Adsorption of brilliant green dye onto activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shell by KOH activation: Studies on equilibrium isotherm

Activated carbon from cashew nut shell via a potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 600 °C in an N₂ atmosphere and their characteristics using FT-IR, XRD, SEM with EDS, and BET analysis was investigated. The cashew nut shell activated carbon obtained by KOH activation with a CNS/KOH ratio of 1:1 at 600 °C (N₂ atmosphere) for 2 h had the highest surface area (407.80 m²/g) as compared to other ratio samples. Amongst, CNS/KOH ratios of 1:1 sample are used for the adsorbent, they are effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial dye concentration on brilliant green (BG) removal efficiency were studied. Moreover, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models consisted utilized to affirm the adsorption isotherms. They are, best fitting for BG experimental equilibrium data was achieved with the Langmuir isotherm, giving a maximum BG adsorption capacity of 243.90 mg/g.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by Ag-TiO2 loaded cassava stem activated carbon under sunlight irradiation

Ag-doped TiO₂ and Ag-doped TiO₂ loaded cassava stem activated carbon (Ag: TiO₂/CSAC) were prepared by sol-gel method and are labelled as AT and AT/CSAC respectively. XRD results confirmed that the anatase-TiO₂ and crystalline size are decreased (12.37 nm) through the silver doping and cassava stem activated carbon loading. UV-Vis showed that the AT/CSAC makes a red shift from the absorption edge compared to pure and AT samples and then the band gap is reduced (2.81 eV). The increased surface area (238.51 m²/g) of the AT/CSAC sample through the Ag and CSAC, respectively. The consequences point out that the highest photodegradation efficiency (98.08%) of the TiO₂ upon silver doping and cassava stem activated carbon loading samples were brilliant green (BG) under sunlight irradiation.

An open-label, randomized prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Carica papaya leaf extract for thrombocytopenia associated with dengue fever in pediatric subjects

Objective

Thrombocytopenia in dengue fever (DF) is a well-known complication in both adults and pediatric subjects. Management of DF primarily includes symptomatic and intensive supportive care. There are studies available on the efficacy and safety of Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) in adult patients with DF. However, there are no published studies available on the efficacy and safety of CPLE in the pediatric age group. Hence, this study was conducted.

Methodology

A prospective, open-label, randomized controlled study was conducted in subjects aged between 1 and 12 years having thrombocytopenia associated with DF (NS-1 antigen positive) or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) grades I and II. All participants were randomized into the intervention group (n =147, CPLE syrup + standard therapy) and the control group (n=147, received only standard therapy). All subjects were followed up daily for 5 days with monitoring of blood counts.

Results

A total of 285 subjects were finally evaluated for efficacy, and nine dropped out (seven in the control group and two in the intervention group). However, all 294 subjects were evaluated for safety. CPLE (Caripill) syrup increased the platelet count significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the intervention group, the platelet count increased from day 3 onward: platelet count on day 3 (mean platelet count =89,739.31, P=0.030), day 4 (mean platelet count =120,788.96, P=0.019), and day 5 (mean platelet count =168,922.75 P=0.023). Two children complained of nausea in the intervention group. Overall, Caripill syrup was well tolerated.

Conclusion

CPLE syrup significantly increases the platelet count in pediatric DF patients and is well tolerated.

2-Phenyl-ethanaminium 4-hy-droxy-benzoate

In the title salt, C8H12N(+)·C7H5O3 (-), the cation is disordered over two orientations with site occupancies of 0.565 (7) and 0.435 (7). In the anion, the carboxyl-ate group makes the dihedral angle of 4.19 (18)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal, the ions are connected by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

4-Methyl-pyridinium 4-hy-droxy-benzoate

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C(6)H(8)N(+)·C(7)H(5)O(3) (-), the anions and cations are linked by classical N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The anions are connected by pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into inversion dimers and further linked by classical O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.740 (3) and 3.855 (3) Å] also occur. The dihedral angle between the CO(2) (-) group and the benzene ring to which it is attached is 20.95 (8)°.

1-Methyl-4-(4-methylstyryl)pyridinium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

In the title salt, C₁₅H₁₆N⁺·C₇H₇O₃S⁻, the dihedral angle between the pyridine and benzene rings of the cation is 5.98 (18)°. In the crystal, adjacent anions and cations are linked by weak non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π inter­actions, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.749 (2) Å.

4-Nitroaniliniump-toluenesulfonate

In the cation of the title salt, C₆H₇N₂O₂⁺·C₇H₇O₃S⁻, the benzene ring makes a dihedral angle of 10.2 (2)° with the nitro group. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked by weak N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to the ac plane. A weak C—H⋯O inter­action and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances of 3.738 (3) and 3.748 (3) Å] also observed within the layer.

Sequence analysis of infectious bursal disease virus isolates from India: phylogenetic relationships

Prevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) among chickens in different parts of Tamil Nadu, India, has been studied by collection of bursal samples from suspected flocks and by performing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for amplification of a specific product of 474 bp from the variable region of the VP2 gene. Among 53 bursal samples examined by RT-PCR, 40 showed a positive reaction. The amplified products were subjected to nucleotide sequencing and the obtained sequences were compared with those of IBD virus (IBDV) vaccine strain Georgia, the classical virulent strain 52/70 and the very virulent Japanese OKYM strain. Nucleotide homology data indicated that all the Tamil Nadu isolates showed homology ranging from 91 to 99.6% among themselves. When compared with the very virulent Japanese OKYM strain, four isolates grouped with that strain. Majority of the isolates clustered with the very the virulent OKYM strain as evident from phylogenetic analysis performed using the MEGA program. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of IBDV isolates with those of the vaccine strain Georgia, the classical virulent strain 52/70 and the very virulent strain OKYM also revealed the presence of conserved serine-rich heptapeptide sequence in most of the isolates. Results of this study indicate that majority of the IBDV isolates are very virulent, which is evident from heavy mortality that has been reported in few flocks of poultry in spite of regular vaccination.