AmelHap: Leveraging drone whole-genome sequence data to create a honey bee HapMap

Honey bee, Apis mellifera, drones are typically haploid, developing from an unfertilized egg, inheriting only their queen's alleles and none from the many drones she mated with. Thus the ordered combination or 'phase' of alleles is known, making drones a valuable haplotype resource. We collated whole-genome sequence data for 1,407 drones, including 45 newly sequenced Scottish drones, collectively representing 19 countries, 8 subspecies and various hybrids. Following alignment to Amel_HAv3.1, variant calling and quality filtering, we retained 17.4 M high quality variants across 1,328 samples with a genotyping rate of 98.7%. We demonstrate the utility of this haplotype resource, AmelHap, for genotype imputation, returning >95% concordance when up to 61% of data is missing in haploids and up to 12% of data is missing in diploids. AmelHap will serve as a useful resource for the community for imputation from low-depth sequencing or SNP chip data, accurate phasing of diploids for association studies, and as a comprehensive reference panel for population genetic and evolutionary analyses.

A-21 Inhibition of Overlearned Verbal Responses and Quantity of Speech Among Age Cohorts

Objective

Off-topic speech (OTS) has been linked with deficits in executive functioning, and specifically inhibition. OTS research has focused primarily on tangentiality, whereas in this study we focused on quantity of speech. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between inhibition of overlearned responses using a Stroop task and quantity of speech.

Method

A college sample of young adults (n = 63; age 18-28) and healthy, community-dwelling older adults (n = 76; age 60-99) completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Systems (D-KEFS) Color-Word Interference Test and provided a verbal sample in which they recounted a procedural memory and an episodic memory. These samples were transcribed and rated for quantity of speech by three independent judges.

Results

Among all participants, longer time to complete color naming (r = -.21, p = .02) and inhibition (r = -.21, p = .01) was associated with lower quantity of speech on procedural memory. Among young adults, longer time to complete inhibition was associated with lower quantity of speech (r = -.26, p = .04). Among older adults, longer time to complete color naming (r = -.32, p = .005), word reading (r = -.27, p = .02), and inhibition (r = -.35, p = .002) was associated with lower quantity of speech. No relationships were found between performance on Stroop conditions and quantity of speech for episodic memory.

Conclusions

Results suggest that among both age cohorts, difficulty inhibiting overlearned verbal responses is associated with lower quantity of speech regarding a procedural memory but not an episodic memory.

A-13 Sustained Attention, Impulsivity, and Tangentiality of Speech Among Young Adults and Older Adults

Objective

Previous research has linked off-topic verbosity (OTV) among older adults with lower performance on neuropsychological tests tapping attention and executive functioning. However, most of this research has utilized relatively brief neurocognitive measures. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) measure sustained attention and impulsivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between sustained attention, impulsivity, and tangentiality of speech among young adults and older adults.

Method

Young adult college students (age 18-29; n= 61) and healthy, community-dwelling older adults (age 60-99; n = 81) were administered the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – 3 and provided a sample of speech (one episodic memory and one procedural memory). These speech samples were transcribed and rated for tangentiality by three independent reviewers.

Results

Among all participants, greater tangentiality of speech was associated with omission errors (r = .22, p = .01) but not with commission errors. This same pattern was found among older adults: omission errors (r = .23, p = .04) were associated with greater tangentiality but commission errors were not. Among young adults, these relationships were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Results suggest that tangentiality of speech is associated with inattentiveness but not impulsivity, and this relationship may be more marked among older adults than young adults. OTV among older adults may stem from difficulty sustaining attention over time rather than diminished capacity for inhibiting impulses.

Therapist Reports of EBP Client Engagement Challenges in Sessions with Diverse Youth and Families in Community Mental Health Settings

BACKGROUND

The implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in community settings appears to result in reduced benefit relative to controlled trials. This difference in outcomes may be attributable in part to engagement challenges therapists encounter when delivering EBPs to low-income ethnic minority youth and families.

OBJECTIVE

The current study sought to identify therapist, client, and session characteristics associated with therapist-reported engagement challenges in therapy sessions, as well the associations between two types of client engagement challenges and therapists' self-reported ability to deliver the EBP in sessions within a system-driven implementation in public children's mental health services.

METHOD

One hundred and three therapists reported on two types of engagement challenges-Limited Client Engagement and Expressed Client Concerns-in 702 sessions with 274 clients.

RESULTS

Results indicated that therapists reported a higher frequency of Limited Client Engagement in sessions with male clients and in sessions where the youth was present, and by therapists with smaller caseloads. No variables significantly predicted Expressed Client Concerns. Both types of engagement challenges were negatively associated with therapists' report of their ability to carry out intended activities in the same session.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that therapists may benefit from learning strategies to address these two distinct types of engagement challenges encountered in implementation of EBPs with diverse families in community settings.

Jupiter's Mesoscale Waves Observed at 5 μm by Ground-based Observations and Juno JIRAM

We characterize the origin and evolution of a mesoscale wave pattern in Jupiter's North Equatorial Belt (NEB), detected for the first time at 5 μm using a 2016-17 campaign of "lucky imaging" from the VISIR instrument on the Very Large Telescope and the NIRI instrument on the Gemini observatory, coupled with M-band imaging from Juno's JIRAM instrument during the first seven Juno orbits. The wave is compact, with a 1°.1-1°.4 longitude wavelength (wavelength 1300-1600 km, wavenumber 260-330) that is stable over time, with wave crests aligned largely north-south between 14°N and 17°N (planetographic). The waves were initially identified in small (10° longitude) packets immediately west of cyclones in the NEB at 16°N but extended to span wider longitude ranges over time. The waves exhibit a 7-10 K brightness temperature amplitude on top of an ∼210 K background at 5 μm. The thermal structure of the NEB allows for both inertio-gravity waves and gravity waves. Despite detection at 5 μm, this does not necessarily imply a deep location for the waves, and an upper tropospheric aerosol layer near 400-800 mbar could feature a gravity wave pattern modulating the visible-light reflectivity and attenuating the 5-μm radiance originating from deeper levels. Strong rifting activity appears to obliterate the pattern, which can change on timescales of weeks. The NEB underwent a new expansion and contraction episode in 2016-17 with associated cyclone-anticyclone formation, which could explain why the mesoscale wave pattern was more vivid in 2017 than ever before.

Plasma Exchange for Guillain-Barré Syndrome

The impact of plasma exchange (PE) on the treatment of severe Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was studied by comparing all the 16 patients treated with PE in a London teaching hospital between January 1985 and August 1987, with 64 historical controls drawn from a series of patients observed during a prospective study in South East England in 1983 and 1984. There were no GBS-related deaths in the PE treated group but seven in the historical controls (2P = 0.39). The median duration of ventilation was only 20 days (range 7-64) in the PE group compared with 36 days (range 14-365) in the surviving patients in the control group (2P = 0.06, 95% confidence interval of difference in medians -36 to 0 days). The PE group walked earlier without aid (median 55.5 compared with 86 days, 2P = 0.04, 95% confidence interval of difference in medians -88 to -2 days). Three months after the onset of neuropathy all PE treated patients were able to walk with support or better, whereas 19 of the surviving historical controls were unable to walk even with support (2P = 0.009). The costs of PE were offset by savings in intensive care unit and hospital expenditure.

Progression of retinal ganglion cell loss in multiple sclerosis is associated with new lesions in the optic radiations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The mechanism of retinal ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layer loss in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between temporal retinal nerve fiber layer (tRNFL) thinning and disease activity in the brain determined by T2 lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

Fifty-five consecutive patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 25 controls were enrolled. All patients underwent annual optical coherence tomography and high-resolution MRI scans for tRNFL thickness and brain lesion volume analysis, respectively.

RESULTS

Significant tRNFL thickness reduction was observed over the 3-year follow-up period at a relatively constant rate (1.02 μm/year). Thinning of tRNFL fibers was more prominent in younger patients (P = 0.01). The tRNFL loss was associated with new MRI lesions in the optic radiations (ORs). There was significantly greater tRNFL thinning in patients with new lesional activity in the ORs compared with patients with new lesions outside the ORs (P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS

This study supports the notion that retrograde transneuronal degeneration caused by OR lesions might play a role in progressive retinal nerve fiber layer loss. In addition, the results of the study also indicate that the disease-related neurodegenerative changes in the retina start much earlier than the clinical diagnosis of MS.

Evaluating potential artefacts of photo-reversal on behavioural studies with nocturnal invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) are nocturnal, so experiments evaluating their behaviour to chemosensory cues have typically been conducted at night. However, given the brief timeframe each year that adult P. marinus are available for experimentation, we investigated whether P. marinus exposed to a 12 h shifted diurnal cycle (reversed photoperiod) could be tested in a darkened arena during the day and show the same response to chemosensory cues as natural photoperiod P. marinus that were tested during the night. Ten replicates of 10 P. marinus, from each photoperiod, were exposed to deionized water (negative control), 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA HCl, putative predator cue), or P. marinus whole-body extract (conspecific alarm cue). All P. marinus demonstrated a significant avoidance response to both cues. No significant differences were found in avoidance to PEA HCl between photoperiods. Avoidance of P. marinus whole-body extract was significantly stronger in natural compared with reversed photoperiod P. marinus. The use of reversed photoperiod subjects is suitable for examining the presence or absence of avoidance in response to novel chemosensory alarm cues, or the change in the magnitude of antipredator response. Studies investigating the natural magnitude of antipredator response should use natural photoperiod experimental subjects.

Management and outcomes of single subsegmental pulmonary embolus: a retrospective audit at North Shore Hospital, New Zealand

BACKGROUND

It is unknown whether filling defects in subsegmental arteries on multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography correlate with clinically relevant subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) on pulmonary angiography. Current guidelines do not differentiate between PE in segmental and subsegmental vessels, and many patients receive at least 3 months anticoagulation. The strategy employed at North Shore Hospital in haemodynamically stable patients with single subsegmental PE is to perform bilateral lower leg compression ultrasound (CUS). Anticoagulation is withheld if CUS is negative; a bilateral CUS is repeated in 7-10 days.

AIM

The aim of this retrospective audit was to ensure our current management strategy is safe.

METHODS

All diagnoses of single subsegmental PE between June 2005 and June 2013 were included. The primary outcome was the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence within 3 months of single subsegmental PE diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were rates of major/minor bleeding and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

Thirty-two patients were included - 20 were treated with anticoagulation; 12 were managed with observation/serial bilateral lower limb CUS. None of the patients in either group had VTE recurrence by 3 months. No bleeding episodes were observed in the observation group; there was a 10% major bleeding rate (n = 2) in the treatment group. One death occurred in each group, neither of which was attributed to VTE.

CONCLUSION

Withholding anticoagulation in patients with single subsegmental PE and negative serial bilateral CUS appears to be a safe and effective management strategy, with a low risk of VTE recurrence.

Impact of introducing practical obstetric multi-professional training (PROMPT) into maternity units in Victoria, Australia

OBJECTIVE

To assess the introduction of Practical Obstetric Multi-professional Training (PROMPT) into maternity units and evaluate effects on organisational culture and perinatal outcomes.

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Maternity units in eight public hospitals in metropolitan and regional Victoria, Australia.

POPULATION

Staff in eight maternity units and a total of 43,408 babies born between July 2008 and December 2011.

METHODS

Representatives from eight Victorian hospitals underwent a single day of training (Train the Trainer), to conduct PROMPT. Organisational culture was compared before and after PROMPT. Clinical outcomes were evaluated before, during and after PROMPT.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The number of courses run and the proportion of staff trained were determined. Organisational culture was measured using the Safety Attitude Questionnaire. Clinical measures included Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes (Apgar 1 and Apgar 5), cord lactate, blood loss and length of baby's stay in hospital.

RESULTS

Seven of the eight hospitals conducted PROMPT. Overall about 50% of staff were trained in each year of the study. Significant increases were found in Safety Attitude Questionnaire scores representing domains of teamwork (Hedges' g 0.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.13-0.41), safety (Hedges' g 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.42) and perception of management (Hedges' g 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.31). There were significant improvements in Apgar 1 (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.91), cord lactates (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99) and average length of baby's stay in hospital (Hedges' g 0.03, 95% CI 0.01-0.05) during or after training, but no change in Apgar 5 scores or proportion of cases with high blood loss.

CONCLUSION

PROMPT can be introduced using the Train the Trainer model. Improvements in organisational culture and some clinical measures were observed following PROMPT.

Fluctuations of MS births and UV-light exposure

BACKGROUND

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are more frequently born in spring when compared to autumn. Fluctuation of UV-light has been hypothesized to drive this phenomenon.

AIM

To assess the correlation between fluctuation of sunlight and birth season in persons with MS.

METHODS

For this record-linkage study, we collected from the international MSBase and the Italian MS iMed-web databases the dates of birth of 11,415 patients with MS from 36 centres from 15 countries worldwide and compared these to dates of live-births from national registries. From all participating sites, we collected data on UV-light fluctuation and assessed its correlation with seasonal fluctuation in MS births.

RESULTS

Compared with the reference cohort, an increased proportion of persons with MS were born in spring and a decreased proportion in autumn (odds ratio (OR) to be born in spring versus autumn = 1.158, χ² = 36.347, P < 0.001). There was no significantly increased fluctuation of MS births with increased quartile of ambient UV-light fluctuation (Ptrend = 0.086).

CONCLUSION

Seasonal fluctuation of MS births as found in this worldwide cohort of patients with MS did not correlate with variation in seasonal fluctuation of UV-light. Most likely, it results from a complex interplay between fluctuation of sunlight, behavioural factors, other environmental factors and (epi)genetic factors.

Effects of incentive items on participation in a randomized chemoprevention trial

Behavioral research has an important role in increasing and maintaining participation in disease prevention trials, both in interventions and in follow-up visits. We conducted a randomized experiment among participants in the lung cancer chemoprevention trial, CARET (Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial) to test the effects of providing two incentives on retention. The items used for this study were a Certificate of Appreciation and one of two lapel pins, provided in a 2 2 design. Providing incentives, whether alone or in combination, had no statistically significant effect on retention by the two-year follow-up point. The successful implementation of this randomized incentive study has two implications for future research: (1) study of behavioral interventions and issues is feasible in the context of large controlled trials of disease end-points; and (2) such study is necessary to determine whether selected incentives can increase retention.

The frequency of CSF oligoclonal banding in multiple sclerosis increases with latitude

BACKGROUND

With the advent of MRI scanning, the value of lumbar puncture to assess oligoclonal band (OCB) status-for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasingly uncertain. One major issue is that the reported frequency of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-restricted oligoclonal banding for the diagnosis of MS varies considerably in different studies. In addition, the relationship between OCB positivity and disease outcome remains uncertain, as reported studies are generally too small to assess comparative disability outcomes with sufficient power.

METHODS

In order to further investigate variation of OCB positivity in patients with MS, we utilized MSBase, a longitudinal, Web-based collaborative MS outcomes registry following clinical cohorts in several continents and latitudes. We also assessed whether OCB positivity affects long-term disability outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 13,242 patient records were obtained from 37 MS specialist centres in 19 different countries. OCB status was documented in 4481 (34%) patients and 80% of these were OCB positive. The presence of OCB was associated with degree of latitude (p = 0.02). Furthermore, the outcome of patients negative for CSF-specific OCB was significantly better in comparison to the OCB positive patients, as assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale change (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that latitude could explain some of the inconsistencies in OCB status reported in different populations. The study confirms that OCB positivity in MS is associated with a worse long-term prognosis.

Providing anticipatory care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This article describes an initiative pioneered by the Met Office which uses weekly weather forecasts to enable the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) outreach team in Plymouth to target patients most at risk of developing exacerbations. An active management plan is implemented during the winter to help prevent further deterioration in the patient's condition and possible hospital admissions.

Studies of collisional selection rules in thioformaldehyde (H2CS) by microwave-optical double resonance

Individual rotational levels in the A 1A2,v4=1 state of thioformaldehyde (H2CS) are excited by a cw laser and microwave transitions in the region of 8-12 GHz are measured. Some of the microwave frequencies are found to be characteristic of rotational levels other than the level being pumped. Since the microwave frequencies are characteristic of individual rotational levels in the excited state and the excited-state lifetime is approximately 170 micros, information is obtained concerning rotational selection rules during collisions. It is found that J can change by several units and Ka by 0, +/-2, +/-4, and +/-6. The latter result confirms that o-H2CS is not converted to p-H2CS by collisions. Observation of Ka doublets indicates that there are no appreciable differences between the two components.

A follow up study of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease in the United Kingdom

OBJECTIVES

To examine the range of clinical phenotypes, tumour associations, relevant investigations, response to therapy and outcome in a large series of non-selected patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease (PND) affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in the United Kingdom.

METHODS

Data were obtained on patients either through direct referral or through the British Neurological Surveillance Unit (BNSU) from February 2000 to January 2001. Physicians were asked to supply information about age and sex of patients, presenting neurological syndromes, the basis of the diagnosis of PND, any associated malignancy, and treatment. Case notes were reviewed and follow up data obtained where possible one year after notification.

RESULTS

A total of 63 patients (48 females, 15 males) were identified, 48 through the BNSU and 15 through direct referral. Of these 52 were diagnosed as having definite PND, 10 probable PND, and 1 possible PND. The median age of onset of PND was 66 years (range 30-80 years) and only 7 patients (11%) were less than 50 years at presentation. In 53 patients (84%) the PND preceded the diagnosis of cancer. Paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) were the most common syndromes reported. The benefit of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of the disease was limited, while fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was shown to be useful for the detection of an occult malignancy in 10 out of 14 patients. Antineuronal antibodies were positive in 44/57 (77%) of cases. The following tumours were diagnosed: small cell lung cancer (30%), breast cancer (14%), ovarian cancer (8%), non-small cell lung cancer (8%), Hodgkin's lymphoma (6%), other (16%). With the exception of PCD associated with mesothelioma all other tumours diagnosed in these patients had been previously documented as being associated with PND. Only treatment of the tumour was found to be associated with a stable or improved neurological outcome at last follow up (Fisher's exact test = 4.7, p<0.03). Median survival time was 43 months (95% CI 28 to 57) from onset of neurological disease as calculated using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

PND has a striking female preponderance usually affecting patients in their sixth decade and above. The median survival in our study was 43 months. The majority of patients with PND are not known to have cancer at the time of diagnosis. Our study confirms the importance of diagnosing and treating the underlying tumour.

Attitudes of 100 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to artificial ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

One hundred clinically stable outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were surveyed at home by respiratory nurse specialists (RNS) about their views towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and in hospital ventilation. Written information about COPD, CPR and ventilation was provided and consent obtained. The breathing problem-based quality-of-life questionnaire (BP-QoL) was completed. The following information was recorded: age, sex, spirometry, hospital admissions, and antidepressant and oxygen usage in the previous year. Patients were then asked to imagine a scenario in which they were admitted to hospital and their chest condition deteriorated in spite of standard treatment. 'Having reached that stage would you wish to have noninvasive ventilation (NIV), invasive ventilation (IV) or CPR?' Three months later patients were asked to complete a postal patient satisfaction questionnaire.

RESULTS

Of 100 patients 41 were male and the mean age was 74.1 years. Fifty four patients had a FEV1 <40% and 37 had a FEV1 between 40 and 59% predicted. Twenty-four patients were on long-term oxygen therapy, eight had taken antidepressants and 56 had been admitted to hospital in the previous year. Forty-eight patients wanted all additional treatments to be attempted if needed and 12 wanted none. Nineteen patients said 'no' for CPR and 10 said 'no' for CPR and IV. There was no significant statistical difference between the groups answering 'yes' or 'no'. Seventy-six per cent of patient satisfaction questionnaires were returned. All patients were satisfied with the way they had been approached and the information received, and 98% of them thought that this issue should be discussed with all patients.

CONCLUSION

Attitudes towards resuscitation can be discussed with COPD patients by RNS without causing distress. Attitudes to resuscitation could not be predicted from parameters of respiratory disease severity or age.

Particulate contamination in parenteral nutrition solutions: still a cause for concern?

OBJECTIVES

In consideration of a US Federal Drug Administration recommendation that all parenteral nutrition admixtures should be administered through an in-line filtration device, this observational study examined the number, size distribution, and sources of particulate contamination in parenteral nutrition admixture infusion systems.

METHODS

Samples were drawn from the terminal connection of the infusion tubing before connection to the patient. The particles were sized and counted by optical microscopy and further investigated by electron microscopy and energy disperse spectroscopy.

RESULTS

Large numbers of particles were found, and information gained about their possible origin.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides further support for the adoption of this Federal Drug Administration recommendation.

Vision loss associated with a stiff neck complicating strabismus surgery

An exotropic 60 year old suffered a scleral-choroidal penetration and vitreous hemorrhage during and after strabismus surgery on a highly myopic eye when her anesthetic airway management was complicated by her previously asymptomatic and unrecognized rigid cervical spine which placed both the surgeon and the anesthetist in disadvantaged positions both physically and medically. Restoration of vision and binocularity ultimately required vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation.

Effect of the total motile sperm count on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization

OBJECTIVE

To determine prognostic factors for achieving a pregnancy with intrauterine insemination (IUI) and IVF. To compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of IUI and IVF based on semen analysis results.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Academic university hospital-based infertility center.

PATIENT(S)

One thousand thirty-nine infertile couples undergoing 3,479 IUI cycles. Four hundred twenty-four infertile couples undergoing 551 IVF cycles.

INTERVENTION(S)

IUI and IVF treatment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the significance of prognostic factors including a woman's age, gravidity, duration of infertility, diagnoses, use of ovulation induction, and sperm parameters for predicting the outcomes of clinical pregnancy and live birth rate after the first cycle of IUI and IVF. The relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these treatments were then determined based on sperm count results.

RESULT(S)

Female age, gravidity, and use of ovulation induction were all independent factors in predicting pregnancy after IUI. The average total motile sperm count in the ejaculate was also an important factor, with a threshold value of 10 million. For IVF, only female age was an important predictor for both clinical and ongoing pregnancy. When the average total motile sperm count was under 10 million, IVF with ICSI was more cost-effective than IUI in our clinic.

CONCLUSION(S)

An average total motile sperm count of 10 million may be a useful threshold value for decisions about treating a couple with IUI or IVF.

Paraneoplastic brain stem encephalitis in a woman with anti-Ma2 antibody

A woman developed brain stem encephalopathy in association with serum anti-Ma2 antibodies and left upper lobe lung mass. T2 weighted MRI of the brain showed abnormalities involving the pons, left middle and superior cerebellar peduncles, and bilateral basal ganglia. Immunohistochemical analysis for serum antineuronal antibodies was confounded by the presence of a non-neuronal specific antinuclear antibody. Immunoblot studies showed the presence of anti-Ma2 antibodies. A premortem tissue diagnosis of the lung mass could not be established despite two CT guided needle biopsies, and the patient died as a result of rapid neurological deterioration. The necropsy showed that the lung lesion was an adenocarcinoma which expressed Ma2 immunoreactive protein. Neuropathological findings included prominent perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, glial nodules, and neuronophagia involving the brain stem, basal ganglia, hippocampus and the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. Ma2 is an autoantigen previously identified in patients with germ cell tumours of the testis and paraneoplastic brain stem and limbic encephalitis. Our patient's clinical and immunopathological findings indicate that this disorder can affect women with lung adenocarcinoma, and that the encephalitic changes predominate in those regions of the brain known to express high concentrations of Ma proteins.

Predictors of participant retention in two chemoprevention feasibility trials

Retention of participants for intervention and follow-up activities is critical in cancer chemoprevention trials. Little has been published about retention patterns and predictors of retention in prevention studies. The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) provides an opportunity to study retention of volunteer participants in a large, long-term clinical trial. Two pilot studies were conducted in different populations to test the feasibility of critical strategies for the long-term study. Thirteen percent of the asbestos-exposed workers and 18% of the smokers became inactive during the pilot study. Of those remaining active, all but 2% of asbestos-exposed workers pilot study participants and 5% of smokers pilot study participants chose to participate in the full-scale efficacy trial. Five baseline predictors of inactivity for the asbestos-exposed participants emerged: being non-White, being a current smoker, having a history of high blood pressure at baseline, reporting two or more increases in symptoms during the placebo run-in, and having higher baseline levels of negative mental health measures (i.e. anxiety, depression, and fatigue). The only significant predictor of inactivity for smoker pilot participants was reporting symptoms during the placebo run-in. The most frequently reported reasons for becoming inactive during the pilot studies were general health issues and problems and symptoms that were seen as specific to the CARET vitamins. These findings suggest areas that could be tested to optimize retention in clinical trials.

Enantioselective induction of cyclophosphamide metabolism by phenytoin

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of phenytoin (PHE) on cyclophosphamide (CP) disposition. CP was administered to 6 adult patients in a preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation consisting of busulfan and CP. Three of the patients received PHE and the other 3 "control" patients received diazepam (DZP) as anti-epileptic prophylactic treatment. Plasma samples were collected at intervals up to 24 h after CP administration. The plasma concentrations of (R)- and (S)-CP and their respective N-dechloroethylated metabolites, (R)- and (S)-DCE-CP were simultaneously fitted using an enantiospecific 2-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model with Bayesian control estimation. DZP had no significant effect on the metabolism of CP and any of its PK parameters. PHE, however, increased significantly the formation of (S)-DCE-CP while having no effect on the formation of (R)-DCE-CP. These results suggest that different enzymes are responsible for the formation of (S)-DCE-CP from (S)-CP and (R)-DCE-CP from (R)-CP. Additionally, assuming that PHE does not affect the passive renal elimination of (R)- and (S)-CP, this analysis suggests that the clearance of both (R)- and (S)-CP to 4-hydroxy-CP (the activation pathway) is increased by PHE.

Small noncleaved, non-Burkitt's (Burkit-Like) lymphoma: cytogenetics predict outcome and reflect clinical presentation

PURPOSE

To correlate cytogenetic abnormalities with clinical presentation and outcome in Burkitt-like, small noncleaved non-Burkitt's lymphoma (SNC-NB).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty-nine patients with SNC-NB lymphoma and a clonal karyotype were evaluated between January 1989 and January 1996. All were from British Columbia, Canada, underwent uniform clinical staging, and were treated on investigational protocols by a small group of clinicians.

RESULTS

Three groups of patients were identified by clonal karyotype on cytogenetic analysis: (1) those with a c-myc translocation (n = 11); (2) those with dual translocation of c-myc and bcl-2 (n = 13); and (3) those with other cytogenetic abnormalities (n = 15). The c-myc group was younger, presented with earlier stage de nova disease, and had a better clinical prognostic factor profile. The dual-translocation and other groups were older and presented in advanced stage with poorer prognostic features, and a larger proportion of the dual-translocation group patients had transformed from previously diagnosed follicular lymphoma. The median overall survival (OS) time for all patients was 5 months. The median OS time for the dual-translocation group was only 2.5 months, as compared with 7 months and 8 months for the c-myc and other group, respectively (P < .001). There were no survivors beyond 7 months among the dual-translocation group, as opposed to 32% and 25% 2-year OS rates in the c-myc and other group.

CONCLUSION

SNC-NB lymphoma is a clinically and cytogenetically heterogenous disease. Dual translocation of c-myc and bcl-2 is characterized by a rapid clinical course and extremely poor outcome. This latter entity may represent the most clinically aggressive lymphoma thus far characterized and warrants intensive investigational treatment where feasible.