CFA-15 – a perfluorinated metal–organic framework with linear 1-D CuII-chains containing accessible unsaturated, reactive metal centres

The synthesis and crystal structure of the perfluorinated metal–organic framework CFA-15, CuII3(tfpc)₂(OH)₂·DMF, and the organic ligand H₂-tfpc, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, are described.

CFA-14 – a perfluorinated metal–organic framework with linear 1-D CoII-chains showing temperature dependent spin-chain magnetic ordering

The synthesis and crystal structure of the perfluorinated MOF CFA-14 CoII2(tfpb)(OH)₂ (H₂-tfpb = 1,4-bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-yl)benzene) are described.

Synthesis and characterization of a flexible metal organic framework generated from MnIII and the 4,4′-bipyrazolate-ligand

The synthesis and crystal structure of a novel metal organic framework, constructed from Mn^III, the 4,4′-Bipyrazolate (BPZ) ligand and bridging hydroxyl groups is presented in this work.

CFA-13 - a bifunctional perfluorinated metal-organic framework featuring active Cu(i) and Cu(ii) sites

The synthesis and crystal structure of the mixed-valent perfluorinated metal-organic framework (Me₂NH₂)[CFA-13] (Coordination Framework Augsburg University-13), (Me₂NH₂)[CuCu(tfpc)₄] (H₂-tfpc = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) is described. The copper-containing MOF crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system within the space group P2₁/n (no. 14) and the unit cell parameters are as follows: a = 22.3887(19), b = 13.6888(8), c = 21.1804(13) Å, β = 90.495(3)°, V = 6491.0(8) ų. (Me₂NH₂)[CFA-13] features a porous 3-D structure constructed from two types of secondary building units (SBUs). Besides novel trinuclear [Cu(pz)₄]^- coordination units, the network also exhibits Cu(ii) paddle-wheel SBUs. (Me₂NH₂)[CFA-13] is fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, photoluminescence, gas sorption measurements and pulse chemisorption experiments. M[CFA-13] (M = K⁺, Cs⁺) frameworks were prepared by postsynthetic exchange of interchannel dimethylammonium cations. Moreover, it was shown that CO molecules can be selectively bound at Cu(i) sites of [Cu(pz)₄]^- units, whereas Cu(ii) paddle-wheel units bind selectively NH₃ molecules.

Bistriazole-p-benzoquinone and its alkali salts: electrochemical behaviour in aqueous alkaline solutions

Lithium, sodium and potassium salts of bistriazole-p-benzoquinone were synthetized and studied by single crystal X-ray, VT-XRPD and thermogravimetric analysis, and CV measurements.

CFA-4 – a fluorinated metal–organic framework with exchangeable interchannel cations

Fluorinated metal–organic framework M[CFA-4] contains exchangeable interchannel cations and shows interesting selective and sensitive fluorescence behaviour towards nitroaromatics.

A structurally flexible triazolate-based metal–organic framework featuring coordinatively unsaturated copper(i) sites

A novel Cu^I-bistriazolate MOF showing reversible breathing behaviour is able to form a weak complex with carbon monoxide.

Prevalence of glucose intolerance in school age children. Population based cross-sectional study

AIM

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of glucose intolerance among school children in south-eastern Poland.

METHODS

Schools were randomly selected in the area and the entire school population was studied. We examined 1083 children (510 boys and 573 girls) in the mean age 14.49 years (age range: 7.9-19 years). Their weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Patients were classified as overweight or obese based on International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria. We tested fasting glucose level in randomly selected children with normal weight (N=83) in all overweight and obese subjects (N=229). In children with fasting blood glucose level higher than 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed.

RESULTS

About 17.8% of children were overweight and 4.6% obese. Fasting hyperglycemia was found in 16.7% obese children. The calculated prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia for entire population was 6.7/1000. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was found only in obese children. The prevalence of glucose intolerance in obese children was 7.1%, in contrast the calculated prevalence of glucose intolerance for the entire population was 3.0/1000 (95% confidence interval: 0-8.4/1000).

CONCLUSION

Despite relatively high number of obese children, the prevalence of IGT among schoolchildren of south-eastern Poland remains low.

Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism--an epidemiological survey several years after institution of iodine prophylaxis in Poland

In 1997, the obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis was introduced in Poland in order to correct the existing status of mild and/or moderate iodine deficiency. In order to monitor possible side-effects of increased iodine supply, studies on iodine-induced hyperthyroidism were initiated by establishing several regional registers of hyperthyroidism. In the present paper, the results of a two-year monitoring (2000-2001) have been summarized. There are no epidemiological data on hyperthyroidism prior to starting the iodine prophylaxis, but the obtained current data are comparable to observations in other countries, made after iodine supplementation. The incidence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism did not exceed the acceptable level, thus confirming--together with previous observations on the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis--the adequacy of applied dose of KI (30 microg/kg NaCl), used for salt iodization in Poland.

[Polish multicenter study on diabetes type I incidence in he age group 0-14 between 1998 and 1999]

The increase in diabetes type 1 incidence observed in various centers in Poland and the need for a centralized study covering large population have resulted in the construction of a standardized registry of type 1 diabetes in 1998 within the Polish Multicenter Study in Diabetes Epidemiology. The aim of the study was to present the incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in the age group 0-14 in 7 distinct regions of Poland (Krakow, Wroclaw, Warsaw, Bialystok, Poznan, Rzeszow and Olsztyn centers) with over 30% of the Polish population at risk in 1998 and 1999. The data for the standardized registry were obtained prospectively from paediatric hospital wards and diabetes outpatient units. The incidence rates calculated in 1998 showed the highest value of 14.6 and 14.5/100,000 for Olsztyn and Warsaw, and the lowest (8.4/100,000) for Poznan center. In 1999 the highest value of 14.7/100,000 was noted in Krakow and the lowest (9.3/100,000) in Poznan center. The differences in diabetes type 1 incidence rates between age groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 were found to be significant (p < 0.0005) and were also significant when incidence rates were compared between males and females in these age groups in the whole study area in 1998-1999 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.015 respectively).

[Polish multicenter study on type I diabetes incidence in the age group 15-29 between 1998 and 1999]

The increase in diabetes type 1 incidence observed in various centers in Poland and the need for a centralized study covering a large population have resulted in the construction of a standardized registry of type 1 diabetes in 1998 within the Polish Multicenter Study in Diabetes Epidemiology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group 15-29 in 5 distinct regions of Poland (Krakow, Warsaw, Bialystok, Rzeszow and Olsztyn centers) with over 15% of the Polish population at risk in 1998 and 1999. The data for the standardized registry were obtained prospectively from hospital departments and diabetes outpatient units. The incidence rates calculated in 1998 showed the highest value of 11.2/100,000 for Krakow and its region, and the lowest (4.4/100,000) for Bialystok and its region. In 1999 the highest value of 12.3/100,000 was noted in Olsztyn and its region and the lowest (3.4/100,000) in Warsaw. There were significant differences in the incidence rates between the study centers were found. Incidence rates in the whole study area were significantly higher among males as compared with females in 1998 and 1999 (8.9/100,000 vs. 4.9/100,000; p = 0.0001), marked in the age groups 15-19 and 20-24 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively). A significant increase in diabetes type 1 incidence (from 4.6/100,000 to 6.9/100,000) was found as compared with results of the "Three Cities Study" (1986-1988).

[The syndrome of inappropriate TSH secretion of neoplastic origin (NIST)]

The authors present clinical features, diagnostic approach and treatment of inappropriate TSH secretion syndrome. To data above 80 cases of this syndrome have been described. The main clinical features are thyrotoxicosis and vascular goiter present in the patient with pituitary adenoma. High concentrations of free thyroid hormones coexist with elevated TSH serum level. In some cases hyperproduction of other anterior lobe pituitary hormones was found. The molar ratio alpha subunit to TSH exceeds 1.0. In the management of inappropriate TSH secretion syndrome hypophysectomy, irradiation and long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide are applied.

[Syndromes of thyroid hormone resistance]

The authors have presented the contemporary knowledge concerning the syndromes of thyroid hormone resistance. There are three forms of this syndrome: Generalized Resistance of Thyroid Hormone, Pituitary Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Peripheral Tissue Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. The illness appears in both family and sporadic forms. Etiology with the special concern to the molecular level is presented. The authors have also characterized the clinical picture, diagnostic methods and treatment of the syndrome.

[Severe aplastic anemia as a complication of treatment with metizol]

Aplastic anemia is the rare hematologic complication of the antithyroid medication. We present here the case of 39-years old female who was treated with Thiamazole due to Graves disease. This and the others cases cited in the literature indicate that antithyroid drugs-induced aplastic anemia is characterised by severe clinical status and profound marrow hypoplasia or aplasia but good prognosis with short term recovering.

[Some aspects of epidemiology in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (II)]

Seasonality is a characteristic feature of IDDM incidence. The lowest incidence is observed in summer, whereas the highest in winter/autumn. The risk of IDDM increases in children with independently: breast feeding shorter then 3 months, feeding with cow's milk instead of breast feeding, early introducing of solid diet in babies, or high consumption of cow's milk in later years. Children with new onset IDDM have elevated levels of the antibodies against cow's milk proteins and beta-lactoglobulin. It has been proved that there is a connection with HLA DQalfaArg52 i DQbeta-Asp57 and polymorphic region of insulin gene, and the IDDM susceptibility.

[Some aspects of epidemiology in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (I)]

Epidemiological studies based on registries from many centers in the world revealed geographical variation of IDDM, with the highest incidence in Scandinavian countries. There is a gradient north to south in occurrence of IDDM, and differences in incidence between urban and rural populations. Poland is a country with a rather low incidence of IDDM, not exceeding 6/100,000 in the population 0-29 years of age until 1992. Generally a higher incidence of IDDM has been observed in Whites, there are differences between migrating populations ethnically homogenous. The highest incidence occurs in 10-14 age group, with male sex predominance.

[Maternal age at the moment of birth and occurrence of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the child]

The aim of the study was to determine whether advanced maternal age (over 35 years) on birth of a child had any influence on the incidence of IDDM in her offspring. The analysis has also taken into account the presence of other factors which may have some bearing on the incidence of the disease. They are the following: viral infections prior to the onset of IDDM, sequence of the affected child's birth in relation to other siblings, and family history of diabetes. The study included 243 persons who fell ill with IDDM at the age of 0-29 years in the period of January 1st 1980 to December 31st 1992 and the pair matched control group. They were all residents of the Rzeszów province at the onset of the disease. We have found that a positive family history of diabetes, viral infection especially epidemic parotitis, and parity are the factors which increase the incidence of IDDM. Advanced maternal age, over 35 years on child's birth, along with the above-mentioned factors, increase the incidence of IDDM.

[Abdominal actinomycosis imitating non-operable stage of cancer]

In a 44-year-old woman on the basis of short hospital medical observation and gynaecological consultations, malignancy of reproductive organs was preliminarily diagnosed. During the operation the gynaecological-surgical team confirmed the presence of generalized neoplastic process in the abdominal cavity. In the obtained surgical specimens actinomycosis was diagnosed by histological examination. Longterm antibiotic therapy caused an improvement of the patient's condition, increase of body weight, improvement of blood morphologic picture, regression of tumour-like changes in the liver. The case reminds the necessity of taking into account actinomycotic infection in the differential diagnosis of conditions suggesting a neoplastic process in the abdominal cavity.

[Disorders of sorbitol and myoinositol metabolism and the activity of sodium, potassium ATPase in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus]

Authors discussed the actual status of information concerning the disturbances in function: 1) of sorbitol biochemical pathway, 2) myoinositol metabolism and 3) activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATP-ase related to diabetic hyperglycemia. Preliminary data on the possible benefit of aldo-reductase inhibitors therapy are also presented.

[Determination of susceptibility to pharmacologic treatment in Graves'-Basedow disease]

The authors present the results of research on the usefulness of clinical data, thyroid hormones, TSH, antithyroid antibody, HLA estimations and a type of behavior, for prognosing the susceptibility to pharmacological therapy in thyrotoxicosis, specially in Graves disease. The highest chance of predictability was found in patients with small goiter, HLA-DR5 positive with onset of the disease at the age before 40. In general it is difficult to predict the reaction to therapy in individual case with high probability.

Serum somatomedin activity and growth hormone level in obese men: dependence on degree of obesity and hyperlipidemia

The effect of body weight excess and hyperlipidemia on stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion and serum somatomedin activity (SSA) has been investigated. Among 40 obese men gradually impairment of GH secretory response during the insulin hypoglycemia test was shown. Propranolol-L-DOPA administration elicited satisfactory GH secretory response only in the subgroup of patients with the mild weight excess. SSA was found to be in the normal range among the whole group of obese patients, however, it was significantly depressed in subjects with average weight excess higher than 100%. Obese men with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia presented low SSA even when their weight excess was relatively moderate, i.e., 52% and 57%, respectively.

ApoA-I related DNA polymorphism in humans with coronary heart disease

A genetic analysis of atherosclerotic patients as well as healthy subjects using an apoA-I gene specific probe confirmed that an EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism is related to the development of atherosclerosis. Three subjects with severe coronary heart disease were found to be homozygous for a 6.5 kb fragment hybridizing to the apoA-I probe. In the atherosclerotic patient group 44% were heterozygous for this fragment, compared to 9.5% in the control group. The distribution of genotypes in the atherosclerotic and control groups was significantly different. Among the heterozygous subjects, specific differences were found after digestion of their DNA with Bam HI restriction endonuclease.

Apolipoprotein A-I gene polymorphism and susceptibility of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A polymorphic DNA sequence of the apolipoprotein (apo) A-I gene region was studied in relation to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We have examined 100 patients with NIDDM and 100 control subjects as well. The presence of a unique 2.5-kilobase (kb) EcoRI fragment was found in 13 diabetic patients and two control subjects with family history of diabetes. There were six homozygotes and nine heterozygotes among them. The analysis of clinical data did not confirm any linkage between the presence of a 2.5-kb fragment and atherosclerosis. These findings suggest that the observed defect in the apo A-I gene region may confer susceptibility to NIDDM.