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Galuppini F, Opocher E, Tabori U, Mammi I, Edwards M, Campbell B, Kelly J, Viel A, Quaia M, Rivieri F, D'Avella D, Arcella A, Giangaspero F, Fassan M, Gardiman MP. Concomitant IDH wild-type glioblastoma and IDH1-mutant anaplastic astrocytoma in a patient with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 44:233-239. [PMID: 29130549 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Galuppini
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - E Opocher
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Woman and Child Health, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - U Tabori
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Mammi
- Center for the Study of Hereditary Colorectal Cancers, Venetian Oncology Institute, Padua, Italy
| | - M Edwards
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Campbell
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Kelly
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Viel
- Funcional Onco-Genomics and Genetics, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - M Quaia
- Funcional Onco-Genomics and Genetics, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - F Rivieri
- Medical Genetic Service, Departmen t of Laboratory, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - D D'Avella
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences (DNS), Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | | | - F Giangaspero
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Fassan
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M P Gardiman
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Galligioni E, Santarosa M, Favaro D, Spada A, Talamini R, Quaia M. In Vitro Synergic Effect of Interferon Gamma Combined with Liposomes Containing Muramyl Tripeptide on Human Monocyte Cytotoxicity Against Fresh Allogeneic and Autologous Tumor Cells. Tumori 2018; 80:385-91. [PMID: 7839471 DOI: 10.1177/030089169408000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether human recombinant interferon- γ (hrIFN - γ) can act synergically with various activators in increasing the cytotoxicity of cancer patient monocytes against fresh autologous and allogeneic tumor cells. Methods Fresh target cells were obtained by means on the mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of human renal carcinomas. A 375 and SW 626 cell lines were used as positive controls. Monocytes from renal cancer patients and normal volunteers were activated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide, muramyl tripeptide (MTP-PE) or liposomes containing MTP-PE (MTP-PE liposomes), with or without a pre-incubation with hrIFN- γ and were tested for cytotoxicity by means of a 72-hr 111indium-release assay. All of the patients were tumor free at the time of the study. Results Cancer patient peripheral blood monocytes were activated in vitro by different immunomodulators and became cytotoxic to freshly dissociated autologous or allogeneic tumor cells. A synergic effect producing maximal cytotoxicity was obtained with an appropriately scheduled combination of hrIFN- γ (10 U/ml) and MTP-PE liposomes (50 nm/ml), free lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/ml) or MTP-PE (100 μg/ml). The synergic cytotoxicity was observed against fresh allogeneic and autologous tumor cells, as well as against cultured cells. Conclusions All of these data support the possibility of a combined treatment using hrIFN- γ and MTP-PE liposomes in human studies, particularly when it is borne in mind that liposomes can prevent the direct toxicity of many immunomodulators and that the low levels of hrIFN- γ required for the synergic activation are not toxic in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galligioni
- Divisione di Oncologia Medica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy
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Favaro D, Santarosa M, Quaia M, Spada A, Freschi A, Talamini R, Galligioni E. Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Serum Cytokines in Melanoma Patients Treated with Liposomes Containing Muramyl Tripeptide. Tumori 2018; 81:185-90. [PMID: 7571025 DOI: 10.1177/030089169508100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background A soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) has been recently identified in patients with malignant melanoma. It has been demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines can modulate the cellular expression of ICAM-1 and the shedding of this molecule by cells. To our knowledge, few data exist on serum sICAM-1 levels in cancer patients treated with immunomodulators. Liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide (MLV MTP-PE) can activate monocytes from cancer patients in vitro and in vivo, making them cytotoxic such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the levels of sICAM-1 and their possible correlation with serum inflammatory cytokine levels in melanoma patients treated with MLV MTP-PE. Methods The sera from 9 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with MLV MTP-PE, 4 mg i.v. twice a week for 12 weeks, were tested in ELISA system to detect sICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, Interleukin-1 β (IL- β) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) before, and 2 and 24 h after the 1st, 12th and 24th infusion of MLV MTP-PE. Results Baseline levels of sICAM-1 were elevated in all patients (median 540 ng/ml: range 400-1030 ng/ml). Twenty-four h after the 1st infusion of MLV MTP-PE, we observed 6 increases in sICAM-1 levels, 1 decrease and 2 stable values (median 720 ng/ml: range 410-1820; P = 0.060). Twenty-four h after the 12th infusion, sICAM-1 increased in 3 patients and did not change in 4 (median 790 ng/ml: range 495-1650 ng/ml; P = 0.069). At the 24th infusion, sICAM-1 increased in 4 of 6 evaluable patients and remained stable in 2 (median 802 ng/ml: range 510-1450 ng/ml; P = 0.045). To better analyze the variations in sICAM-1, the patients were arbitrarily divided into two groups according to their clinical behavior: 4 presented stabilization (all lesions, n = 2; some lesions, n = 2) (Group A); 5 presented progressive disease (Group B). In Group A, sICAM-1 levels remained stable or showed a modest increase during treatment (except in 1 patient, who exhibited a substantial variation after the 12th infusion). In contrast, in Group B very high levels of sICAM-1 were observed at the beginning of the study therapy in 1 patient and after the 1st infusion in 3 patients; these values remained high until the 24th infusion. In most of the patients, TNF-α and IL-6 increased after the 1st infusion, but not thereafter. IFN-γ was never detected; IL-1 β was detectable in a few cases, but only before the infusions. Conclusions baseline levels of sICAM-1 were elevated in all patients and further increased during treatment only in patients with more aggressive disease. No correlation was found between sICAM-1 and inflammatory cytokines. It would therefore seem that in patients with advanced disease, higher levels and a progressive increase in sICAM-1 may be unfavorable prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Favaro
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Favaro D, Santarosa M, Quaia M, Galligioni E. Interleukin-6 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in renal cancer patients and cultured renal cancer cells. Urol Oncol 2012; 3:51-8. [PMID: 21227060 DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(97)00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 62 renal cancer patients: 30 were tumor-free after radical nephrectomy and 32 presented with metastatic disease. Serum IL-6 was undetectable in all but one of the tumor-free patients, whereas 41% (13 of 32) of the metastatic patients presented serum IL-6 levels. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between serum IL-6 levels and a shorter overall survival (p = 0.009). Moreover, serum sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher (p = 0.05) in the metastatic patients with detectable serum IL-6 than in those without IL-6, suggesting a possible link between IL-6 and sICAM-1. The probability of a shorter overall survival was greater in the metastatic patients with both serum IL-6 and elevated sICAM-1 levels (>635 ng/ml), than in those with elevated sICAM-1 but without IL-6 (p = 0.01). The production of IL-6 by 16 freshly dissociated renal cancer cells cultured in vitro was also observed. It appeared that IL-6 levels did not correlate with the expression and release of ICAM-1 by cultured cells, although the highest values of ICAM-1 release were found in cultures synthesizing the highest values of IL-6. In conclusion, in vivo presence of serum IL-6 and elevated sICAM-1 levels is related to an unfavorable prognosis; it can be speculated that the cells capable of releasing high levels of sICAM-1 and IL-6 may negatively influence the antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Favaro
- Divisions of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Gismondi V, Bonelli L, Sciallero S, Margiocco P, Viel A, Radice P, Mondini P, Sala P, Montera MP, Mareni C, Quaia M, Fornasarig M, Gentile M, Pietro G, Rossini P, Arrigoni A, Meucci GM, Bruzzi P, Varesco L. Prevalence of the E1317Q variant of the APC gene in Italian patients with colorectal adenomas. Genet Test 2003; 6:313-7. [PMID: 12537656 DOI: 10.1089/10906570260471859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of APC is an initial, rate-limiting event in inherited and sporadic colorectal tumorigenesis. Rare germline APC mutations have been identified in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas. Recently, the E1317Q APC variant has been associated with a predisposition to the development of multiple colorectal adenomas. In this study, the prevalence of the E1317Q variant was examined in 182 patients with single or multiple colorectal adenomas, and in 235 controls. In all, E1317Q was identified in two of 182 patients with adenomatous polyps (1.1%) and in two of 235 controls (0.8%) (p = 0.59). The risk of harboring adenoma(s) among subjects bearing the E1317Q variant was 1.29 (95% CI 0.09-18.0). No difference in the prevalence of E1317Q between cases with single (2.0%) or multiple colorectal adenomas (0.7%) and controls (0.8%) was found. None of the subjects with a family history of colorectal cancer carried the E1317Q variant. In conclusion, our results confirm that only a very small fraction of colorectal adenomas may be associated with the presence of E1317Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gismondi
- National Cancer Institute-Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Quaia M, Zancai P, Cariati R, Rizzo S, Boiocchi M, Dolcetti R. Glucocorticoids promote the proliferation and antagonize the retinoic acid-mediated growth suppression of Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocytes. Blood 2000; 96:711-8. [PMID: 10887139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are able to release Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized (EBV-immortalized) lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) from the persistent growth arrest induced in these cells by retinoic acid (RA). Moreover, physiologic concentrations of glucocorticoids efficiently antagonized LCL growth inhibition induced by 13-cis-RA; 9-cis-RA; all-trans-RA; and Ro 40-6055, an RA alpha receptor (RAR alpha) selective agonist. RAR alpha expression levels, however, were not affected by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids, but not other steroid hormones, directly promote LCL proliferation, a phenomenon that was mainly mediated by down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(Kip-1). Moreover, glucocorticoids contrasted the up-regulation of p27(Kip-1), which was underlying the RA-induced LCL growth arrest, thereby indicating that glucocorticoids and RA signalings probably converge on p27(Kip-1). Both antagonism of RA-mediated growth inhibition and promotion of LCL proliferation were efficiently reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486, indicating that all of these effects were mediated by GR. Of note, RU486 also proved to be effective in vivo and, in mice, was able to significantly inhibit the growth of untreated LCLs as well as LCLs growth-arrested by RA in vitro. These findings provide a rational background to further evaluate the possible role of glucocorticoids in the pathogenesis of EBV-related lymphoproliferations of immunosuppressed patients. Moreover, GR antagonists deserve further consideration for their possible efficacy in the management of these disorders, and the use of schedules, including both RA and a GR antagonist, may allow a more thorough evaluation of the therapeutic potential of RA in this setting. (Blood. 2000;96:711-718)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quaia
- Division of Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Cariati R, Zancai P, Quaia M, Cutrona G, Giannini F, Rizzo S, Boiocchi M, Dolcetti R. Retinoic acid induces persistent, RARalpha-mediated anti-proliferative responses in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized b lymphoblasts carrying an activated C-MYC oncogene but not in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:375-84. [PMID: 10760826 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<375::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), 9-cis-RA and all-trans-RA (ATRA) powerfully inhibit the proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). The aim of the present study was to assess whether these compounds are effective at inhibiting the growth of B cells at more advanced stages of lymphomagenesis, including fully transformed B lymphocytes. To this end, c-myc-transfected LCLs (myc-LCLs) and Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines were used. We report that 13-cis-RA, 9-cis-RA and ATRA also markedly inhibit the proliferation of myc-LCLs by inducing G(0)/G(1) growth arrest as well as enhancing rates of apoptosis. Conversely, all but 1 (DG75) of the 8 BL cell lines investigated were poorly RA-responsive. Moreover, unlike LCLs and myc-LCLs, RA-treated DG75 cells rapidly resumed proliferation upon drug removal. Analysis of cell cycle-regulatory proteins showed that, as in LCLs, strong up-regulation of p27(Kip-1) and increased levels of under-phosphorylated pRb and p130 were detected in RA-treated DG75 cells. While the catalytic activity of all 3 G(1)-associated CDKs (CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6) was strongly inhibited in RA-treated LCLs, only CDK2-associated kinase activity was reduced in DG75 cells arrested in G(0)/G(1) by RA. Moreover, RA-treated DG75 cells failed to show the down-regulation of cyclin D3 observed in LCLs. Use of receptor-selective agonists and antagonists showed that in LCLs and RA-responsive BL cells, RA-induced growth arrest is mainly mediated by RARalpha. The RARalpha-selective agonist Ro 40-6055 was also effective at very low concentrations (10(-10) M). Nevertheless, comparable levels of RARalpha mRNA were found in RA-responsive and -resistant BL cell lines, indicating that mechanisms different from transcriptional deregulation of RARalpha probably underlie the differential responsiveness of BL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cariati
- Division of Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Dolcetti R, Quaia M, Gloghini A, De Re V, Zancai P, Cariati R, Babuin L, Cilia AM, Rizzo S, Carbone A, Boiocchi M. Biologically relevant phenotypic changes and enhanced growth properties induced in B lymphocytes by an EBV strain derived from a histologically aggressive Hodgkin's disease. Int J Cancer 1999; 80:240-9. [PMID: 9935206 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990118)80:2<240::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolates show a wide genomic heterogeneity, and a key issue is whether distinct strain variations may contribute to the development and/or malignancy of EBV-related disorders. Herein, we report on the virologic and biologic characterization of an EBV strain derived from a cyto-histologically aggressive EBV-related Hodgkin's disease (HD) (case HD-3) showing a high number of "anaplastic" Reed-Sternberg cells expressing markedly high levels of CD30, CD40 and LMP-1. The HD-3-derived EBV showed strong in vitro immortalizing properties, as suggested by the unusually high number of spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) obtained from the patient. Immunofluorescence and immuno-cytochemical analyses showed that HD-3 LCLs expressed significantly higher levels of CD23, CD30, CD38, CD39, CD40 and CD71 antigens and CD54 and CD58 adhesion molecules than B95.8 LCLs. In contrast, the expression of CD11a, CD24, CD95, bcl-2, LMP-1 and EBNA-2 was similar in both groups of LCLs. These phenotypic changes are consistent with the induction of a pronounced activation status and are not dependent on the cellular background, having been closely reproduced by the same virus in LCLs from an unrelated donor (DEN-HD-3 LCLs). HD-3 LCLs were able to grow in vitro at low serum concentrations (up to 0.1%) and were significantly more clonogenic in soft agarose than B95.8 LCLs. Moreover, although no evidence of tumor formation was observed in nude mice injected with B95.8 LCLs, all 5 spontaneous LCLs of patient HD-3 and the 2 DEN-HD-3 LCLs grew in transplanted animals as lymphoproliferations composed of EBER+, LMP-1+ cells. Our findings indicate that the biologic properties of the HD-3 EBV strain are significantly different from those of the B95.8 virus and may have contributed to the cytologic and histo-pathologic malignancy of this HD case. Moreover, molecular characterization of the HD-3 EBV genome identified a 63-bp deletion within the 3' end of the LMP-1 gene as a likely significant change that may be responsible, at least in part, for the biologically relevant phenotypic modifications and enhanced in vitro and in vivo growth potential induced in B lymphocytes by this virus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dolcetti
- Division of Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy
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Santarosa M, Favaro D, Quaia M, Galligioni E. Expression of heat shock protein 72 in renal cell carcinoma: possible role and prognostic implications in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33:873-7. [PMID: 9291808 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal cancer cells from 43 patients and normal renal cells from 10 of them were studied for the expression of highly stress-inducible heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) by means of immunoperoxidase analysis. It was found that HSP72 was expressed in a significantly higher percentage of renal cancer cells than normal renal cells (P = 0.0001), the mean percentage of positive cells being 33.1 +/- 18% and 8 +/- 5%, respectively. Moreover, a percentage of HSP72-positive cells that was less than the cut-off point (18%, mean value of normal cells +2 S.D.) significantly correlated with shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.002). The renal cancer cell populations taken from the 21 patients who relapsed after a median time of 13 months (range 3-73 months) had a significantly lower percentage of HSP72-positive cells (mean value 25.1 +/- 17%) than the cells taken from the patients who remained tumour-free (mean value 40.8 +/- 15%) after a median period of 72 months (range 19-96 months, P = 0.003). It was also demonstrated that HSP72 expression can be significantly increased by 48-h in vitro incubation with rIFN-gamma (P = 0.007). These data suggest that HSP72 may represent a favourable prognostic factor regardless of stage and histological grade and its expression may be increased by treatment with rIFN-gamma. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the relationship between HSP72 and the immunoeffector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santarosa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Zanelli GD, Quaia M, Robieux I, Bujor L, Santarosa M, Favaro D, Spada A, Caffau C, Gobitti C, Trovò MG. Paclitaxel as a radiosensitiser: a proposed schedule of administration based on in vitro data and pharmacokinetic calculations. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33:486-92. [PMID: 9155536 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)89026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is efficacious against many human cancers. Because it blocks cells at the radiosensitive G2-M interface, paclitaxel has been investigated as a radiosensitiser. The results have been equivocal and somewhat contradictory. It is impossible to obtain proper pharmacokinetic calculations, aimed at obtaining maximum cytotoxicity and/or radiosensitisation, without knowing (i) how long the drug must be in contact with the cells, (ii) how long the effect lasts after the drug is removed from the cellular environment, (iii) whether the drug acts as a radiosensitiser even when, like cis-platinum, it is added after the radiation and (iv) what the minimum quantity of drug in the cellular environment is required for both chemotoxicity and radiosensitisation. The present work addresses the above questions. Two radioresistant cell lines of human origin were used, A375 melanoma and S549 lung carcinoma, in a clonogenic assay where only colonies with 50 or more cells were counted. For the irradiation, 6 MV X-rays were used. Any G2-M block was quantified by cell cycle kinetics analysis. From the results, a simulation of pharmacokinetics was conducted to calculate the schedule of administration of paclitaxel most likely to achieve and maintain significant chemotoxocity and radiosensitisation. The minimum concentration of paclitaxel for measurable cytotoxicity was 3 nM for both cell lines, but the drug was more toxic to the A549 cells. The minimum concentration for measurable radiosensitisation was 3 nM for A375 and approximately 0.1 nM for A549, but whereas above 3 nM the radiosensitivity increased in A375, it decreased above 1 nM for A549. A minimum of 18 h incubation with the drug was necessary for measurable effects and the radiosensitising effects were lost soon after its removal. There was no radiosensitisation if paclitaxel was added after the radiation, and, at the minimum effective concentrations, it caused only a minor and transient G2-M block. The pharmacokinetic calculations predict that 15 mg/m2 paclitaxel given as a 1 h infusion 5 days/week for 3 weeks during the radiotherapy should achieve both cytotoxicity and radiosensitisation. The mechanism of radiosensitisation by paclitaxel at the concentrations suggested by our results does not appear to be via a G2-M block and is probably concentration dependent. The results imply that low-dose, daily infusions of paclitaxel for as long as possible during a course of radiotherapy are more likely to result in radiosensitisation and prolonged cytotoxicity than high-dose infusions given once a week.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Zanelli
- Laboratorio di Immunoterapia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Galligioni E, Quaia M, Merlo A, Carbone A, Spada A, Favaro D, Santarosa M, Sacco C, Talamini R. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guèrin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer 1996. [PMID: 8640706 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960615)77: 12<2560: : aid-cncr20>3.0.co; 2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active specific immunotherapy (ASI) is a strategy that attempts to boost the host's immune response specifically against its own tumor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adjuvant ASI in patients with renal carcinoma. METHODS Of 120 consecutive patients, 60 were randomized to a control group and 60 to receive ASI comprised of 3 intradermal injections of 10(7) autologous irradiated tumor cells mixed with 10(7) Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (in the first 2 vaccinations) or alone. At randomization and 1, 6, and 12 months after completing immunotherapy, the treated patients were evaluated for the development of delayed type cutaneous hypersensitivity (DTCH) response to autologous tumor and autologous normal renal cells. RESULTS The baseline DTCH responses were negative in all patients. One month after completing ASI, 38 of 54 immunized patients showed a significant (P<0.01) DTCH response to autologous tumor but not to autologous normal renal cells. The response was persistent at 6 months in 25 of 44 patients and at 12 months in 16 of 28 patients. DTCH response remained negative in the nonimmunized control patients. There was no systemic toxicity but local ulcerations that healed in 2 months were observed. After a median follow-up of 61 months, the probability of 5-year disease free survival (DFS) was 63% for treated patients and 72% for control patients. The corresponding probability of 5-year overall survival (OS) was 69% and 78%, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This is the first prospective randomized study of ASI in a large population of patients with renal carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. Our data clearly indicate that ASI can increase the reactivity to autologous tumor, as measured by the DTCH test, but it appears unable to affect DFS and OS of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galligioni
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy.Gruppo Oncologico Clinico Cooperativo del Nord-Est
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Galligioni E, Quaia M, Merlo A, Carbone A, Spada A, Favaro D, Santarosa M, Sacco C, Talamini R. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guèrin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer 1996; 77:2560-6. [PMID: 8640706 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2560::aid-cncr20>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active specific immunotherapy (ASI) is a strategy that attempts to boost the host's immune response specifically against its own tumor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adjuvant ASI in patients with renal carcinoma. METHODS Of 120 consecutive patients, 60 were randomized to a control group and 60 to receive ASI comprised of 3 intradermal injections of 10(7) autologous irradiated tumor cells mixed with 10(7) Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (in the first 2 vaccinations) or alone. At randomization and 1, 6, and 12 months after completing immunotherapy, the treated patients were evaluated for the development of delayed type cutaneous hypersensitivity (DTCH) response to autologous tumor and autologous normal renal cells. RESULTS The baseline DTCH responses were negative in all patients. One month after completing ASI, 38 of 54 immunized patients showed a significant (P<0.01) DTCH response to autologous tumor but not to autologous normal renal cells. The response was persistent at 6 months in 25 of 44 patients and at 12 months in 16 of 28 patients. DTCH response remained negative in the nonimmunized control patients. There was no systemic toxicity but local ulcerations that healed in 2 months were observed. After a median follow-up of 61 months, the probability of 5-year disease free survival (DFS) was 63% for treated patients and 72% for control patients. The corresponding probability of 5-year overall survival (OS) was 69% and 78%, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This is the first prospective randomized study of ASI in a large population of patients with renal carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. Our data clearly indicate that ASI can increase the reactivity to autologous tumor, as measured by the DTCH test, but it appears unable to affect DFS and OS of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galligioni
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy.Gruppo Oncologico Clinico Cooperativo del Nord-Est
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Santarosa M, Favaro D, Quaia M, Spada A, Sacco C, Talamini R, Galligioni E. Expression and release of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in renal-cancer patients. Int J Cancer 1995; 62:271-5. [PMID: 7628868 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910620307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined ICAM-1 expression in 37 freshly dissociated renal-cancer cell populations. Immunoperoxidase analysis revealed that 31 of the 37 renal tumors expressed ICAM-1 to various degrees; ICAM-1 expression was significantly lower in tumor cells obtained from patients remaining tumor-free after a median follow-up of 60 months (mean value 24.4% +/- 21) than in tumor cells obtained from the relapsed patients (mean value 40.8% +/- 22), and the low expression of this molecule on the cell surface seemed to correlate with favorable clinical behavior. In 41 patients, the mean level of sICAM-I was 551 +/- 260 ng/ml, significantly higher than normal. However, sICAM-1 levels were significantly lower in the 20 tumor-free (mean 467 +/- 158 ng/ml) than in the 21 metastatic patients (mean 631 +/- 318 ng/ml). Eleven renal-cancer cell populations were cultured in order to examine the expression and release of ICAM-1. All of these cells were positive for ICAM-1 expression, which was elevated in 6 cases (> 50%) and low in the remaining 5 cases (18-35%). However, only the 5 cell populations expressing low levels of ICAM-1 released this molecule, showing an inverse correlation with cellular expression. Five of the cell populations were treated for 48 hr with rIFN-gamma, in these cells, both ICAM-1 expression and sICAM-1 levels increased, although sICAM-1 levels in the supernatants of the cell populations with constitutive high ICAM-1 expression remained very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santarosa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Favaro D, Santarosa M, Quaia M, Spada A, Freschi A, Talmini R, Galligioni E. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in melanoma patients treated with liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:1026-7. [PMID: 7646908 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Galligioni E, Favaro D, Santarosa M, Quaia M, Spada A, Freschi A, Alberti D. Induction and maintenance of monocyte cytotoxicity during treatment with liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide despite tachyphylaxis to the cytokine response. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1:493-9. [PMID: 9816008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (determined in a 72-h111In release assay) and the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, C-reactive protein, and beta2-microglobulin were determined in 14 melanoma patients treated with multilamellar vesicle liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine, 4 mg twice a week for 12 weeks. Monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity increased 24 h after the first infusion in 9 of 14 patients and had reached maximum levels (mean, 44% +/- 8) in all patients by the sixth week; similar values were observed at the 12th week. Once increased in vivo, peripheral blood monocyte cytotoxicity was not susceptible to any further increase after a subsequent in vitro incubation of the monocytes with liposomes. However, the peripheral blood monocytes which were not cytotoxic in vivo were activated by in vitro incubation with liposomes and not by medium. TNF-alpha and IL-6 peaked 2 h after the first infusion and returned to baseline values at 24 h; they were not significantly increased by subsequent treatments. The induction of fever in patients, observed 2 h after the first infusion, correlated with TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. Similarly, C-reactive protein levels also increased at 24 h, but only after the first dose. No increase in beta2-microglobulin and IL-1beta levels was observed, and IFN-gamma was never detected in serum. Two patients experienced stable disease lasting 7 and 12 months, and 12 patients progressed. These results show that multilamellar vesicle muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine administration activates monocyte cytotoxicity and cytokine production (TNF-alpha, IL-6). Chronic treatment with multilamellar vesicle muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine results in tachyphylaxis in terms of cytokine secretion but not cytotoxicity. There was no difference between the maximum cytotoxicity levels obtained in vivo and those obtained in vitro using the same agent. A better understanding of immunoregulation is required for a rational application of this and related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galligioni
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), and Ciba-Geigy, Origgio (VA), Italy
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Galligioni E, Quaia M, Spada A, Favaro D, Santarosa M, Talamini R, Monfardini S. Activation of cytolytic activity in peripheral blood monocytes of renal cancer patients against non-cultured autologous tumor cells. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:380-5. [PMID: 8375921 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910550307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Our purpose was to evaluate the ability of blood monocytes of renal cancer patients to become cytotoxic against fresh, autologous tumor cells. Fresh target cells were obtained by mechanical enzymatic dissociation of tumor and normal renal tissue. The A375 cell line, derived from a human melanoma, and the SW626 cell line, derived from a human ovarian carcinoma, were used as positive target cell controls. Monocytes from renal cancer patients and normal volunteers were activated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or muramyl tripeptide (MTP-PE), or multilamellar vesicle liposomes containing MTP-PE (MLV-MTP-PE), with or without a pre-incubation with r-IFN-gamma, and tested for cytotoxicity in a 72-hr 111Indium-release assay. All patients were tumor-free at the time of the monocyte study. No difference in cytotoxic activity was observed between monocytes from healthy volunteers and those from cancer patients. Freshly dissociated tumor cells were as susceptible to tumoricidal monocytes as the 2 cell lines. Moreover, no cell population appeared to be resistant to activated monocytes, which were cytotoxic to both allogeneic and autologous fresh tumor cells. Activated monocytes maintained their ability to discriminate between normal and neoplastic cells and were not cytotoxic against autologous or allogeneic normal non-neoplastic cells. Our data indicate that MLV MTP-PE liposomes activate peripheral blood monocytes from cancer patients to a tumoricidal status against fresh, dissociated non-cultured autologous tumor cells.
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Galligioni E, Francini M, Quaia M, Carbone A, Spada A, Sacco C, Favaro D, Santarosa M, Carmignani G, Di Donna D. Randomized study of adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous tumor cells and BCG in renal cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 690:367-9. [PMID: 8368758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb44033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Galligioni
- Gruppo Oncologico Cooperativo del Nord-Est (GOCCNE), Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
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Francini M, Galligioni E, Carbone A, Trovò MG, Di Donna D, Merlo A, Dal Bo V, Quaia M, Spada A, Crivellari D. [Evaluation of the specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response(DTCH) after specific active immunotherapy (SAI) using autologous tumor cells in patients operated upon for renal carcinoma]. Arch Ital Urol Androl 1993; 65:185-8. [PMID: 8330066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
From Dec 1986 to Dec 1990, 113 consecutive patients radically resected for renal cell carcinoma, have been randomized after surgery to observation or to Active Specific Immunotherapy (A.S.I.). 43 patients stage I-II and 13 p. stage III, according to TNM entered the treatment arm consisting of 10 autologous irradiated tumor cells injected intradermally, either mixed with BCG 10(7) (on days 28th and 35th after surgery) or alone (on day 42th). At randomization and 1, 6 and 12 months after treatment, patients were evaluated for the development of a DTCH to autologous tumor and to autologous normal cells, obtained by mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of the surgical specimens. Baseline DTCH were negative in all patients. One month after completing A.S.I. 36 out of 50 evaluable patients displayed a significant DTCH response to autologous tumor, which remained positive in 23/40 patients at 6 months. Our data clearly indicate that Active Specific Immunotherapy with autologous tumor cells mixed with BCG can elicit a specific immune response to autochthonous tumor as measured by DTCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Francini
- Gruppo Oncologico Clinico Cooperativo del nord-est (GOCCNE), Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano
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Tirelli V, Pinto A, Marotta G, Crovato M, Quaia M, De Paoli P, Galligioni E, Santini G. Clinical and immunologic study of 205 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a case series from Italy. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:116-120. [PMID: 8422193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Expression of glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) gene was quantitatively analysed on various human tumours (renal cell, colorectal, head and neck, ovarian carcinomas, soft tissue sarcomas; non-Hodgkin lymphomas) and on the corresponding normal tissues when available (kidney, colorectum and head and neck). GST-pi mRNA expression level was found to be significantly higher in tumours (P less than 0.01) than in the normal counterparts (mainly 7.3, 3.5- and 3.0-fold in colorectal, head and neck, and renal carcinomas, respectively). Most tumours displayed a significant relationship between higher GST-pi expression level and poor differentiation grade of tumour cells, thus suggesting a relationship between GST-pi activity, neoplastic transformation and cellular differentiation grade. The high requirement of GST-pi activity neoplastic cells displayed was not singularly related to cellular replication rate. Finally, GST-pi gene expression levels were not affected by chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Toffoli
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Pordenone, Italy
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Galligioni E, Quaia M, Spada A, Crivellari D, Favaro D, Sorio R, Talamini R, D'Incalci M, Allavena P, Damia G. Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity in patients (PTS) treated with flavone acetic acid (FAA). Ann Oncol 1991; 2:145-50. [PMID: 2054317 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a057879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activity was measured in nine patients with different solid tumors treated with flavone acetic acid (FAA). In three of them, NK cell activity was significantly increased, in two instances even after repeated courses of treatment. A significant increase in lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity was also observed in three of four patients after in vivo treatment with FAA and in vitro incubation of lymphocytes with recombinant Interleukin-2. We observed some inter-individual variability in drug clearance, but no apparent correlation between drug plasma levels (neither peak nor AUC values) and the effects on NK and LAK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galligioni
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy
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Damia G, Freschi A, Sorio R, Braida A, Caruso G, Quaia M, Monfardini S, D'Incalci M. Flavone acetic acid distribution in human malignant tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 26:67-70. [PMID: 2322990 DOI: 10.1007/bf02940298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of flavone acetic acid (FAA) after a dose of 4.8 mg/m2 given i.v. over 1 h was investigated in 13 patients with different solid tumors. The mean volume of distribution and clearance were 52 +/- 4 l/m2 and 2.6 +/- 0.2 l/h x m2, respectively. A tumor or metastasis biopsy was obtained from six patients 2 h after the end of infusion. Tumor FAA levels ranged from 39.6 to 148.8 micrograms/g and were similar to those obtained after a therapeutic i.v. dose of 200 mg/kg FAA in animals bearing Pan/03 tumor, which is very sensitive to the drug. Although FAA tumor concentration could be detected only during one interval and we therefore cannot draw a definitive conclusion, differences in the agent's antitumor activity in mice and patients (i.e. very active in the former and inactive in the latter) are apparently not due to discrepancies in drug distribution and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Damia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Radrizzani M, Quaia M, Benedetti B, Andreola S, Vaglini M, Galligioni E, Fossati G, Parmiani G. Cancer patients' lymphocytes contain CD3+ CD4+ cells that proliferate in response to autologous tumor cells in the presence of exogenous low-dose interleukin-2 and autologous accessory cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1989; 30:233-8. [PMID: 2574630 PMCID: PMC11038100 DOI: 10.1007/bf01665010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/1989] [Accepted: 06/27/1989] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To see whether cancer patients possess CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes able to proliferate in response to autologous tumor cells (Auto-Tu), this lymphocyte subset was isolated either by positive or negative selection, both methods resulting in highly enriched CD4+ populations. Unseparated and isolated CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes were then assayed for proliferating activity in the presence or absence of various amounts of Auto-Tu, with or without recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) (1.5-15 U/ml) and DR+ adherent cells or E- lymphocytes as autologous accessory cells (Auto-AC). Isolated CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes were stimulated by Auto-Tu alone in only 1 out of 12 cases. CD3+ CD4+ cells failed to proliferate significantly in response to low doses of IL-2 alone but the addition of Auto-Tu caused stimulation in 8 out of 12 cases (67%). The further addition of Auto-AC to Auto-Tu + IL-2 resulted in enhanced response of isolated CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes in 6 out of 8 cases tested. When reactivities to Auto-Tu in the presence of IL-2 and IL-2 + Auto-AC were considered together, positive responses of CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes were seen in 11 out of 12 cases (92%). On the other hand, unseparated lymphocytes were stimulated by Auto-Tu alone in none out of 12 cases. Unseparated lymphocytes, however, responded to IL-2 in 11 out of 12 cases; such a response was increased by the addition of Auto-Tu in only 2 cases. Moreover, the IL-2 proliferation of unseparated lymphocytes was suppressed in 4 and in 3 out of 12 cases tested when Auto-Tu or Auto-Tu + Auto-AC were added respectively. These data indicate that lymphocytes of cancer patients contain CD3+ CD4+ cells that are usually unable to proliferate in response to Auto-Tu only. This proliferation, however, occurs when low doses of exogenous IL-2 are present and can be further amplified by the addition of Auto-AC. No response of CD4+ cells is observed in the presence of DR+ Auto-AC + IL-2 except in 2 out of 7 cases tested (28%), suggesting an Auto-Tu-restricted reactivity of CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Radrizzani
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, Instituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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