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Bauer M, Glenn T, Alda M, Aleksandrovich MA, Andreassen OA, Angelopoulos E, Ardau R, Ayhan Y, Baethge C, Bharathram SR, Bauer R, Baune BT, Becerra-Palars C, Bellivier F, Belmaker RH, Berk M, Bersudsky Y, Bicakci Ş, Birabwa-Oketcho H, Bjella TD, Bossini L, Cabrera J, Cheung EYW, Del Zompo M, Dodd S, Donix M, Etain B, Fagiolini A, Fountoulakis KN, Frye MA, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Gottlieb JF, Grof P, Harima H, Henry C, Isometsä ET, Janno S, Kapczinski F, Kardell M, Khaldi S, Kliwicki S, König B, Kot TL, Krogh R, Kunz M, Lafer B, Landén M, Larsen ER, Lewitzka U, Licht RW, Lopez-Jaramillo C, MacQueen G, Manchia M, Marsh W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Melle I, Meza-Urzúa F, Yee Ming M, Monteith S, Morken G, Mosca E, Munoz R, Mythri SV, Nacef F, Nadella RK, Nery FG, Nielsen RE, O'Donovan C, Omrani A, Osher Y, Østermark Sørensen H, Ouali U, Pica Ruiz Y, Pilhatsch M, Pinna M, da Ponte FDR, Quiroz D, Ramesar R, Rasgon N, Reddy MS, Reif A, Ritter P, Rybakowski JK, Sagduyu K, Scippa ÂM, Severus E, Simhandl C, Stein DJ, Strejilevich S, Subramaniam M, Sulaiman AH, Suominen K, Tagata H, Tatebayashi Y, Tondo L, Torrent C, Vaaler AE, Veeh J, Vieta E, Viswanath B, Yoldi-Negrete M, Zetin M, Zgueb Y, Whybrow PC. Solar insolation in springtime influences age of onset of bipolar I disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:571-582. [PMID: 28722128 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm prior findings that the larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation in springtime, the younger the age of onset of bipolar disorder. METHOD Data were collected from 5536 patients at 50 sites in 32 countries on six continents. Onset occurred at 456 locations in 57 countries. Variables included solar insolation, birth-cohort, family history, polarity of first episode and country physician density. RESULTS There was a significant, inverse association between the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the onset location, and the age of onset. This effect was reduced in those without a family history of mood disorders and with a first episode of mania rather than depression. The maximum monthly increase occurred in springtime. The youngest birth-cohort had the youngest age of onset. All prior relationships were confirmed using both the entire sample, and only the youngest birth-cohort (all estimated coefficients P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A large increase in springtime solar insolation may impact the onset of bipolar disorder, especially with a family history of mood disorders. Recent societal changes that affect light exposure (LED lighting, mobile devices backlit with LEDs) may influence adaptability to a springtime circadian challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Glenn
- ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT - K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Angelopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R Ardau
- Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Y Ayhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C Baethge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - R Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - B T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C Becerra-Palars
- National Institute of Psychiatry '"Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Bellivier
- Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, INSERM UMR-S1144, Denis Diderot University, René Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - R H Belmaker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - M Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Orygen, the National Centre for Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Centre for Youth Mental Health and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Y Bersudsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ş Bicakci
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - T D Bjella
- NORMENT - K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Bossini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Mental Health (DAI), University of Siena and University of Siena Medical Center (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - J Cabrera
- Mood Disorders Clinic, Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - E Y W Cheung
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Castle Peak Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - M Del Zompo
- Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - S Dodd
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourneo, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - M Donix
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - B Etain
- Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, INSERM UMR-S1144, Denis Diderot University, René Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - A Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Mental Health (DAI), University of Siena and University of Siena Medical Center (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - K N Fountoulakis
- Division of Neurosciences, 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Gonzalez-Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain
| | - J F Gottlieb
- Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P Grof
- Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H Harima
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Henry
- AP-HP, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor and INSERM U955 (IMRB) and Université Paris Est and Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, Paris, France
| | - E T Isometsä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Janno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - F Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M Kardell
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Khaldi
- Private practice, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Kliwicki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - B König
- BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - T L Kot
- Khanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
| | - R Krogh
- Department of Affective Disorders, Q, Mood Disorders Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Kunz
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - B Lafer
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E R Larsen
- Department of Affective Disorders, Q, Mood Disorders Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - U Lewitzka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - R W Licht
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - C Lopez-Jaramillo
- Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - W Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - M Martinez-Cengotitabengoa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain
| | - I Melle
- NORMENT - K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Meza-Urzúa
- National Institute of Psychiatry '"Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Yee Ming
- Department of General Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - S Monteith
- Traverse City Campus, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City, MI, USA
| | - G Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Mosca
- Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - R Munoz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - S V Mythri
- Asha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - F Nacef
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - R K Nadella
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - F G Nery
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R E Nielsen
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - A Omrani
- Tunisian Bipolar Forum, Érable Médical Cabinet 324, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Y Osher
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - H Østermark Sørensen
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - U Ouali
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Y Pica Ruiz
- Hospital "Ángeles del Pedregal", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Pilhatsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Pinna
- Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Center, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F D R da Ponte
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D Quiroz
- Deparment of Psychiatry, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - R Ramesar
- UCT/MRC Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Rasgon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - M S Reddy
- Asha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - A Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - K Sagduyu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Â M Scippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - E Severus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Simhandl
- BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Strejilevich
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neuroscience Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - A H Sulaiman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Suominen
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Psychiatry, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Tagata
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Tatebayashi
- Schizophrenia & Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Seatagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L Tondo
- McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mood Disorder Lucio Bini Centers, Cagliari e Roma, Italy
| | - C Torrent
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A E Vaaler
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Veeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - M Yoldi-Negrete
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología - Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - M Zetin
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Y Zgueb
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - P C Whybrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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