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Hassouna I, Ott C, Wüstefeld L, Offen N, Neher RA, Mitkovski M, Winkler D, Sperling S, Fries L, Goebbels S, Vreja IC, Hagemeyer N, Dittrich M, Rossetti MF, Kröhnert K, Hannke K, Boretius S, Zeug A, Höschen C, Dandekar T, Dere E, Neher E, Rizzoli SO, Nave KA, Sirén AL, Ehrenreich H. Revisiting adult neurogenesis and the role of erythropoietin for neuronal and oligodendroglial differentiation in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1752-1767. [PMID: 26809838 PMCID: PMC5193535 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) improves cognitive performance in neuropsychiatric diseases ranging from schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis to major depression and bipolar disease. This consistent EPO effect on cognition is independent of its role in hematopoiesis. The cellular mechanisms of action in brain, however, have remained unclear. Here we studied healthy young mice and observed that 3-week EPO administration was associated with an increased number of pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of ~20%. Under constant cognitive challenge, neuron numbers remained elevated until >6 months of age. Surprisingly, this increase occurred in absence of altered cell proliferation or apoptosis. After feeding a 15N-leucine diet, we used nanoscopic secondary ion mass spectrometry, and found that in EPO-treated mice, an equivalent number of neurons was defined by elevated 15N-leucine incorporation. In EPO-treated NG2-Cre-ERT2 mice, we confirmed enhanced differentiation of preexisting oligodendrocyte precursors in the absence of elevated DNA synthesis. A corresponding analysis of the neuronal lineage awaits the identification of suitable neuronal markers. In cultured neurospheres, EPO reduced Sox9 and stimulated miR124, associated with advanced neuronal differentiation. We are discussing a resulting working model in which EPO drives the differentiation of non-dividing precursors in both (NG2+) oligodendroglial and neuronal lineages. As endogenous EPO expression is induced by brain injury, such a mechanism of adult neurogenesis may be relevant for central nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany,On leave of absence from Physiology
Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University,
Al Minufya, Egypt
| | - C Ott
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - L Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - N Offen
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - R A Neher
- Evolutionary Dynamics and Biophysics,
Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology,
Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - D Winkler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - S Sperling
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - L Fries
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - S Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max
Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine,
Göttingen, Germany
| | - I C Vreja
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory
Physiology, University Medical Center
Göttingen, Germany,International Max Planck Research
School Molecular Biology, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - N Hagemeyer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - M Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics,
Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - M F Rossetti
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - K Kröhnert
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory
Physiology, University Medical Center
Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Hannke
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - S Boretius
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology,
Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel,
Germany
| | - A Zeug
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover
Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Höschen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem
Management, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Technische Universität
München, Freising-Weihenstephan,
Germany
| | - T Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics,
Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - E Dere
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - E Neher
- Department of Membrane Biophysics,
Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry,
Göttingen, Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - S O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory
Physiology, University Medical Center
Göttingen, Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - K-A Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max
Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine,
Göttingen, Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany
| | - A-L Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen,
Germany,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy
and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen,
Germany,Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of
Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3,
Göttingen
37075, Germany. E-mail:
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Rossetti MF, Cambiasso MJ, Holschbach MA, Cabrera R. Oestrogens and Progestagens: Synthesis and Action in the Brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27306650 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When steroids, such as pregnenolone, progesterone and oestrogen, are synthesised de novo in neural tissues, they are more specifically referred to as neurosteroids. These neurosteroids bind specific receptors to promote essential brain functions. Pregnenolone supports cognition and protects mouse hippocampal cells against glutamate and amyloid peptide-induced cell death. Progesterone promotes myelination, spinogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal survival and dendritic growth. Allopregnanolone increases hippocampal neurogenesis, neuronal survival and cognitive functions. Oestrogens, such as oestradiol, regulate synaptic plasticity, reproductive behaviour, aggressive behaviour and learning. In addition, neurosteroids are neuroprotective in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain injury and ageing. Using in situ hybridisation and/or immunohistochemistry, steroidogenic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase, cytochrome P450arom, steroid 5α-reductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, have been detected in numerous brain regions, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. In the present review, we summarise some of the studies related to the synthesis and function of oestrogens and progestagens in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Rossetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M J Cambiasso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M A Holschbach
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - R Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, INBIOMED-IMBECU-CONICET, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
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