin but not neamine or spermine, were different depending upon the presence or absence of nucleic acids. Differential sensitivity to the presence/absence of nucleic acids may be an additional point to consider when comparing various classes of active compounds for lead optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne Cregar
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr., Aiea, HI 96701, USA
| | - Dominique Nguyen
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr., Aiea, HI 96701, USA
| | - Ondrej Simo
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr., Aiea, HI 96701, USA
| | - Sean O'Malley
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr., Aiea, HI 96701, USA
| | - Tom Humphreys
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr., Aiea, HI 96701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Young WB, Sprengeler P, Shrader WD, Li Y, Rai R, Verner E, Jenkins T, Fatheree P, Kolesnikov A, Janc JW, Cregar L, Elrod K, Katz B. Generation of potent coagulation protease inhibitors utilizing zinc-mediated chelation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:710-3. [PMID: 16257204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of coagulation proteases such as thrombin, fXa, and fVIIa has been a focus of ongoing research to produce safe and effective antithrombotic agents. Herein, we describe a unique zinc-mediated chelation strategy to streamline the discovery of potent inhibitors of fIIa, fXa, and fVIIa. SAR studies that led to the development of selective inhibitors of fXa will also be detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Young
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiao GS, Cregar L, Goldman ME, Millis SZ, Tang C. Guanidinylated 2,5-dideoxystreptamine derivatives as anthrax lethal factor inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1527-31. [PMID: 16386899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax lethal factor is a Zn(2+)-dependent metalloprotease and the key virulence factor of tripartite anthrax toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. A series of guanidinylated 2,5-dideoxystreptamine derivatives were designed and synthesized as inhibitors of lethal factor, some of which show strong inhibitory activity against lethal factor in an in vitro FRET assay. Preparation and structure-activity relationships of these compounds are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Sheng Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Hawaii Biotech Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, HI 96701, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Young WB, Kolesnikov A, Rai R, Sprengeler PA, Leahy EM, Shrader WD, Sangalang J, Burgess-Henry J, Spencer J, Elrod K, Cregar L. Optimization of a screening lead for factor VIIa/TF. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2253-6. [PMID: 11527709 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure-based design and progression of a screening lead to a 3nM factor VIIa/TF inhibitor with improved selectivity versus related enzymes is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W B Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 385 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rai R, Kolesnikov A, Li Y, Young WB, Leahy E, Sprengeler PA, Verner E, Shrader WD, Burgess-Henry J, Sangalang JC, Allen D, Chen X, Katz BA, Luong C, Elrod K, Cregar L. Development of potent and selective factor Xa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1797-800. [PMID: 11459634 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of factor Xa is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Structural Chemistry and Enzymology, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 385 Oyster Point Blvd., 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dener JM, Rice KD, Newcomb WS, Wang VR, Young WB, Gangloff AR, Kuo EY, Cregar L, Putnam D, Wong M. Dibasic inhibitors of human mast cell tryptase. Part 3: identification of a series of potent and selective inhibitors containing the benzamidine functionality. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1629-33. [PMID: 11425524 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A survey of charged groups and linkers for a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical dibasic inhibitors is described, leading to several classes of potent and selective inhibitors. In particular, the benzamidine functionality was identified as the most potent charged group investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Dener
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 180 Kimball Way, South 94080, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rice KD, Wang VR, Gangloff AR, Kuo EY, Dener JM, Newcomb WS, Young WB, Putnam D, Cregar L, Wong M, Simpson PJ. Dibasic inhibitors of human mast cell tryptase. Part 2: structure-activity relationships and requirements for potent activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2361-6. [PMID: 11055356 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Detailed structure activity relationships (SARs) for a series of dibasic human tryptase inhibitors are presented. The structural requirements for potent inhibitory activity are remarkably broad with a range of core template modifications being well tolerated. Optimized inhibitors demonstrate potent anti-asthmatic activity in a sheep model of allergic asthma. APC-2059, a dibasic tryptase inhibitor with subnanomolar activity, has been advanced to phase II clinical trials for the treatment of both psoriasis and ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Rice
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rice KD, Gangloff AR, Kuo EY, Dener JM, Wang VR, Lum R, Newcomb WS, Havel C, Putnam D, Cregar L, Wong M, Warne RL. Dibasic inhibitors of human mast cell tryptase. Part 1: synthesis and optimization of a novel class of inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2357-60. [PMID: 11055355 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optimization of a novel class of reversible and active-site directed dibasic inhibitors of human mast cell tryptase are described. The compounds were shown to be both remarkably potent and selective for tryptase with Ki values for optimized inhibitors in the picomolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Rice
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an important component of the neutrophil response to microbial infection. In this paper we report an additional activity of MPO, the potent and selective inhibition of human mast cell tryptase. MPO inhibits human mast cell tryptase in a time-dependent manner with an IC50 of 16 nM at 1 h. In contrast, MPO does not inhibit trypsin, thrombin, plasmin, factor Xa, elastase, or cathepsin G. It is the native protein conformation of MPO and not its enzyme activity that is responsible for tryptase inhibition. Heparin, at high concentrations, can prevent the inhibition of tryptase by MPO. We have shown by size-exclusion chromatography that MPO promotes the dissociation of active tryptase tetramer to inactive monomer. These data suggest that MPO inhibits tryptase by interfering with the heparin stabilization of tryptase tetramer. We have previously shown that lactoferrin (another neutrophil-associated protein) also inhibits tryptase activity by a similar mechanism. The finding that MPO is a potent inhibitor of tryptase lends further support to the hypothesis that neutrophil proteins, such as MPO and lactoferrin, may play a regulatory role as endogenous suppressers of tryptase enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cregar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Enzymology, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The incorporation of [15N]glutamic acid into glutathione was studied in primary cultures of astrocytes. Turnover of the intracellular glutathione pool was rapid, attaining a steady state value of 30.0 atom% excess in 180 min. The intracellular glutathione concentration was high (20-40 nmol/mg protein) and the tripeptide was released rapidly into the incubation medium. Although labeling of glutathione (atom% excess) with [15N]glutamate occurred rapidly, little accumulation of 15N in glutathione was noted during the incubation compared with 15N in aspartate, glutamine, and alanine. Glutathione turnover was stimulated by incubating the astrocytes with diethylmaleate, an electrophile that caused a partial depletion of the glutathione pool(s). Diethylmaleate treatment also was associated with significant reductions of intraastrocytic glutamate, glycine, and cysteine, i.e., the constituents of glutathione. Glutathione synthesis could be stimulated by supplementing the steady-state incubation medium with 0.05 mM L-cysteine, such treatment again partially depleting intraastrocytic glutamate and causing significant reductions of 15N labeling of both alanine and glutamine, suggesting that glutamate had been diverted from the synthesis of these amino acids and toward the formation of glutathione. The current study underscores both the intensity of glutathione turnover in astrocytes and the relationship of this turnover to the metabolism of glutamate and other amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yudkoff
- Division of Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|