Probing the structural role of Cr in stabilized tannery wastes with X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

The effective stabilization of tannery sludge wastes is explored using X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopies. Solidification of the Cr-rich waste was realized via vitrification of the incinerated sludge with silica and flux agents. It is demonstrated that the effective reduction of Cr(VI) and the structural role of Cr are strongly modulated by the chemical composition of the waste. Eskolaite microcrystallites are embedded in the silica matrix of all vitrified samples and the extent of microcrystalline formation is strongly related to the glass basicity. Both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species are identified, corresponding to Cr(VI)O₄ glass formers and Cr(III)O₆ network modifiers. The toxic Cr(VI) prevails only in the glasses with the highest basicity index and lowest waste content, nevertheless it is safely incorporated and immobilized in the silica matrix. However, the detected abundance of Cr(VI) increases glass basicity and as a result, glass polymerization is hindered. Thermal treatment, a process that leads to glass-ceramics transforms almost all Cr(VI) to Cr(III), while eskolaite formation is promoted concurrently. Nevertheless, microcrystalline growth proceeds mainly via depletion of Cr(III) from the silica matrix and not from the reduced Cr(VI); yet, Cr-removal from the glass matrix does not impair the chemical stability of the devitrified products.

Optimization of tetravalent manganese feroxyhyte's negative charge density: A high-performing mercury adsorbent from drinking water

This study demonstrates an optimization procedure for the development of an Hg-specified adsorbent able to comply with the regulation limit for drinking water of 1μg/L. On this purpose, the synthesis of Mn(IV)-feroxyhyte was modified to achieve high negative charge density by combining alkaline and extreme oxidizing conditions. In particular, precipitation of FeSO₄ at pH9 and excess of KMnO₄ follows a very fast nucleation step providing a product with very small nanocrystal size (1-2nm), high specific surface area (300m²/g) and maximum negative charge density (1.8mmol H⁺/g). The adsorbent was validated for Hg removal in batch experiments and column tests using natural-like water indicating an adsorption capacity as high as 2.5μg/mg at equilibrium concentration 1μg/L under reliable conditions of application. Importantly, the adsorption is an exothermic spontaneous process, resulting in the formation of inner sphere complexes by sharing both A-type and B-type oxygen atoms with the metal surface octahedral as revealed by the X-ray absorption fine structure results.

An X-ray absorption study of synthesis- and As adsorption-induced microstructural modifications in Fe oxy-hydroxides

Synthetic adsorbents based on Fe oxy-hydroxides (FeOOH) prepared under a wide range of pH-values via intense oxidation conditions of FeSO4 as well as the As(III) and As(V) adsorption mechanism are investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopies at the Fe- and As-K-edges. Synthesis in an alkaline environment promotes the face-connectivity of the Fe(O,OH)6 chains at the expense of edge- and corner-sharing linkage, which is consistent with the lower surface charge density and in turn with the lower arsenic adsorption capacity. Microstructural changes are also detected after As(V) adsorption onto FeOOH synthesized at pH 5.5: the ratio of face-/edge-sharing sites increases from approximately 0.4-0.7 as a function of the As(V)-loading. This modification of the polymeric Fe(O,OH)6 structure at higher As/Fe ratios is attributed to strong As(V) bidentate mononuclear ((2)E) and binuclear ((2)C) adsorption. In contrast, no alterations in the FeOOH microstructure were observed, possibly due to the weaker (2)E linkage of As(III).

A XAFS study of plain and composite iron(III) and chromium(III) hydroxides

Reduction of hexavalent Cr(VI) to the trivalent state is the common strategy for remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated waters and soils. In the presence of Fe the resulting compounds are usually mixed Fe(III)-Cr(III) phases, while, under iron-free conditions, reduction leads to formation of plain Cr(III) hydroxides. Environmental stability of these compounds depends on their structure and is important to understand how different precipitation conditions affect the local atomic order of resulting compounds and thus their long term stability. In current study, typical Cr(VI) environmental remediation products, i.e. plain and mixed Fe(III)-Cr(III) hydroxides, were synthesized by hydrolysis and redox reactions and their structure was studied by X ray diffraction and X ray absorption fine structure techniques. Plain Cr(III) hydroxide was found to correspond to the molecular formula Cr(OH)3·3H2O and was identified as crystalline in XRD. However, the same compound when examined by EXAFS did not exhibit any clear local order in the range of EXAFS detectable distances, i.e. between 0 and 5Å. Namely, EXAFS spectroscopy detected only contribution from the first nearest neighboring (Cr-O) shell, suggesting that CrO6 octahedra interconnection is loose, in accordance with the suggested anti-bayerite structure of this compound. Mixed Fe(III)-Cr(III) systems resembled 2-line ferrihydrite irrespective of the synthesis route. Analysis of Fe-K-EXAFS and Cr-K-EXAFS spectra indicated that FeO6 octahedra are bonded by sharing both edges and corners, while CrO6 octahedra seem to prefer edge sharing linkage. EXAFS data also suggest that Fe-Cr hydroxide produced by hydrolysis presents a better arrangement of CrO6 octahedra compared to the redox product.

Reducing the inversion degree of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles through synthesis to enhance magnetization: evaluation of their 1H NMR relaxation and heating efficiency

MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles of low inversion degree present optimized magnetization with high (T₂) relaxation (345.5 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹) and heating efficiency (286 W g⁻¹).

Study of fossil bones by synchrotron radiation micro-spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy

Earlymost Villafranchian fossil bones of an artiodactyl and a perissodactyl from the Milia excavation site in Grevena, Greece, were studied in order to evaluate diagenetic effects. Optical microscopy revealed the different bone types (fibro-lamellar and Haversian, respectively) of the two fragments and their good preservation state. The spatial distribution of bone apatite and soil-originating elements was studied using micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping and scanning electron microscopy. The approximate value of the Ca/P ratio was 2.2, as determined from scanning electron microscopy measurements. Bacterial boring was detected close to the periosteal region and Fe bearing oxides were found to fill bone cavities, e.g. Haversian canals and osteocyte lacunae. In the perissodactyl bone considerable amounts of Mn were detected close to cracks (the Mn/Fe weight ratio takes values up to 3.5). Goethite and pyrite were detected in both samples by means of metallographic microscopy. The local Ca/P ratio determined with µ-XRF varied significantly in metal-poor spots indicating spatial inhomogeneities in the ionic substitutions. XRF line scans that span the bone cross sections revealed that Fe and Mn contaminate the bones from both the periosteum and medullar cavity and aggregate around local maxima. The formation of goethite, irrespective of the local Fe concentration, was verified by the Fe K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Finally, Sr K-edge extended XAFS (EXAFS) revealed that Sr substitutes for Ca in bone apatite without obvious preference to the Ca1 or Ca2 unit-cell site occupation.

Application of conventional and microbeam synchrotron radiation x-ray fluorescence and absorption for the characterization of human nails

The synchrotron radiation based spectroscopies X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption fine structure are used to detect illness-related changes in the elemental distribution and bonding environment of metals in human nails. The effective atomic number of a collection of nails is determined using two methods, the X-ray transmittance and the scattering method, and is found equal to 7.5 +/- 0.5. X-ray fluorescence maps of the elemental distributions, recorded with a lateral resolution of 5 microm, reveal that S, Ca and Zn are distributed homogeneously while Fe tends to cluster. In the Fe-rich clusters, which have a diameter in the range 15-30 microm, the Fe concentration is 10 times higher than in the matrix. The Zn K edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectra reveal that Zn, in the nails from healthy donors and patients suffering from lung diseases, is four-fold coordinated with N and S and the Zn-N and Zn-S distances are equal to 2.03 A and 2.25 A, respectively. Finally the signature of various bonds in the C-, O- and N- K near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra is discussed.

Local bonding geometry of oxygen implanted in GaN: a depth-dependent study

The bonding environment of oxygen implanted in GaN is studied using near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at the O-K-edge. The 70 keV oxygen ions form a 200 nm-thick subsurface layer that is highly defective or amorphous depending on the implantation fluence which ranges from 1 x 10(15) cm-2 to 1 x 10(17) cm(-2). The information depth of the fluorescence photons varies from 50 to 63 nm, depending on the angle of incidence. The spectra are simulated using the FEFF8 code and assuming various models, e.g., O interstitial, O substitutional in N sites, Ga and N vacancies, and various polymorphs of Ga2O3. The lattice disorder is modelled by displacing atoms from their equilibrium positions by adding to their Cartesian coordinates random numbers that belong to normal distributions. The simulation results reveal that at the low fluence limit, the O atoms occupy interstitial sites preferentially in the empty channels aligned to the c-axis and in the atomic planes containing the Ga atoms. When the fluence is equal to 1 x 10(16) cm(-2) the O atoms substitute N while at 1 x 10(17) cm(-2) they form mixed GaO(x)N(y) phases with the N/O ratio decreasing with increasing depth, i.e., as we approach the peak of the implanted O profile.

On the distribution and bonding environment of Zn and Fe in glasses containing electric arc furnace dust: a mu-XAFS and mu-XRF study

We apply synchrotron radiation assisted X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF), SR-XRF mapping as well as micro- and conventional X-ray absorption fine structure (mu-XAFS and XAFS) spectroscopies in order to study the bonding environment of Fe and Zn in vitrified samples that contain electric arc furnace dust from metal processing industries. The samples are studied in the as-cast state as well as after annealing at 900 degrees C. The SR-XRF results demonstrate that annealing does not induce any significant changes in the distribution of either Fe or Zn, in both the as-cast and annealed glasses. The mu-XAFS spectra recorded at the Fe-K and Zn-K edges reveal that the structural role of both Fe and Zn remains unaffected by the annealing procedure. More specifically, Fe forms both FeO(6) and FeO(4) polyhedra, i.e. acts as an intermediate oxide while Zn occupies tetrahedral sites.

Verification of a distortion in the microstructure of GaN detected by EXAFS using ab initio density functional theory calculations

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements on a series of epitaxially grown GaN samples have shown a distortion in the microstructure of GaN. More specifically the central N atom is 4-fold coordinated but the four Ga atoms are not equidistant. It has been shown that 2.9 to 3.5 of them (depending on the growth conditions) are found in the expected from XRD distance of 1.94 A and the remaining are at a distance longer by approximately 15%. Second derivative calculation of the conformation energy using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) is used to investigate if the symmetric GaN cluster as given by XRD is the most energetically favorable configuration and if not which distorted structure corresponds to the most energetically favorable one. A very good agreement between DFT results and experimental XAFS spectra has been found. Generalization this technique to other dislocated clusters is also discussed.