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Hadi MA, Dahlqvist M, Christopoulos SRG, Naqib SH, Chroneos A, Islam AKMA. Chemically stable new MAX phase V 2SnC: a damage and radiation tolerant TBC material. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43783-43798. [PMID: 35519691 PMCID: PMC9058429 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07730e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using density functional theory, the phase stability and physical properties, including structural, electronic, mechanical, thermal and vibrational with defect processes, of a newly synthesized 211 MAX phase V2SnC are investigated for the first time. The obtained results are compared with those found in the literature for other existing M2SnC (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Lu) phases. The formation of V2SnC is exothermic and this compound is intrinsically stable in agreement with the experiment. V2SnC has potential to be etched into 2D MXene. The new phase V2SnC and existing phase Nb2SnC are damage tolerant. V2SnC is elastically more anisotropic than Ti2SnC and less than the other M2SnC phases. The electronic band structure and Fermi surface of V2SnC indicate the possibility of occurrence of its superconductivity. V2SnC is expected to be a promising TBC material like Lu2SnC. The radiation tolerance in V2SnC is better than that in Lu2SnC. Using density functional theory, the phase stability and physical properties, including structural, electronic, mechanical, thermal and vibrational with defect processes, of a newly synthesized 211 MAX phase V2SnC are investigated for the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hadi
- Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - M Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics (IFM), Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - S-R G Christopoulos
- Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB UK
| | - S H Naqib
- Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - A Chroneos
- Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB UK.,Department of Materials, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - A K M A Islam
- Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh .,Internatinal Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Chittagong 4318 Bangladesh
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Fashandi H, Lai CC, Dahlqvist M, Lu J, Rosen J, Hultman L, Greczynski G, Andersson M, Lloyd Spetz A, Eklund P. Ti2Au2C and Ti3Au2C2 formed by solid state reaction of gold with Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9554-9557. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04701k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ti2Au2C and Ti3Au2C2 formation by Au/Ti2AlC and Au/Ti3AlC2 exchange-reactions imply thermodynamic guidelines for identifying materials where these reactions may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Fashandi
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - C.-C. Lai
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - M. Dahlqvist
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - J. Lu
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - J. Rosen
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - L. Hultman
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - G. Greczynski
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - M. Andersson
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - A. Lloyd Spetz
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - P. Eklund
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry, and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
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Abstract
This review presents MAX phases (M is a transition metal, A an A-group element, X is C or N), known for their unique combination of ceramic/metallic properties, as a recently uncovered family of novel magnetic nanolaminates. The first created magnetic MAX phases were predicted through evaluation of phase stability using density functional theory, and subsequently synthesized as heteroepitaxial thin films. All magnetic MAX phases reported to date, in bulk or thin film form, are based on Cr and/or Mn, and they include (Cr,Mn)2AlC, (Cr,Mn)2GeC, (Cr,Mn)2GaC, (Mo,Mn)2GaC, (V,Mn)3GaC2, Cr2AlC, Cr2GeC and Mn2GaC. A variety of magnetic properties have been found, such as ferromagnetic response well above room temperature and structural changes linked to magnetic anisotropy. In this paper, theoretical as well as experimental work performed on these materials to date is critically reviewed, in terms of methods used, results acquired, and conclusions drawn. Open questions concerning magnetic characteristics are discussed, and an outlook focused on new materials, superstructures, property tailoring and further synthesis and characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ingason
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Alexandersson R. Acute Pulmonary Function Impairment in School Staff Working in a 'Sick Building': A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1420326x9300200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Thore A, Dahlqvist M, Alling B, Rosen J. Phase stability of the nanolaminates V2Ga2C and (Mo1-xVx)2Ga2C from first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12682-8. [PMID: 27094754 PMCID: PMC5066482 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00802j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We here use first-principles calculations to investigate the phase stability of the hypothetical laminated material V2Ga2C and the related alloy (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C, the latter for a potential parent material for synthesis of (Mo1–xVx)2C, a new two-dimensional material in the family of so called MXenes.
We here use first-principles calculations to investigate the phase stability of the hypothetical laminated material V2Ga2C and the related alloy (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C, the latter for a potential parent material for synthesis of (Mo1–xVx)2C, a new two-dimensional material in the family of so called MXenes. We predict that V2Ga2C is thermodynamically stable with respect to all identified competing phases in the ternary V–Ga–C phase diagram. We further calculate the stability of ordered and disordered configurations of Mo and V in (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C and predict that ordered (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C for x ≤ 0.25 is stable, with an order–disorder transition temperature of ∼1000 K. Furthermore, (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C for x = 0.5 and x ≥ 0.75 is suggested to be stable, but only for disordered Mo–V configurations, and only at elevated temperatures. We have also investigated the electronic and elastic properties of V2Ga2C; the calculated bulk, shear, and Young's modulus are 141, 94, and 230 GPa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thore
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Thin Film Physics Division, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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Dahlqvist M, Alling B, Rosen J. A critical evaluation of GGA + U modeling for atomic, electronic and magnetic structure of Cr2AlC, Cr2GaC and Cr2GeC. J Phys Condens Matter 2015; 27:095601. [PMID: 25671459 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/9/095601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we critically evaluate methods for treating electron correlation effects in multicomponent carbides using a GGA + U framework, addressing doubts from previous works on the usability of density functional theory in the design of magnetic MAX phases. We have studied the influence of the Hubbard U-parameter, applied to Cr 3d orbitals, on the calculated lattice parameters, magnetic moments, magnetic order, bulk modulus and electronic density of states of Cr2AlC, Cr2GaC and Cr2GeC. By considering non-, ferro-, and five different antiferromagnetic spin configurations, we show the importance of including a broad range of magnetic orders in the search for MAX phases with finite magnetic moments in the ground state. We show that when electron correlation is treated on the level of the generalized gradient approximation (U = 0 eV), the magnetic ground state of Cr2AC (A = Al, Ga, Ge) is in-plane antiferromagnetic with finite Cr local moments, and calculated lattice parameters and bulk modulus close to experimentally reported values. By comparing GGA and GGA + U results with experimental data we find that using a U-value larger than 1 eV results in structural parameters deviating strongly from experimentally observed values. Comparisons are also done with hybrid functional calculations (HSE06) resulting in an exchange splitting larger than what is obtained for a U-value of 2 eV. Our results suggest caution and that investigations need to involve several different magnetic orders before lack of magnetism in calculations are blamed on the exchange-correlation approximations in this class of magnetic MAX phases.
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Ingason AS, Mockute A, Dahlqvist M, Magnus F, Olafsson S, Arnalds UB, Alling B, Abrikosov IA, Hjörvarsson B, Persson POÅ, Rosen J. Magnetic self-organized atomic laminate from first principles and thin film synthesis. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:195502. [PMID: 23705717 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.195502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental realization of a magnetic M(n+1)AX(n) (MAX) phase, (Cr(0.75)Mn(0.25))(2)GeC, is presented, synthesized as a heteroepitaxial single crystal thin film, exhibiting excellent structural quality. This self-organized atomic laminate is based on the well-known Cr(2)GeC, with Mn, a new element in MAX phase research, substituting Cr. The compound was predicted using first-principles calculations, from which a variety of magnetic behavior is envisaged, depending on the Mn concentration and Cr/Mn atomic configuration within the sublattice. The analyzed thin films display a magnetic signal at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ingason
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern Medical University, Bern, Switzerland
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Oi Y, Aneman A, Svensson M, Ewert S, Dahlqvist M, Haljamäe H. Hypertonic saline-dextran improves intestinal perfusion and survival in porcine endotoxin shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:2843-50. [PMID: 10966260 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200008000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of hypertonic (7.5%) saline-6% dextran 70 (HSD) and isotonic (0.9%) saline-6% dextran 70 (ISD) on cardiovascular function and intestinal perfusion in experimental endotoxin shock. DESIGN Experimental, randomized, unblinded, interventional study. SETTING University experimental animal laboratory. SUBJECTS Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated landrace pigs (n = 24). INTERVENTIONS Induction of endotoxin (ET) shock by infusion of Escherichia coil lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (serotype 0111: B4) followed by no fluid treatment (control; C) or small-volume (4 mL/kg) treatment with HSD or ISD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, cardiac output, portal vein blood flow, intestinal microcirculation, intramucosal (regional) P(CO2), intestinal-arterial gap of CO2, and intramucosal pH were monitored, and blood gases were analyzed. Infusion of ET resulted in hypokinetic shock, which in untreated animals led to cardiovascular deterioration and a survival rate of only 33% at 300 mins after start of ET infusion. ISD treatment transiently improved hemodynamic variables and mucosal blood flow but did not affect the survival rate vs. C. Significant beneficial, long-lasting effects of HSD infusion on hemodynamics, especially on mucosal blood flow and intramucosal pH, were demonstrable, resulting in a survival rate of 86%. The relative risk of death at 300 mins was 1.20 for ISD vs. C and 0.17 for HSD vs. C. CONCLUSION Small-volume HSD resuscitation is much more effective than ISD resuscitation. Variables that were improved include cardiac output, portal blood flow, and intestinal mucosal blood flow in ET shock, all of which improve survival. Such beneficial effects of HSD on splanchnic perfusion may be of value in treating critically ill septic patients in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Dahlqvist M, Sillanpää R. Structures and vibrational spectra of pinacol. Part 2. A new crystal form of pinacol: a key to the infrared spectroscopic identification of the G and T conformers in condensed phases. J Mol Struct 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(99)00457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Oi Y, Åneman A, Dahlqvist M, Svensson M, Ewert S, Haljamäe H. Effect of hypertonic dextran on intestinal mucosal perfusion during porcine endotoxin shock. Crit Care 1999. [PMCID: PMC3301856 DOI: 10.1186/cc528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Dahlqvist M, Åneman A, Haljamiäe H. Splanchnic microcirculation after resuscitation with hypertonic saline in a porcine model of cardiac tamponade. Crit Care 1999. [PMCID: PMC3301857 DOI: 10.1186/cc529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Spens KE, Huss C, Dahlqvist M, Agelfors E. A hand held two-channel vibro-tactile speech communication aid for the deaf: characteristics and results. Scand Audiol Suppl 1998; 47:7-13. [PMID: 9428037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The OSCAR-project (Optimal Speech Communication Assistance for Residual Abilities) within the TIDE frame is aiming at processing the speech signal in such a way so that it can be more effectively aurally perceived than with an ordinary hearing aid in case of a very small residual hearing. In case of total deafness the code will be tactile and in some cases a multi modal approach will be tried. One of the sub-results of the OSCAR-project is a hand held vibro-tactile speech communication aid for profoundly hard of hearing and deaf persons. The main idea of the aid is that it should not be a general tactile hearing aid, but rather give optimum tactile support to lip-reading in a close communication situation. It should be used when speech communication is necessary and other methods of communication i.e. sign language, lip-reading, reading and writing etc. does not work. The aid conveys two types of information via its two vibro-tactile transducers; the syllabic rhythm and frication. This paper describes some characteristics of the aid and some results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Spens
- Dept. of Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Dahlqvist M, Hotokka M, Räsänen M. UV-Induced Rotamerization and Vibrational Spectra of the Conformers of Cyanomethyl Formate: Matrix Isolation Infrared and ab Initio Studies. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dahlqvist
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - M. Hotokka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi, FIN-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - M. Räsänen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Dahlqvist M, Palmberg L, Malmberg P, Sundblad BM, Ulfvarson U, Zhiping W. Acute effects of exposure to air contaminants in a sawmill on healthy volunteers. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53:586-90. [PMID: 8882114 PMCID: PMC1128553 DOI: 10.1136/oem.53.9.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study whether air contaminants in sawmills can induce acute changes in the upper and lower airways of previously non-exposed subjects. METHODS Nineteen healthy volunteers were examined to find the concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in nasal lavage fluid and lung function before and after five hour exposure to dusts and fumes generated in a sawmill where timber from Scots pine was sawed. When exposed, the subjects had respirators with and without a particle filter. RESULTS The median for daily time weighted average concentration of total dust for subjects with respirators without a filter was 0.13 mg/m3, which was significantly higher than the median of 0.04 mg/m3 for subjects who had respirators with a filter. The median for the concentration of IL-6 in the nasal lavage fluid increased after exposure from 0.5 to 5.9 pg/ml in subjects with respirators without a particle filter (P < 0.05). The increase of the concentration of IL-6 was significantly correlated with the dust concentration. A decrease in transfer factor of the lung was significantly correlated with daily time weighted average concentrations of terpenes. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that healthy volunteers, exposed to air contaminants in a sawmill, show a slight inflammatory reaction. Also, the results of the study indicate the importance of decreasing the concentrations of wood dust in the work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Ulfvarson U. An Indicator for Assessing Respirable Soot Particles in Diesel Exhaust during Occupational Exposures. Int J Occup Environ Health 1996; 2:5-9. [PMID: 9933859 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.1996.2.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Both acute and chronic impairments of lung function have been demonstrated in humans after exposure to diesel exhaust. The concentration of soot particles in the diesel exhaust is significantly related to its effects on health. The aim of the present analysis was to study the relationship between the concentration of respirable dust as an indicator of exposure to soot particles in diesel exhaust and a biologic exposure indicator variable, i.e., transient lung function decrease. Daily time-weighted average concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide amounted to 9 % and 25% of the applicable hygienic limit values. Time-weighted average concentration and the proportion of respirable dust in total dust during a workshift were significantly correlated with across-shift decreases in lung function. In the absence of a suitable measure for total diesel exhaust exposure, the ratio of the proportion of respirable dust in total dust in a workplace may serve as an indicator of the concentration of soot particles in diesel exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Fiskartorpsv 15A, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M. Does abnormal single-breath nitrogen wash-out predict an accelerated decline in FEV1 in lung-healthy subjects? Clin Physiol 1995; 15:459-66. [PMID: 8846666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1995.tb00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-breath nitrogen wash-out and forced expirograms measured on two occasions, 8 years apart, were analysed for 24 subjects with varying degrees of peripheral airway involvement. Correlation analyses were carried out between closing volume in percentage of vital capacity (CV%), the slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) for both occasions. The correlations between CV% and phase III measured on the first occasion and the long-term change in FEV1 were also studied. It is concluded that large deviations are required for CV% as well as phase III before any pathological decreases in the large airways will occur. The prognostic value of an abnormal single-breath nitrogen wash-out seems to be limited, at least in lung-healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Tornling G, Plato N, Ulfvarson U. Effects within the week on forced vital capacity are correlated with long term changes in pulmonary function: reanalysis of studies on car painters exposed to isocyanate. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52:192-5. [PMID: 7735393 PMCID: PMC1128186 DOI: 10.1136/oem.52.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine if car painters who work with polyurethane paints that contain hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI) and hexamethylenediisocyanate biuret trimer (HDI-BT) develop acute as well as chronic impairment of lung function. METHODS In this study data were reanalysed from two earlier studies on a group of car painters to see if a decrease in lung function within the week is a marker of vulnerability in those workers. Data on changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) within the week were available for 20 car painters who were also examined six years later. RESULTS 10 men showed a decline in FVC within the week. There were no significant differences in age, duration of employment, exposures during the follow up period, or smoking between car painters who had decline in lung function within the week and car painters who had not. A significant correlation was found between the change in FVC within the week and the long term (six year) change in FVC, standardised for the effects of aging and smoking, and adjusted for the number of peak exposures. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the decrease in FVC within the week might serve as a guide to identify car painters at risk of a further decrement in lung function above the effects of aging, smoking, and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Abstract
Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust may develop acute as well as chronic lung function impairment. In this study, data from an earlier study on a group of subjects working at tunnel construction site were analyzed. The aim of the analysis was to examine the significance of an across-shift decrease in vital capacity with concern to other lung physiological measurements. There were no statistically significant differences, either in the average age, time of employment, vital capacity before a working shift after two days of no exposure, or the distributions of smoking habits and respiratory symptoms, between the eight workers who had an across-shift decrease in vital capacity and the five workers who had not. Subjects with an across-shift decrease in vital capacity had a significantly greater across-shift decrease in residual volume and total lung capacity than subjects without an across-shift decrease in vital capacity. The pathophysiological mechanisms for this across-shift decrease in residual volume is not fully understood. However, an altered defence mechanism in the lung may play a role for a prolonged retention time for the particles in the inhaled diesel exhaust, resulting in the across-shift decrease in residual volume. The results thus suggest that measurements of across-shift vital capacity is of importance in identifying susceptible subjects with occupational exposure to diesel exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Ulfvarson U, Dahlqvist M, Sandström T, Bergström B, Ekholm U, Lagerstrand L, Figler B, Nilsen A, Bjermer L, Trønnes T. Experimental evaluation of the effect of filtration of diesel exhaust by biologic exposure indicators. Am J Ind Med 1995; 27:91-106. [PMID: 7900738 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700270109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The airway resistance, compliance of the respiratory system, transfer factor, and alveolar volume of 33 healthy rabbits were studied before and after exposure to diluted diesel exhaust generated in an experimental motor. Three diesel fuels and two particle traps were tested. Subsequent to the post-exposure lung function measurements, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were processed for morphologic examination. The concentrations of particles, nitrogen dioxide, and formaldehyde were measured. The inflammatory airway changes were most pronounced in animals exposed to exhaust from standard fuel. Small changes were identified in animals exposed to exhaust filtered through the catalytic trap as well or exposed to unfiltered exhaust from fuels intended for densely built-up areas. Increase in compliance of the respiratory system was associated with the concentration of soot particles and formaldehyde. Compliance decreased significantly in animals exposed to exhaust from standard fuel filtered through the particle traps and increased almost significantly in animals exposed to unfiltered exhaust from the same fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ulfvarson
- Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Dahlqvist M, Ulfvarson U. Acute effects on forced expiratory volume in one second and longitudinal change in pulmonary function among wood trimmers. Am J Ind Med 1994; 25:551-8. [PMID: 8010297 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700250409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Wood trimmers are exposed to molds that periodically grow on timber, and may develop acute as well as chronic pulmonary function impairment. This study examined whether these acute changes in pulmonary function are predictors for a longitudinal deterioration in pulmonary function, beyond normal aging and exposure. Across-shift changes in pulmonary function, measured during a working week, were evaluated in 15 wood trimmers with a follow-up time of 27 months. Twenty-six sawmill workers, employed at the same plants as the wood trimmers, served as control subjects. The highest concentration of viable mold spores for the wood trimmers was 10(6) colony-forming units (cfu)/m3, i.e., several times higher than the corresponding value for the sawmill workers. At the follow-up, wood trimmers had a lower forced vital capacity (FVC) on average, after adjustment for age and height, compared to the sawmill workers. In addition, a correlation was found between the across-week change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the decline in FEV1 between the first and the second occasion, after adjusting for normal aging in nonsmoking wood trimmers (r2 = 84%, p < 0.001). The results from the present study suggest that across-shift decrease in FEV1 (measured during a working week) might serve as a guide to identify subjects being at risk for a further decrement in pulmonary function over and above the effects of normal aging and exposure to mold spores in the wood trimming department.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Dahlqvist M, Lagerstrand L, Nilsen A. Repeated measurements of transfer factor in rabbits: an animal model suitable for evaluation of short-term exposure. Clin Physiol 1994; 14:53-61. [PMID: 8149710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1994.tb00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute temporary changes in lung function may be of use as a biological exposure indicator. However, studies of humans occupationally exposed to complex airborne irritants are often expensive and time demanding. Therefore, an animal model could be a valuable complement. A rabbit model has been evaluated where transfer factor was measured twice during the same day, and with the rabbit awake and available for exposure, in between. Anaesthesia and intubation in 22 rabbits (2.6 [0.2] kg [Mean (SD)]) were immediately followed by two measurements of transfer factor and alveolar volume. Transfer factor was estimated by the single breath CO-technique used in humans. The samples were analysed for CO and He on a gas chromatograph. After one pair of measurements the rabbit was allowed to wake up and after 5 h the duplicate measurements were repeated. The mean values of transfer factor, alveolar volume and transfer constant were 0.50 (0.09) mmol min-1 kPa-1, 127 (8) ml and 3.9 (0.6) mmol min-1 kPa-1 l-1, respectively. The intraindividual coefficients of variation were 7.3%, 5.3% and 6.7%, respectively. Five hours later when the duplicate measurements were repeated, transfer factor, alveolar volume and transfer constant were unchanged still. The results suggest that relatively small changes in transfer factor may be detected without losing power, and thus that this model could be used as a biological exposure indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Environmental Technology and Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nielsen J, Dahlqvist M, Welinder H, Thomassen Y, Alexandersson R, Skerfving S. Small airways function in aluminium and stainless steel welders. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993; 65:101-5. [PMID: 8253506 DOI: 10.1007/bf00405727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of welding fumes on small airways was studied in 25 male subjects who welded in aluminium (Al) and to some extent also in stainless steel (SS). Despite a low exposure to welding fumes as compared to the permissible exposure limits, excretion of Al in urine was found to be increased in all subjects (median value: 0.29 mmol/mol creatinine on Friday afternoon, as compared to an upper reference level of 0.10 mmol/mol creatinine). In addition, the welders displayed increased prevalences of work-related eye and airways (pharyngitis and non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity) symptoms, as compared to 25 matched controls. Short-term welders (< or = 2.5 years) had more symptoms related to the upper airways than did long-term welders, which may indicate a selection. Spirometry, closing volume and volume of trapped gas (VTG) did not deviate. However, after methacholine inhalation, the long-term welders had a significantly steeper slope of the alveolar plateau on the single-breath nitrogen wash-out test, and a slight increase in VTG, as compared to the short-term welders and the controls. These findings may indicate a welding fume-induced increase in the reactivity of the small airways. Because Al welding was far more frequent than SS welding, an association with the former seems likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nielsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Dahlqvist M, Eisen EA, Wegman DH, Kriebel D. Reproducibility of peak expiratory flow measurements. Occup Med 1993; 8:295-302. [PMID: 8506507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ease of PEF measurement and the availability of inexpensive, portable instruments have led to its increasing use. However, relatively little literature exists addressing the testing procedure, optimal frequency, instrument precision, and virtually no epidemiologic literature exists describing the variability of repeated PEF tests within a single test session (reproducibility). A summary of data from one of the authors' own worker population studies is presented which addresses precision of PEF measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Ulfvarson U, Alexandersson R, Dahlqvist M, Ekholm U, Bergström B, Scullman J. Temporary health effects from exposure to water-borne paints. Scand J Work Environ Health 1992; 18:376-87. [PMID: 1485163 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporary health effects of exposure to experimental paints were studied. Ten painters feeling nuisance from water-borne paints and eight painters not feeling such nuisance applied eight experimental water-borne paints according to normal work routines. The effects were a decrease in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and peak expiratory flow, an increase in urine excretion, and a decrease in urine density. A small, but statistically highly significant, increase in the mean volume of erythrocytes was observed. The effects were similar in the two groups, but the "nuisance group" reacted with a larger urine excretion and a larger increase in the mean volume of erythrocytes. The effects did not influence physical work capacity. The effects on the lungs and urinary excretion were probably not associated with the organic solvents or ammonia in the paints. Instead, they were probably due to derivatives of isothiazolinone. This assumption needs verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ulfvarson
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Alexandersson R, Andersson B, Andersson K, Kolmodin-Hedman B, Malker H. Exposure to Ski-Wax Smoke and Health Effects in Ski Waxers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/1047322x.1992.10388070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Vehicle mechanics (n = 99) exposed to asbestos (annual median value 0.08 f/ml), and local controls (n = 83) not occupationally exposed to asbestos were studied with regard to symptoms and pulmonary function. The inclusion criteria to participate in this study was an age of at least 40 years with no known exposure to lung irritating agents, and for the exposed subjects, more than 15 years occupational exposure to asbestos with at least 20 years from the first exposure. The subjects were studied during identical conditions by means of dynamic and static spirometry, single breath wash-out with nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The median for cumulative exposure of asbestos during the entire work life among the studied mechanics was 2.3 f*y/ml. The mechanics had reduced transfer factor (TLCO), after adjustment for age, height, and smoking category. A significant dose-response relationship was noted between the cumulative exposure of asbestos and CV%. The findings suggest a slight influence of small airways and alveoli. The evaluation of the prognostic significance of this requires a longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Johard U, Alexandersson R, Bergström B, Ekholm U, Eklund A, Milosevich B, Tornling G, Ulfvarson U. Lung function and precipitating antibodies in low exposed wood trimmers in Sweden. Am J Ind Med 1992; 21:549-59. [PMID: 1580259 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700210410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wood trimmers are exposed to molds that periodically grow on timber that may induce alveolitis and obstructive lung disease. We have evaluated respiratory symptoms, bronchial reactivity, and lung function in 28 wood trimmers at a Swedish sawmill and in 19 unexposed office workers. Eleven (sero-positive) of the wood trimmers had precipitating antibodies in peripheral blood against one or several molds. The exposure to dust (median 0.26 mg/m3), viable mold spores (median 2950 cfu/m3), viable bacteria (median 370 cfu/m3), airborne endotoxins (range 0.0015-0.0025 microgram/m3), and terpenes (range 0.4-23 mg/m3) was lower than levels that earlier have been reported to affect lung function. The wood trimmers reported an increased prevalence of cough and breathlessness. They also showed signs of a mild obstructive impairment with a tendency to increase bronchial sensitivity to metacholine and decreased FEV1 after 2 days free from exposure. FEV1 decreased more during the working week in the sero-positive workers than among the sero-negative workers, and for the whole group the decrease in FEV1 and MEF25 was correlated to the degree of mold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Lung function deterioration has been reported among workers exposed to heavy exposure to paper dust (greater than 5 mg/m3). This pilot study was undertaken in order to evaluate the health effects of low exposure to paper dust (less than or equal to 1 mg/m3) in bookbinders. The study population consisted of 20 exposed subjects and 18 local office subjects. They were studied during identical conditions by means of dynamic and static spirometry, single breath wash-out with nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The 90th percentile for daily average values of total dust was 0.6 mg/m3. Non-smoking exposed subjects had on the average an increase in FEV% (forced expiratory volume in one second in percentage of vital capacity) when compared to non-smoking local control subjects. We found a weak correlation between the increase in FEV% and daily average values of total dust (probably reflecting a higher exposure in the past). The results suggest that a low exposure to paper dust in bookbinders with a time of employment more than 10 years might cause a slight lung function deterioration without a clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ahman M, Alexandersson R, Ekholm U, Bergström B, Dahlqvist M, Ulfvarson U. Impeded lung function in moulders and coremakers handling furan resin sand. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991; 63:175-80. [PMID: 1917067 DOI: 10.1007/bf00381565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 39 moulders and coremakers exposed to furan resin sand and 27 unexposed local controls were examined by lung-function tests before and after a work shift. In all, 28 of the subjects exposed to furan resin sand and the control group were evaluated by dynamic spirometry and nitrogen washout. The remaining 11 subjects exposed to furan resin sand were studied using both static and dynamic spirometry and the CO single-breath technique. The time-weighted average exposure to furfuryl alcohol was about 7 mg/m3, with peak values exceeding the present Swedish short-term exposure limit (40 mg/m3). The exposure to respirable dust and formaldehyde as time-weighted over the shift was less than 2 mg/m3 and 0.4 mg/m3, respectively, in all groups. During the work shift studied, the 28 exposed subjects had more complaints of airway symptoms than did the controls, showing an average decrease of 0.21 in forced vital capacity but no fall in any other lung-function variable. The remaining 11 exposed subjects demonstrated a post-shift decrease in total lung capacity. The results indicate an acute restrictiveness induced by exposure to furan resin sand, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Chronic impairment of lung function was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahman
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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Nielsen J, Bensryd I, Almquist H, Dahlqvist M, Welinder H, Alexandersson R, Skerfving S. Serum IgE and lung function in workers exposed to phthalic anhydride. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991; 63:199-204. [PMID: 1917071 DOI: 10.1007/bf00381569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 23 phthalic anhydride (PA)-exposed workers (air levels up to 17 mg/m3) showed significantly (P less than 0.01) more workrelated symptoms in their eyes (48% vs 6%) and nose (39% vs 0) than did 18 unexposed control subjects. Two of the exposed workers had PA-associated asthma. Surprisingly, the control group exhibited significantly (P less than 0.05) more symptoms of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (44% vs 13%). The exposed workers showed significantly higher levels of total serum IgE (medians, 32 vs 15 kIU/l, P less than 0.05), although values for specific IgE against PA did not differ. This may indicate that such exposure can facilitate the entry of common allergens. There was a significant difference in PA-specific IgG [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ratios 0.21 vs 0.12; P less than 0.01]. There were no differences in lung function with regard to vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1), closing volume expressed as a percentage of VC (CV%), volume of trapped gas (VTG) before and after inhalation of metacholine, or carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO), whereas exposed workers displayed significantly higher late expiratory flow rates (MEF50 and MEF25). In a [99mTc]-diethylenetriamine penta-acetate (DTPA) clearance test, there was no difference between exposed subjects and controls. In summary, exposure to PA did not cause subclinical effects of the lungs. Subjects with lower-airway symptoms showed lower FEV1, MEF50, and MEF25 values and higher VTG (after metacholine) than did those without symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nielsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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32
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Ulfvarson U, Alexandersson R, Dahlqvist M, Ekholm U, Bergström B. Pulmonary function in workers exposed to diesel exhausts: the effect of control measures. Am J Ind Med 1991; 19:283-9. [PMID: 1706909 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700190303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the protective effect of exhausts pipe filters or respirators on pulmonary function, 15 workers in a tunnel construction site, truck and loading machine drivers, rock workers, and others were studied. The total and respirable dust, combustible matter in respirable dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide were measured for each subject during entire work shifts. The effect of the exposure on the lung function variables was measured by dynamic spirometry, carbon monoxide single breath technique, and nitrogen single breath wash-out. The exhaust pipe filtering had a protective effect, directly discernible in the drivers on vital capacity and FEV1.0 and for the whole group on FEV% and TLco. The dust respirators had no effect, probably because of the difficulties in correctly using personal protection under the circumstances in the tunnel. In the absence of a true exposure assessment, control measures for diesel exhausts can be tested by medical effect studies. Catalytic particle filters of diesel exhausts are one method of rendering the emissions less irritant, although they will not remove irritant gases. An indicator of diesel exhaust exposure should include the particle fraction of the diesel exhausts, but a discrimination between different sources of organic dust must be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ulfvarson
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Effects of in-hospital resuscitations performed by a trained resuscitation team were studied over a 20-month period during which 1653 deaths were registered. Resuscitative attempts were made in 61 patients with a mean age of 71 years (range 0-86 years). The underlying disease was ischaemic heart disease in 38 cases and most arrests occurred in general wards. Twenty-one patients were initially resuscitated; 12, however, died after an average of 3.2 days while still in hospital. Nine patients were discharged and seven are still alive after two and a half years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jakobsson
- Department of Anaesthesia, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Alexandersson R, Nielsen J, Hedenstierna G. Single and multiple breath nitrogen wash-out--closing volume and volume of trapped gas for detection of early airway obstruction. Clin Physiol 1989; 9:389-98. [PMID: 2766682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1989.tb00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-eight patients with varying degrees of peripheral airway involvement were studied by flow-volume curves and two nitrogen wash-out techniques in an on-site study. Closing capacity (CC), closing volume in percentage of vital capacity (CV%), slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III), volume of trapped gas (VTG), and maximum expiratory flow at 50 and 75% of vital capacity (MEF50, MEF25) were determined and correlation analyses were performed. A biphasic or exponential correlation was noted between the degree of airway closure and VTG with rapidly increasing VTG at high CC. Although there were correlations between spirometry and the two nitrogen wash-out techniques, a large scatter precluded the use of the flow-volume variables to predict CC, CV% and VTG. The coefficient of variation was lower for the measurements of CV% than for the recording of VTG. Since the single breath nitrogen wash-out technique is also technically simpler it is recommended prior to the multiple breath technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dahlqvist M, Hedenstierna G. Lung volumes measured by helium dilution and by body plethysmography with mouth and oesophageal pressures: a comparative study in patients with lung disease. Clin Physiol 1985; 5:179-87. [PMID: 3995879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1985.tb00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was made between the helium dilution technique and body plethysmography--using both mouth pressure and oesophageal pressure against box pressure--for measuring functional residual capacity (FRC). In patients with restrictive lung disease (n = 9) no major differences in FRC were noted between the techniques. In patients with obstructive lung disease (n = 17), helium dilution underestimated FRC by a mean of 0.9 l and conventional body plethysmography (mouth-box pressure) overestimated it by 0.4 l in comparison with FRC obtained by oesophageal pressure against box pressure. The difference between the techniques increased with increasing lung volumes. It is concluded that conventional body plethysmography measures FRC more accurately than the helium dilution technique in patients with obstructive lung disease.
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