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Lewis GJ, Panizzon MS, Eyler L, Fennema-Notestine C, Chen CH, Neale MC, Jernigan TL, Lyons MJ, Dale AM, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Heritable influences on amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex contribute to genetic variation in core dimensions of personality. Neuroimage 2014; 103:309-315. [PMID: 25263286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While many studies have reported that individual differences in personality traits are genetically influenced, the neurobiological bases mediating these influences have not yet been well characterized. To advance understanding concerning the pathway from genetic variation to personality, here we examined whether measures of heritable variation in neuroanatomical size in candidate regions (amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex) were associated with heritable effects on personality. A sample of 486 middle-aged (mean=55 years) male twins (complete MZ pairs=120; complete DZ pairs=84) underwent structural brain scans and also completed measures of two core domains of personality: positive and negative emotionality. After adjusting for estimated intracranial volume, significant phenotypic (r(p)) and genetic (r(g)) correlations were observed between left amygdala volume and positive emotionality (r(p)=.16, p<.01; r(g)=.23, p<.05, respectively). In addition, after adjusting for mean cortical thickness, genetic and nonshared-environmental correlations (r(e)) between left medial orbitofrontal cortex thickness and negative emotionality were also observed (r(g)=.34, p<.01; r(e)=-.19, p<.05, respectively). These findings support a model positing that heritable bases of personality are, at least in part, mediated through individual differences in the size of brain structures, although further work is still required to confirm this causal interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - M S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - L Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - C Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - C-H Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - T L Jernigan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - A M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - C E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Kubarych TS, Prom-Wormley EC, Franz CE, Panizzon MS, Dale AM, Fischl B, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Grant MD, Hauger RL, Hellhammer DH, Jak AJ, Jernigan TL, Lupien SJ, Lyons MJ, Mendoza SP, Neale MC, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Kremen WS. A multivariate twin study of hippocampal volume, self-esteem and well-being in middle-aged men. Genes Brain Behav 2012; 11:539-44. [PMID: 22471516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-esteem and well-being are important for successful aging, and some evidence suggests that self-esteem and well-being are associated with hippocampal volume, cognition and stress responsivity. Whereas most of this evidence is based on studies on older adults, we investigated self-esteem, well-being and hippocampal volume in 474 male middle-aged twins. Self-esteem was significantly positively correlated with hippocampal volume (0.09, P = 0.03 for left hippocampus, 0.10, P = 0.04 for right). Correlations for well-being were not significant (Ps > 0.05). There were strong phenotypic correlations between self-esteem and well-being (0.72, P < 0.001) and between left and right hippocampal volume (0.72, P < 0.001). In multivariate genetic analyses, a two-factor additive genetic and unique environmental (AE) model with well-being and self-esteem on one factor and left and right hippocampal volumes on the other factor fits the data better than Cholesky, independent pathway or common pathway models. The correlation between the two genetic factors was 0.12 (P = 0.03); the correlation between the environmental factors was 0.09 (P > 0.05). Our results indicate that largely different genetic and environmental factors underlie self-esteem and well-being on one hand and hippocampal volume on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Kubarych
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23219-0126, USA.
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Panizzon MS, Hauger R, Dale AM, Eaves LJ, Eyler LT, Fischl B, Fennema-Notestine C, Franz CE, Grant MD, Jak AJ, Jacobson KC, Lyons MJ, Mendoza SP, Neale MC, Prom-Wormley EC, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Xian H, Kremen WS. Testosterone modifies the effect of APOE genotype on hippocampal volume in middle-aged men. Neurology 2010; 75:874-80. [PMID: 20819998 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f11deb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE epsilon4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), yet findings are mixed for how early its effects are manifest. One reason for the mixed results could be the presence of interaction effects with other AD risk factors. Increasing evidence indicates that testosterone may play a significant role in the development of AD. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential interaction of testosterone and APOE genotype with respect to hippocampal volume in middle age. METHODS Participants were men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (n = 375). The mean age was 55.9 years (range 51-59). Between-group comparisons were performed utilizing a hierarchical linear mixed model that adjusted for the nonindependence of twin data. RESULTS A significant interaction was observed between testosterone and APOE genotype (epsilon4-negative vs epsilon4-positive). Those with both low testosterone (> or =1 SD below the mean) and an epsilon4-positive status had the smallest hippocampal volumes, although comparisons with normal testosterone groups were not significant. However, individuals with low testosterone and epsilon4-negative status had significantly larger hippocampal volumes relative to all other groups. A main effect of APOE genotype on hippocampal volume was observed, but only when the APOE-by-testosterone interaction was present. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate an interaction effect between testosterone and the APOE epsilon4 allele on hippocampal volume in middle-aged men, and they may suggest 2 low testosterone subgroups. Furthermore, these results allude to potential gene-gene interactions between APOE and either androgen receptor polymorphisms or genes associated with testosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 9293-0738, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Results of previous research examining long-term residual effects of marijuana use on cognition are conflicting. A major methodological limitation of prior studies is the inability to determine whether differences between users and non-users are due to differences in genetic vulnerability preceding drug use or due to the effects of the drug. METHOD Fifty-four monozygotic male twin pairs, discordant for regular marijuana use in which neither twin used any other illicit drug regularly, were recruited from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. A minimum of 1 year had passed since the marijuana-using twins had last used the drug, and a mean of almost 20 years had passed since the last time marijuana had been used regularly. Twins were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery to assess general intelligence, executive functioning, attention, memory and motor skills. Differences in performance between marijuana-using twins and their non-using co-twins were compared using a multivariate analysis of specific cognitive domains and univariate analyses of individual test scores. Dose response relationships were explored within the marijuana-using group. RESULTS Marijuana-using twins significantly differed from their non-using co-twins on the general intelligence domain; however, within that domain only the performance of the block design subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised reached a level of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Out of the numerous measures that were administered, only one significant difference was noted between marijuana-using twins and their non-using co-twins on cognitive functioning. The results indicate an absence of marked long-term residual effects of marijuana use on cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lyons
- Psychology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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