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Benson RA, Garcon F, Recino A, Ferdinand JR, Clatworthy MR, Waldmann H, Brewer JM, Okkenhaug K, Cooke A, Garside P, Wållberg M. Non-Invasive Multiphoton Imaging of Islets Transplanted Into the Pinna of the NOD Mouse Ear Reveals the Immediate Effect of Anti-CD3 Treatment in Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1006. [PMID: 29867981 PMCID: PMC5968092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel and readily accessible method facilitating cellular time-resolved imaging of transplanted pancreatic islets. Grafting of islets to the mouse ear pinna allows non-invasive, in vivo longitudinal imaging of events in the islets and enables improved acquisition of experimental data and use of fewer experimental animals than is possible using invasive techniques, as the same mouse can be assessed for the presence of islet infiltrating cells before and after immune intervention. We have applied this method to investigating therapeutic protection of beta cells through the well-established use of anti-CD3 injection, and have acquired unprecedented data on the nature and rapidity of the effect on the islet infiltrating T cells. We demonstrate that infusion of anti-CD3 antibody leads to immediate effects on islet infiltrating T cells in islet grafts in the pinna of the ear, and causes them to increase their speed and displacement within 20 min of infusion. This technique overcomes several technical challenges associated with intravital imaging of pancreatic immune responses and facilitates routine study of beta islet cell development, differentiation, and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Benson
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Garcon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Recino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Brewer
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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De Riva A, Wållberg M, Ronchi F, Coulson R, Sage A, Thorne L, Goodfellow I, McCoy KD, Azuma M, Cooke A, Busch R. Regulation of type 1 diabetes development and B-cell activation in nonobese diabetic mice by early life exposure to a diabetogenic environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181964. [PMID: 28771521 PMCID: PMC5542673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes, including viruses, influence type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, but many such influences remain undefined. Previous work on underlying immune mechanisms has focussed on cytokines and T cells. Here, we compared two nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse colonies, NODlow and NODhigh, differing markedly in their cumulative T1D incidence (22% vs. 90% by 30 weeks in females). NODhigh mice harbored more complex intestinal microbiota, including several pathobionts; both colonies harbored segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), thought to suppress T1D. Young NODhigh females had increased B-cell activation in their mesenteric lymph nodes. These phenotypes were transmissible. Co-housing of NODlow with NODhigh mice after weaning did not change T1D development, but T1D incidence was increased in female offspring of co-housed NODlow mice, which were exposed to the NODhigh environment both before and after weaning. These offspring also acquired microbiota and B-cell activation approaching those of NODhigh mice. In NODlow females, the low rate of T1D was unaffected by cyclophosphamide but increased by PD-L1 blockade. Thus, environmental exposures that are innocuous later in life may promote T1D progression if acquired early during immune development, possibly by altering B-cell activation and/or PD-L1 function. Moreover, T1D suppression in NOD mice by SFB may depend on the presence of other microbial influences. The complexity of microbial immune regulation revealed in this murine model may also be relevant to the environmental regulation of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Riva
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ADR); (RB)
| | - Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Coulson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sage
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Thorne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ADR); (RB)
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Abstract
There are three prerequisites for development of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D). First, β cell-reactive T cells need to be activated; second, the response needs to be proinflammatory; and finally, immune regulation of autoreactive responses must fail. Here, we describe our current understanding of the cell types and immune mechanisms involved in each of these steps leading to T1D. Novel findings regarding β cell involvement in its own destruction, the importance of the microbiota for instruction of the immune system, and recent data from studies in T1D patients are discussed. In addition, we summarise therapeutic approaches to T1D, and how these relate to the immune mechanisms involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB21QP, UK.
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4
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Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, the insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed by the immune system. One way of restoring glucose control is to transplant β-cells from a donor. Although this procedure may restore endogenous insulin production, immunosuppressive treatment is needed to prevent the recipient from rejecting the donor-derived islets. We investigated the possibilities of transient expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β within islets to achieve long-term graft tolerance. We found that brief expression of TGF-β prevented rejection of syngeneic islets, that there was reduction of dendritic cell (DC) activation in the graft, and that there was reduced reactivation of T cells in the graft-draining lymph nodes. In vitro exposure of bone marrow-derived DCs to TGF-β reduced expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, as well as production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 p70 in DCs, but did not alter levels of major histocompatibility complex classes I and II. Furthermore, the capacity of TGF-β-treated bone marrow-derived DCs to activate both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was reduced. Adding TGF-β-conditioned tolerogenic DCs to the grafted islets led to long-term survival of the graft, demonstrating that TGF-β-induced tolerogenic DCs can provide an effective means to restore immune tolerance in an already established autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Thomas
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Paola Zaccone
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - E. Allison Green
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and the Department of Biology, University of York, York, U.K
- Corresponding authors: E. Allison Green, , and Maja Wållberg,
| | - Maja Wållberg
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
- Corresponding authors: E. Allison Green, , and Maja Wållberg,
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Wållberg M, Wong FS, Green EA. An islet-specific pulse of TGF-β abrogates CTL function and promotes β cell survival independent of Foxp3+ T cells. J Immunol 2011; 186:2543-51. [PMID: 21217013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapies that prevent chronic inflammation from developing into type 1 diabetes remain elusive. In this study, we show that expression of TGF-β for just 1 wk in inflamed islets of NOD mice significantly delays diabetes development. Time course studies demonstrated that the brief TGF-β pulse protects only if administered when extensive β cell destruction has occurred. Surprisingly, TGF-β-mediated protection is not linked to enhanced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell activity or to decreased intrapancreatic presentation of islet Ags. Instead, TGF-β disables the transition of primed autoreactive CD8(+) T cells to cytotoxic effectors and decreases generation, or maintenance, of CD8(+) memory T cells within the pancreas, significantly impairing their diabetogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wållberg M, Green EA. Are B cells a potential target for therapeutic intervention in the classical T cell-mediated autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:130-8. [PMID: 19530995 DOI: 10.2174/187152809788462572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of autoimmune diseases is rising rapidly in the developed world and treatment of such diseases will be a major burden on Government health resources of the future. Whether systemic or organ-specific, immune cell destruction of the target tissue normally requires co-operative interaction of a many distinct immune cells. Detailed knowledge of the cells and signal pathways involved in tissue destruction is paramount to the design of novel therapeutics. Several organ-specific autoimmune diseases e.g. multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes have long been attributed to T cell-mediated destruction of the target tissue. However, recent reports from both murine models and man have suggested that B cells are principal players in these T cell-mediated diseases. In this review, we discuss the evidence that supports a link between B cells and the autoaggressive T cell response in type 1 diabetes and how accumulating evidence suggests targeting B cells may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wållberg
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB20XY, UK
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Wållberg M, Bergquist J, Achour A, Breij E, Harris RA. Malondialdehyde modification of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein leads to increased immunogenicity and encephalitogenicity. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1986-95. [PMID: 17523133 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self proteins may become autoantigenic through structural modification. We studied malondialdehydation of recombinant rat (rr) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), an autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) modification changed protein weight and charge, the location of these adducts being mapped by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. Molecular modelling revealed significant differences in the MDA-rrMOG three-dimensional structure. DBA/1 mice immunised with MDA-rrMOG developed greater proliferative responses and more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than mice immunised with unmodified rrMOG. MDA-rrMOG was taken up more effectively by antigen-presenting cells (APC), at least partially through scavenger receptors. Exposure to MDA-rrMOG led to increased expression of IL-23, IL-12 and IL-12R, indicating a role not only for increased antigen uptake but also for activation of APC. We thus provide biochemical, structural, immunological and clinical data that suggest that the post-translationally modified form of this myelin autoantigen is a more relevant form of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wållberg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Applied Immunology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chamberlain G, Wållberg M, Rainbow D, Hunter K, Wicker LS, Green EA. A 20-Mb region of chromosome 4 controls TNF-alpha-mediated CD8+ T cell aggression toward beta cells in type 1 diabetes. J Immunol 2007; 177:5105-14. [PMID: 17015694 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of candidate genes and their immunological mechanisms that control autoaggressive T cells in inflamed environments, may lead to novel therapies for autoimmune diseases, like type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we used transgenic NOD mice that constitutively express TNF-alpha in their islets from neonatal life (TNF-alpha-NOD) to identify protective alleles that control T1D in the presence of a proinflammatory environment. We show that TNF-alpha-mediated breakdown in T cell tolerance requires recessive NOD alleles. To identify some of these recessive alleles, we crossed TNF-alpha-NOD mice to diabetes-resistant congenic NOD mice having protective alleles at insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci that control spontaneous T1D at either the preinsulitis (Idd3.Idd5) or postinsulitis (Idd9) phases. No protection from TNF-alpha-accelerated T1D was afforded by resistance alleles at Idd3.Idd5. Lack of protection was not at the level of T cell priming, the efficacy of islet-infiltrating APCs to present islet peptides, nor the ability of high levels of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells to accumulate in the islets. In contrast, protective alleles at Idd9 significantly increased the age at which TNF-alpha-NOD mice developed T1D. Disease delay was associated with a decreased ability of CD8+ T cells to respond to islet Ags presented by islet-infiltrating APCs. Finally, we demonstrate that the protective region on chromosome 4 that controls T1D in TNF-alpha-Idd9 mice is restricted to the Idd9.1 region. These data provide new evidence of the mechanisms by which selective genetic loci control autoimmune diseases in the presence of a strong inflammatory assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Chamberlain
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wållberg M, Harris RA. Co-infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DBA/1 mice through induction of suppressor APCs. Int Immunol 2005; 17:721-8. [PMID: 15899926 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has co-evolved with the infectious agents that challenge it, and in response pathogens have developed different mechanisms to subvert host immunity. A wealth of evidence suggests that infections are important components in the development of a functional immune system, and understanding the modulation of the host immune system by pathogens may offer new therapeutic strategies in a non-infectious setting. We investigated how infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Tbb) modulates the autoimmune response to recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rMOG) in DBA/1 mice. Mice harbouring a Tbb infection did not develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by immunization with rMOG in CFA, an animal model for the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. Additionally, mice infected with the parasite at the time of immunization or 1 week later developed less severe EAE than uninfected controls. Protected mice displayed a markedly diminished rMOG-specific proliferation and IFNgamma production in lymph node cells and had correspondingly low titres of serum anti-rMOG IgG. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from spleens of Tbb-infected mice presented rMOG less efficiently to rMOG-specific T cells in vitro than did splenic APCs from uninfected mice and could also inhibit antigen-specific proliferation in control in vitro cultures. This suppressive effect is at least in part due to increased release of IL-10. Transfer of splenic APCs from Tbb-infected mice into mice immunized with rMOG-CFA 7 days previously abrogated disease significantly. These findings indicate that infections can prevent autoimmunity and that APCs might be used as immunomodulants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Spleen
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei/immunology
- Trypanosomiasis, African/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wållberg
- Applied Immunology Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine L8:04, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wållberg M, Wefer J, Harris RA. Vaccination with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein adsorbed to alum effectively protects DBA/1 mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:1539-47. [PMID: 12778471 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200323772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To prevent an organism from developing autoimmunity the body limits the number of autoreactive cells through thymic negative selection and regulates their activity through induction of suppressor T cells. Development of antigen-specific therapies provides an interesting opportunity to imitate the body's own, often effective, method of protection. Our study demonstrates that DBA/1 mice could be protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced through injection of recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rMOG) when they were previously immunized intraperitoneally with rMOG adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. This protection was associated with a decreased IFN-gamma production by rMOG-specific cells, but not a decreased proliferative response. Protection was long lasting, indicating that MOG-alum vaccination might be developed as a prophylactic therapy in multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adsorption
- Alum Compounds
- Animals
- Autoantigens/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wållberg
- Applied Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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