1
|
Matamoros MA, Romero LC, Tian T, Román Á, Duanmu D, Becana M. Persulfidation of plant and bacteroid proteins is involved in legume nodule development and senescence. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:3009-3025. [PMID: 37952184 PMCID: PMC11103110 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes establish symbiosis with rhizobia, forming nitrogen-fixing nodules. The central role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in nodule biology has been clearly established. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other reactive sulfur species (RSS) have emerged as novel signaling molecules in animals and plants. A major mechanism by which ROS, RNS, and RSS fulfil their signaling role is the post-translational modification of proteins. To identify possible functions of H2S in nodule development and senescence, we used the tag-switch method to quantify changes in the persulfidation profile of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules at different developmental stages. Proteomic analyses indicate that persulfidation plays a regulatory role in plant and bacteroid metabolism and senescence. The effect of a H2S donor on nodule functioning and on several proteins involved in ROS and RNS homeostasis was also investigated. Our results using recombinant proteins and nodulated plants support a crosstalk among H2S, ROS, and RNS, a protective function of persulfidation on redox-sensitive enzymes, and a beneficial effect of H2S on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We conclude that the general decrease of persulfidation levels observed in plant proteins of aging nodules is one of the mechanisms that disrupt redox homeostasis leading to senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tao Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ángela Román
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Minguillón S, Matamoros MA, Duanmu D, Becana M. Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules. New Phytol 2022; 236:815-832. [PMID: 35975700 PMCID: PMC9826421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox-active proteins by post-translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matamoros MA, Becana M. Molecular responses of legumes to abiotic stress: post-translational modifications of proteins and redox signaling. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:5876-5892. [PMID: 33453107 PMCID: PMC8355754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes include several major crops that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic root nodules, thus reducing the demand for nitrogen fertilizers and contributing to sustainable agriculture. Global change models predict increases in temperature and extreme weather conditions. This scenario might increase plant exposure to abiotic stresses and negatively affect crop production. Regulation of whole plant physiology and nitrogen fixation in legumes during abiotic stress is complex, and only a few mechanisms have been elucidated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are key players in the acclimation and stress tolerance mechanisms of plants. However, the specific redox-dependent signaling pathways are far from understood. One mechanism by which ROS, RNS, and RSS fulfil their signaling role is the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. Redox-based PTMs occur in the cysteine thiol group (oxidation, S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, persulfidation), and also in methionine (oxidation), tyrosine (nitration), and lysine and arginine (carbonylation/glycation) residues. Unraveling PTM patterns under different types of stress and establishing the functional implications may give insight into the underlying mechanisms by which the plant and nodule respond to adverse conditions. Here, we review current knowledge on redox-based PTMs and their possible consequences in legume and nodule biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matamoros MA, Cutrona MC, Wienkoop S, Begara-Morales JC, Sandal N, Orera I, Barroso JB, Stougaard J, Becana M. Altered Plant and Nodule Development and Protein S-Nitrosylation in Lotus japonicus Mutants Deficient in S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductases. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:105-117. [PMID: 31529085 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signaling molecule that conveys its bioactivity mainly through protein S-nitrosylation. This is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) that may affect protein function. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a cellular NO reservoir and NO donor in protein S-nitrosylation. The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) degrades GSNO, thereby regulating indirectly signaling cascades associated with this PTM. Here, the two GSNORs of the legume Lotus japonicus, LjGSNOR1 and LjGSNOR2, have been functionally characterized. The LjGSNOR1 gene is very active in leaves and roots, whereas LjGSNOR2 is highly expressed in nodules. The enzyme activities are regulated in vitro by redox-based PTMs. Reducing conditions and hydrogen sulfide-mediated cysteine persulfidation induced both activities, whereas cysteine oxidation or glutathionylation inhibited them. Ljgsnor1 knockout mutants contained higher levels of S-nitrosothiols. Affinity chromatography and subsequent shotgun proteomics allowed us to identify 19 proteins that are differentially S-nitrosylated in the mutant and the wild-type. These include proteins involved in biotic stress, protein degradation, antioxidant protection and photosynthesis. We propose that, in the mutant plants, deregulated protein S-nitrosylation contributes to developmental alterations, such as growth inhibition, impaired nodulation and delayed flowering and fruiting. Our results highlight the importance of GSNOR function in legume biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrici�n Vegetal, Estaci�n Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria C Cutrona
- Departamento de Nutrici�n Vegetal, Estaci�n Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Juan C Begara-Morales
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas", University of Ja�n, 23071 Ja�n, Spain
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Irene Orera
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Investigaciones Biom�dicas de Arag�n, Instituto Aragon�s de Ciencias de la Salud, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas", University of Ja�n, 23071 Ja�n, Spain
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrici�n Vegetal, Estaci�n Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rubio MC, Calvo-Begueria L, Díaz-Mendoza M, Elhiti M, Moore M, Matamoros MA, James EK, Díaz I, Pérez-Rontomé C, Villar I, Sein-Echaluce VC, Hebelstrup KH, Dietz KJ, Becana M. Phytoglobins in the nuclei, cytoplasm and chloroplasts modulate nitric oxide signaling and interact with abscisic acid. Plant J 2019; 100:38-54. [PMID: 31148289 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic hemoglobins provide O2 to N2 -fixing bacteria within legume nodules, but the functions of non-symbiotic hemoglobins or phytoglobins (Glbs) are much less defined. Immunolabeling combined with confocal microscopy of the Glbs tagged at the C-terminus with green fluorescent protein was used to determine their subcellular localizations in Arabidopsis and Lotus japonicus. Recombinant proteins were used to examine nitric oxide (NO) scavenging in vitro and transgenic plants to show S-nitrosylation and other in vivo interactions with NO and abscisic acid (ABA) responses. We found that Glbs occur in the nuclei, chloroplasts and amyloplasts of both model plants, and also in the cytoplasm of Arabidopsis cells. The proteins show similar NO dioxygenase activities in vitro, are nitrosylated in Cys residues in vivo, and scavenge NO in the stomatal cells. The Cys/Ser mutation does not affect NO dioxygenase activity, and S-nitrosylation does not significantly consume NO. We demonstrate an interaction between Glbs and ABA on several grounds: Glb1 and Glb2 scavenge NO produced in stomatal guard cells following ABA supply; plants overexpressing Glb1 show higher constitutive expression of the ABA responsive genes Responsive to ABA (RAB18), Responsive to Dehydration (RD29A) and Highly ABA-Induced 2 (HAI2), and are more tolerant to dehydration; and ABA strongly upregulates class 1 Glbs. We conclude that Glbs modulate NO and interact with ABA in crucial physiological processes such as the plant's response to dessication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Rubio
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Begueria
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mercedes Díaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohamed Elhiti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Marten Moore
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Bielefeld University D-33501, Germany
| | - Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rontomé
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Villar
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Violeta C Sein-Echaluce
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kim H Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Bielefeld University D-33501, Germany
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Becana M, Wienkoop S, Matamoros MA. Sulfur Transport and Metabolism in Legume Root Nodules. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1434. [PMID: 30364181 PMCID: PMC6192434 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential nutrient in plants as a constituent element of some amino acids, metal cofactors, coenzymes, and secondary metabolites. Not surprisingly, sulfur deficiency decreases plant growth, photosynthesis, and seed yield in both legumes and non-legumes. In nodulated legumes, sulfur supply is positively linked to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and sulfur starvation causes three additional major effects: decrease of nodulation, inhibition of SNF, and slowing down of nodule metabolism. These effects are due, at least in part, to the impairment of nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, the accumulation of nitrogen-rich amino acids, and the decline in leghemoglobin, ferredoxin, ATP, and glucose in nodules. During the last decade, some major advances have been made about the uptake and metabolism of sulfur in nodules. These include the identification of the sulfate transporter SST1 in the symbiosomal membrane, the finding that glutathione produced in the bacteroids and host cells is essential for nodule activity, and the demonstration that sulfur assimilation in the whole plant is reprogrammed during symbiosis. However, many crucial questions still remain and some examples follow. In the first place, it is of paramount importance to elucidate the mechanism by which sulfur deficiency limits SNF. It is unknown why homoglutahione replaces glutathione as a major water-soluble antioxidant, redox buffer, and sulfur reservoir, among other relevant functions, only in certain legumes and also in different tissues of the same legume species. Much more work is required to identify oxidative post-translational modifications entailing cysteine and methionine residues and to determine how these modifications affect protein function and metabolism in nodules. Likewise, most interactions of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes bearing redox-active sulfur with transcription factors need to be defined. Solving these questions will pave the way to decipher sulfur-dependent mechanisms that regulate SNF, thereby gaining a deep insight into how nodulated legumes adapt to the fluctuating availability of nutrients in the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matamoros MA, Kim A, Peñuelas M, Ihling C, Griesser E, Hoffmann R, Fedorova M, Frolov A, Becana M. Protein Carbonylation and Glycation in Legume Nodules. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:1510-1528. [PMID: 29970413 PMCID: PMC6084676 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is an agronomically and environmentally important process catalyzed by bacterial nitrogenase within legume root nodules. These unique symbiotic organs have high metabolic rates and produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species that may modify proteins irreversibly. Here, we examined two types of oxidative posttranslational modifications of nodule proteins: carbonylation, which occurs by direct oxidation of certain amino acids or by interaction with reactive aldehydes arising from cell membrane lipid peroxides; and glycation, which results from the reaction of lysine and arginine residues with reducing sugars or their autooxidation products. We used a strategy based on the enrichment of carbonylated peptides by affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify 369 oxidized proteins in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules. Of these, 238 corresponded to plant proteins and 131 to bacterial proteins. Lipid peroxidation products induced most carbonylation sites. This study also revealed that carbonylation has major effects on two key nodule proteins. Metal-catalyzed oxidation caused the inactivation of malate dehydrogenase and the aggregation of leghemoglobin. In addition, numerous glycated proteins were identified in vivo, including three key nodule proteins: sucrose synthase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. Label-free quantification identified 10 plant proteins and 18 bacterial proteins as age-specifically glycated. Overall, our results suggest that the selective carbonylation or glycation of crucial proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and signaling may constitute a mechanism to control cell metabolism and nodule senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - María Peñuelas
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Griesser
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matamoros MA, Kim A, Peñuelas M, Ihling C, Griesser E, Hoffmann R, Fedorova M, Frolov A, Becana M. Protein Carbonylation and Glycation in Legume Nodules. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:1510-1528. [PMID: 29970413 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18/00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is an agronomically and environmentally important process catalyzed by bacterial nitrogenase within legume root nodules. These unique symbiotic organs have high metabolic rates and produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species that may modify proteins irreversibly. Here, we examined two types of oxidative posttranslational modifications of nodule proteins: carbonylation, which occurs by direct oxidation of certain amino acids or by interaction with reactive aldehydes arising from cell membrane lipid peroxides; and glycation, which results from the reaction of lysine and arginine residues with reducing sugars or their autooxidation products. We used a strategy based on the enrichment of carbonylated peptides by affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify 369 oxidized proteins in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules. Of these, 238 corresponded to plant proteins and 131 to bacterial proteins. Lipid peroxidation products induced most carbonylation sites. This study also revealed that carbonylation has major effects on two key nodule proteins. Metal-catalyzed oxidation caused the inactivation of malate dehydrogenase and the aggregation of leghemoglobin. In addition, numerous glycated proteins were identified in vivo, including three key nodule proteins: sucrose synthase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. Label-free quantification identified 10 plant proteins and 18 bacterial proteins as age-specifically glycated. Overall, our results suggest that the selective carbonylation or glycation of crucial proteins involved in nitrogen metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and signaling may constitute a mechanism to control cell metabolism and nodule senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - María Peñuelas
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Griesser
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential nutrient in plants as a constituent element of some amino acids, metal cofactors, coenzymes, and secondary metabolites. Not surprisingly, sulfur deficiency decreases plant growth, photosynthesis, and seed yield in both legumes and non-legumes. In nodulated legumes, sulfur supply is positively linked to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and sulfur starvation causes three additional major effects: decrease of nodulation, inhibition of SNF, and slowing down of nodule metabolism. These effects are due, at least in part, to the impairment of nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, the accumulation of nitrogen-rich amino acids, and the decline in leghemoglobin, ferredoxin, ATP, and glucose in nodules. During the last decade, some major advances have been made about the uptake and metabolism of sulfur in nodules. These include the identification of the sulfate transporter SST1 in the symbiosomal membrane, the finding that glutathione produced in the bacteroids and host cells is essential for nodule activity, and the demonstration that sulfur assimilation in the whole plant is reprogrammed during symbiosis. However, many crucial questions still remain and some examples follow. In the first place, it is of paramount importance to elucidate the mechanism by which sulfur deficiency limits SNF. It is unknown why homoglutahione replaces glutathione as a major water-soluble antioxidant, redox buffer, and sulfur reservoir, among other relevant functions, only in certain legumes and also in different tissues of the same legume species. Much more work is required to identify oxidative post-translational modifications entailing cysteine and methionine residues and to determine how these modifications affect protein function and metabolism in nodules. Likewise, most interactions of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes bearing redox-active sulfur with transcription factors need to be defined. Solving these questions will pave the way to decipher sulfur-dependent mechanisms that regulate SNF, thereby gaining a deep insight into how nodulated legumes adapt to the fluctuating availability of nutrients in the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel A Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matamoros MA, Saiz A, Peñuelas M, Bustos-Sanmamed P, Mulet JM, Barja MV, Rouhier N, Moore M, James EK, Dietz KJ, Becana M. Function of glutathione peroxidases in legume root nodules. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:2979-90. [PMID: 25740929 PMCID: PMC4423513 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs) are antioxidant enzymes not studied so far in legume nodules, despite the fact that reactive oxygen species are produced at different steps of the symbiosis. The function of two Gpxs that are highly expressed in nodules of the model legume Lotus japonicus was examined. Gene expression analysis, enzymatic and nitrosylation assays, yeast cell complementation, in situ mRNA hybridization, immunoelectron microscopy, and LjGpx-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions were used to characterize the enzymes and to localize each transcript and isoform in nodules. The LjGpx1 and LjGpx3 genes encode thioredoxin-dependent phospholipid hydroperoxidases and are differentially regulated in response to nitric oxide (NO) and hormones. LjGpx1 and LjGpx3 are nitrosylated in vitro or in plants treated with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Consistent with the modification of the peroxidatic cysteine of LjGpx3, in vitro assays demonstrated that this modification results in enzyme inhibition. The enzymes are highly expressed in the infected zone, but the LjGpx3 mRNA is also detected in the cortex and vascular bundles. LjGpx1 is localized to the plastids and nuclei, and LjGpx3 to the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum. Based on yeast complementation experiments, both enzymes protect against oxidative stress, salt stress, and membrane damage. It is concluded that both LjGpxs perform major antioxidative functions in nodules, preventing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative processes at different subcellular sites of vascular and infected cells. The enzymes are probably involved in hormone and NO signalling, and may be regulated through nitrosylation of the peroxidatic cysteine essential for catalytic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Saiz
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Peñuelas
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Bustos-Sanmamed
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jose M Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria V Barja
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Marten Moore
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frendo P, Matamoros MA, Alloing G, Becana M. Thiol-based redox signaling in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:376. [PMID: 24133498 PMCID: PMC3783977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nitrogen poor soils legumes establish a symbiotic interaction with rhizobia that results in the formation of root nodules. These are unique plant organs where bacteria differentiate into bacteroids, which express the nitrogenase enzyme complex that reduces atmospheric N 2 to ammonia. Nodule metabolism requires a tight control of the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) so that they can perform useful signaling roles while avoiding nitro-oxidative damage. In nodules a thiol-dependent regulatory network that senses, transmits and responds to redox changes is starting to be elucidated. A combination of enzymatic, immunological, pharmacological and molecular analyses has allowed us to conclude that glutathione and its legume-specific homolog, homoglutathione, are abundant in meristematic and infected cells, that their spatio-temporally distribution is correlated with the corresponding (homo)glutathione synthetase activities, and that they are crucial for nodule development and function. Glutathione is at high concentrations in the bacteroids and at moderate amounts in the mitochondria, cytosol and nuclei. Less information is available on other components of the network. The expression of multiple isoforms of glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases has been detected in nodule cells using antibodies and proteomics. Peroxiredoxins and thioredoxins are essential to regulate and in some cases to detoxify RONS in nodules. Further research is necessary to clarify the regulation of the expression and activity of thiol redox-active proteins in response to abiotic, biotic and developmental cues, their interactions with downstream targets by disulfide-exchange reactions, and their participation in signaling cascades. The availability of mutants and transgenic lines will be crucial to facilitate systematic investigations into the function of the various proteins in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254Nice, France
- Pierre Frendo and Manuel A. Matamoros have contributed equally to this review.
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- Pierre Frendo and Manuel A. Matamoros have contributed equally to this review.
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254Nice, France
| | - Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Becana, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Matamoros MA, Fernández-García N, Wienkoop S, Loscos J, Saiz A, Becana M. Mitochondria are an early target of oxidative modifications in senescing legume nodules. New Phytol 2013. [PMID: 23206179 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodule senescence is a poorly understood process involving a decrease in N(2) fixation and an increase in proteolytic activity. Some physiological changes during nodule aging have been reported, but scarce information is available at the subcellular level. Biochemical, immunological and proteomic approaches were used to provide insight into the effects of aging on the mitochondria and cytosol of nodule host cells. In the mitochondria, the oxidative modification of lipids and proteins was associated with a marked decline in glutathione, a reduced capacity to regenerate ascorbate, and upregulation of alternative oxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase. In the cytosol, there were consistent reductions in the protein concentrations of carbon metabolism enzymes, inhibition of protein synthesis and increase in serine proteinase activity, disorganization of cytoskeleton, and a sharp reduction of cytosolic proteins, but no detectable accumulation of oxidized molecules. We conclude that nodule mitochondria are an early target of oxidative modifications and a likely source of redox signals. Alternative oxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase may play important roles in controlling ROS concentrations and the redox state of mitochondria. The finding that specific methionine residues of a cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoform are sulfoxidized suggests a regulatory role of this enzyme in senescing nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernández-García
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Apartado 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jorge Loscos
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Saiz
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tovar-Méndez A, Matamoros MA, Bustos-Sanmamed P, Dietz KJ, Cejudo FJ, Rouhier N, Sato S, Tabata S, Becana M. Peroxiredoxins and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin systems in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:1535-47. [PMID: 21562331 PMCID: PMC3131139 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), thioredoxins (Trxs), and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) constitute central elements of the thiol-disulfide redox regulatory network of plant cells. This study provides a comprehensive survey of this network in the model legume Lotus japonicus. The aims were to identify and characterize these gene families and to assess whether the NTR-Trx systems are operative in nodules. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunological and proteomic approaches were used for expression profiling. We identified seven Prx, 14 Trx, and three NTR functional genes. The PrxQ1 gene was found to be transcribed in two alternative spliced variants and to be expressed at high levels in leaves, stems, petals, pods, and seeds and at low levels in roots and nodules. The 1CPrx gene showed very high expression in the seed embryos and low expression in vegetative tissues and was induced by nitric oxide and cytokinins. In sharp contrast, cytokinins down-regulated all other Prx genes, except PrxQ1, in roots and nodules, but only 2CPrxA and PrxQ1 in leaves. Gene-specific changes in Prx expression were also observed in response to ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxins. Nodules contain significant mRNA and protein amounts of cytosolic PrxIIB, Trxh1, and NTRA and of plastidic NTRC. Likewise, they express cytosolic Trxh3, Trxh4, Trxh8, and Trxh9, mitochondrial PrxIIF and Trxo, and plastidic Trxm2, Trxm4, and ferredoxin-Trx reductase. These findings reveal a complex regulation of Prxs that is dependent on the isoform, tissue, and signaling molecule and support that redox NTR-Trx systems are functional in the cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids of nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (A.T.-M., M.A.M., P.B.-S., M.B.); Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany (K.-J.D.); Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41092 Seville, Spain (F.J.C.); UMR Interactions Arbres Microorganismes 1136, Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre, France (N.R.); Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (S.S., S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Legume root nodules are sites of intense biochemical activity and consequently are at high risk of damage as a result of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These molecules can potentially give rise to oxidative and nitrosative damage but, when their concentrations are tightly controlled by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites, they also play positive roles as critical components of signal transduction cascades during nodule development and stress. Thus, recent advances in our understanding of ascorbate and (homo)glutathione biosynthesis in plants have opened up the possibility of enhancing N(2) fixation through an increase of their concentrations in nodules. It is now evident that antioxidant proteins other than the ascorbate-glutathione enzymes, such as some isoforms of glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxins, peroxiredoxins, and glutathione S-transferases, are also critical for nodule activity. To avoid cellular damage, nodules are endowed with several mechanisms for sequestration of Fenton-active metals (nicotianamine, phytochelatins, and metallothioneins) and for controlling ROS/RNS bioactivity (hemoglobins). The use of 'omic' technologies has expanded the list of known antioxidants in plants and nodules that participate in ROS/RNS/antioxidant signaling networks, although aspects of developmental variation and subcellular localization of these networks remain to be elucidated. To this end, a critical point will be to define the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of antioxidant proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matamoros MA, Loscos J, Dietz KJ, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Becana M. Function of antioxidant enzymes and metabolites during maturation of pea fruits. J Exp Bot 2010; 61:87-97. [PMID: 19822534 PMCID: PMC2791115 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, antioxidants keep reactive oxygen species at low concentrations, avoiding oxidative damage while allowing them to play crucial functions in signal transduction. However, little is known about the role of antioxidants during fruit maturation, especially in legumes. Snap pea (Pisum sativum) plants, which have edible fruits, were grown under nodulating and non-nodulating conditions. Fruits were classified in three maturity stages and antioxidants were determined in the seeds and seedless pods. Maturation or prolonged storage of fruits at 25 degrees C led to a decline in antioxidant activities and metabolites and in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase protein. Notable exceptions were superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione peroxidase protein, which increased in one or both of these processes. During maturation, cytosolic peroxiredoxin decreased in seeds but increased in pods, and ascorbate oxidase activity was largely reduced in seeds. In stored fruits, ascorbate oxidase activity was nearly abolished in seeds but doubled in pods. It is concluded that symbiotic nitrogen fixation is as effective as nitrogen fertilization in maintaining the antioxidant capacity of pea fruits and that, contrary to climacteric fruits, a general decrease in antioxidants during maturation does not involve oxidative stress. Results underscore the importance of the antioxidant system in reproductive organs and point to ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and cytosolic peroxiredoxin as key players in pea fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramos J, Matamoros MA, Naya L, James EK, Rouhier N, Sato S, Tabata S, Becana M. The glutathione peroxidase gene family of Lotus japonicus: characterization of genomic clones, expression analyses and immunolocalization in legumes. New Phytol 2009; 181:103-114. [PMID: 18826485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the multiple roles played by antioxidants in rhizobia-legume symbioses, little is known about glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) in legumes. Here the characterization of six GPX genes of Lotus japonicus is reported. Expression of GPX genes was analysed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in L. japonicus and Lotus corniculatus plants exposed to various treatments known to generate reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species. LjGPX1 and LjGPX3 were the most abundantly expressed genes in leaves, roots and nodules. Compared with roots, LjGPX1 and LjGPX6 were highly expressed in leaves and LjGPX3 and LjGPX6 in nodules. In roots, salinity decreased GPX4 expression, aluminium decreased expression of the six genes, and cadmium caused up-regulation of GPX3, GPX4 and GPX5 after 1 h and down-regulation of GPX1, GPX2, GPX4 and GPX6 after 3-24 h. Exposure of roots to sodium nitroprusside (a nitric oxide donor) for 1 h increased the mRNA levels of GPX4 and GPX6 by 3.3- and 30-fold, respectively. Thereafter, the GPX6 mRNA level remained consistently higher than that of the control. Immunogold labelling revealed the presence of GPX proteins in root and nodule amyloplasts and in leaf chloroplasts of L. japonicus and other legumes. Labelling was associated with starch grains. These results underscore the differential regulation of GPX expression in response to cadmium, aluminium and nitric oxide, and strongly support a role for GPX6 and possibly other GPX genes in stress and/or metabolic signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Loreto Naya
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Euan K James
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;UMR 1136 Tree-Microbes Interactions, IFR110, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Loscos J, Matamoros MA, Becana M. Ascorbate and homoglutathione metabolism in common bean nodules under stress conditions and during natural senescence. Plant Physiol 2008; 146:1282-92. [PMID: 18218966 PMCID: PMC2259085 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate and glutathione are major antioxidants and redox buffers in plant cells but also play key functions in growth, development, and stress responses. We have studied the regulation of ascorbate and homoglutathione biosynthesis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules under stress conditions and during aging. The expression of five genes of the major ascorbate biosynthetic pathway was analyzed in nodules, and evidence was found that L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, the last committed step of the pathway, is posttranscriptionally regulated. Also, in nodules under stress conditions, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was translationally regulated, but homoglutathione synthetase (mRNA and activity) and homoglutathione (content and redox state) were not affected. Most interestingly, in nodules exposed to jasmonic acid, dehydroascorbate reductase activity was posttranslationally suppressed, ascorbate oxidase showed strong transcriptional up-regulation, and dehydroascorbate content increased moderately. These changes were not due to a direct effect of jasmonic acid on the enzyme activities but might be part of the signaling pathway in the response of nodules to stress. We determined ascorbate, homoglutathione, and ascorbate-glutathione pathway enzyme activities in two senescing stages of nodules undergoing oxidative stress. When all parameters were expressed on a nodule fresh weight basis, we found that in the first stage ascorbate decreased by 60% and homoglutathione and antioxidant activities remained fairly constant, whereas in the second stage ascorbate and homoglutathione, their redox states, and their associated enzyme activities significantly decreased. The coexistence in the same plants of nodules at different senescence stages, with different ascorbate concentrations and redox states, indicates that the life span of nodules is in part controlled by endogenous factors and points to ascorbate as one of the key players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Loscos
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matamoros MA, Loscos J, Coronado MJ, Ramos J, Sato S, Testillano PS, Tabata S, Becana M. Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in legume root nodules. Plant Physiol 2006; 141:1068-77. [PMID: 16766673 PMCID: PMC1489911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a major antioxidant and redox buffer, but is also involved in other critical processes of plants. Recently, the hypothesis has been proposed that legume nodules are unable to synthesize ascorbate and have to import it from the shoot or root, thus providing a means by which the plant regulates nodule senescence. The last step of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants is catalyzed by L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH). The mRNAs encoding GalLDH and three other enzymes involved in ascorbate biosynthesis are clearly detectable in nodules. Furthermore, an active membrane-bound GalLDH enzyme is present in nodule mitochondria. Biochemical assays on dissected nodules reveal that GalLDH activity and ascorbate are correlated in nodule tissues and predominantly localized in the infected zone, with lower levels of both parameters (relative to the infected tissues) in the apex (87%) and senescent region (43%) of indeterminate nodules and in the peripheral tissues (65%) of determinate nodules. In situ RNA hybridization showed that the GalLDH mRNA is particularly abundant in the infected zone of indeterminate and determinate nodules. Thus, our results refute the hypothesis that ascorbate is not synthesized in nodules and lend support to a previous conclusion that ascorbate in the infected zone is primarily involved in the protection of host cells against peroxide damage. Likewise, the high ascorbate and GalLDH activity levels found in the apex of indeterminate nodules strongly suggest a participation of ascorbate in additional functions during symbiosis, possibly related to cell growth and division and to molecular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Loscos J, Naya L, Ramos J, Clemente MR, Matamoros MA, Becana M. A reassessment of substrate specificity and activation of phytochelatin synthases from model plants by physiologically relevant metals. Plant Physiol 2006; 140:1213-21. [PMID: 16489135 PMCID: PMC1435825 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthases (PCS) catalyze phytochelatin (PC) synthesis from glutathione (GSH) in the presence of certain metals. The resulting PC-metal complexes are transported into the vacuole, avoiding toxic effects on metabolism. Legumes have the unique capacity to partially or completely replace GSH by homoglutathione (hGSH) and PCs by homophytochelatins (hPCs). However, the synthesis of hPCs has received little attention. A search for PCS genes in the model legume Lotus (Lotus japonicus) resulted in the isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a protein (LjPCS1) highly homologous to a previously reported homophytochelatin synthase (hPCS) of Glycine max (GmhPCS1). Recombinant LjPCS1 and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PCS1 (AtPCS1) were affinity purified and their polyhistidine-tags removed. AtPCS1 catalyzed hPC synthesis from hGSH alone at even higher rates than did LjPCS1, indicating that GmhPCS1 is not a genuine hPCS and that a low ratio of hPC to PC synthesis is an inherent feature of PCS1 enzymes. For both enzymes, hGSH is a good acceptor, but a poor donor, of gamma-glutamylcysteine units. Purified AtPCS1 and LjPCS1 were activated (in decreasing order) by Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+, but not by Co2+ or Ni2+, in the presence of 5 mm GSH and 50 microm metal ions. Activation of both enzymes by Fe3+ was proven by the complete inhibition of PC synthesis by the iron-specific chelator desferrioxamine. Plants of Arabidopsis and Lotus accumulated (h)PCs only in response to a large excess of Cu2+ and Zn2+, but to a much lower extent than did with Cd2+, indicating that (h)PC synthesis does not significantly contribute in vivo to copper, zinc, and iron detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Loscos
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matamoros MA, Clemente MR, Sato S, Asamizu E, Tabata S, Ramos J, Moran JF, Stiller J, Gresshoff PM, Becana M. Molecular analysis of the pathway for the synthesis of thiol tripeptides in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2003; 16:1039-46. [PMID: 14601672 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.11.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The thiol tripeptides, glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH), perform multiple roles in legumes, including protection against toxicity of free radicals and heavy metals. The three genes involved in the synthesis of GSH and hGSH in the model legume, Lotus japonicus, have been fully characterized and appear to be present as single copies in the genome. The gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma(ecs)) gene was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (70.0 centimorgans [cM]) and consists of 15 exons, whereas the glutathione synthetase (gshs) and homoglutathione synthetase (hgshs) genes were mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1 (81.3 cM) and found to be arranged in tandem with a separation of approximately 8 kb. Both genes consist of 12 exons of exactly the same size (except exon 1, which is similar). Two types of transcripts were detected for the gshs gene, which putatively encode proteins localized in the plastids and cytosol. Promoter regions contain cis-acting regulatory elements that may be involved in the plant's response to light, hormones, and stress. Determination of transcript levels, enzyme activities, and thiol contents in nodules, roots, and leaves revealed that gamma(ecs) and hgshs are expressed in all three plant organs, whereas gshs is significantly functional only in nodules. This strongly suggests an important role of GSH in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Matamoros MA, Dalton DA, Ramos J, Clemente MR, Rubio MC, Becana M. Biochemistry and molecular biology of antioxidants in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Plant Physiol 2003; 133:499-509. [PMID: 14555779 PMCID: PMC523877 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Heras B, Matamoros MA, Ramos J, Moran JF, Becana M. Cloning and functional characterization of a homoglutathione synthetase from pea nodules. Physiol Plant 2002; 115:69-73. [PMID: 12010468 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The thiol tripeptide glutathione (GSH; gammaGlu-Cys-Gly) is very abundant in legume nodules where it performs multiple functions that are critical for optimal nitrogen fixation. Some legume nodules contain another tripeptide, homoglutathione (hGSH; gammaGlu-Cys-betaAla), in addition to or instead of GSH. We have isolated from a pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodule library a cDNA, GSHS2, that is expressed in nodules but not in leaves. This cDNA was overexpressed in insect cells and its protein product was identified as a highly active and specific hGSH synthetase. The enzyme, the first of this type to be completely purified, is predicted to be a homodimeric cytosolic protein. It shows a specific activity of 3400 nmol hGSH min-1 mg-1 protein with a standard substrate concentration (5 mM beta-alanine) and Km values of 1.9 mM for beta-alanine and 104 mM for glycine. The specificity constant (Vmax/Km) shows that the pure enzyme is 57.3-fold more specific for beta-alanine than for glycine. Southern blot analysis revealed that the gene is present as a single copy in the pea genome and that there are homologous genes in other legumes. We conclude that the synthesis of hGSH in pea nodules is catalysed by a specific hGSH synthetase and not by a GSH synthetase with broad substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Iturbe-Ormaetxe
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 202, ES-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Egawa H, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Asonuma K, Kiuchi T, Fujita S, Hayashi M, Matamoros MA, Itou K, Tanaka K. Biliary anastomotic complications in 400 living related liver transplantations. World J Surg 2001; 25:1300-7. [PMID: 11596894 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-001-0114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cause and outcome of biliary anastomotic complications occurring after living related liver transplantation (LRLT). A database of 391 patients undergoing 400 LRLT from June 1990 to August 1998 was reviewed. The overall incidence of biliary anastomotic complications was 18.2% (71 patients). There were 45 bile leaks, 35 anastomotic strictures, and the bile duct was ligated inadvertently in 3 cases. Univariative analysis revealed that the manner of stent usage, intrapulmonary shunting, and gender of recipients were significant risk factors for leakage. Anastomotic leaks, cytomegalovirus infection, hepatic artery complications, and gender of recipients were significant risk factors for stricture. In pediatric patients older than 2 years old, ABO blood type compatibility was another risk factor for leakage and stricture. Choice of stent usage and earlier transplantation for patients with intrapulmonary shunting should reduce the rate of biliary leaks, and prophylaxis of leaks for patients with intrapulmonary shunting, and minimizing hepatic artery complications should reduce the rate of biliary stricture after LRLT. Avoidance of ABO-incompatible donors or innovative immunosuppression in ABO-incompatible transplantation should be considered in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Egawa
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The mitochondria of legume root nodules are critical to sustain the energy-intensive process of nitrogen fixation. They also generate reactive oxygen species at high rates and thus require the protection of antioxidant enzymes and metabolites. We show here that highly purified mitochondria from bean nodules (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender x Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strain 3622) contain ascorbate peroxidase primarily in the inner membrane (with lesser amounts detected occasionally in the matrix), guaiacol peroxidases in the outer membrane and matrix, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and an ascorbate-regenerating system in the matrix. This regenerating system relies on homoglutathione (instead of glutathione) and pyridine nucleotides as electron donors and involves the enzymes monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and homoglutathione reductase. Homoglutathione is synthesized in the cytosol and taken up by the mitochondria and bacteroids. Although bacteroids synthesize glutathione, it is not exported to the plant in significant amounts. We propose a model for the detoxification of peroxides in nodule mitochondria in which membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase scavenges the peroxide formed by the electron transport chain using ascorbate provided by L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase in the inner membrane. The resulting monodehydroascorbate and dehydroascorbate can be recycled in the matrix or cytosol. In the matrix, the peroxides formed by oxidative reactions and by MnSOD may be scavenged by specific isozymes of guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Iturbe-Ormaetxe
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moran JF, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Matamoros MA, Rubio MC, Clemente MR, Brewin NJ, Becana M. Glutathione and homoglutathione synthetases of legume nodules. Cloning, expression, and subcellular localization. Plant Physiol 2000; 124:1381-92. [PMID: 11080313 PMCID: PMC59235 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.3.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2000] [Accepted: 08/07/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The thiol tripeptides glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) are very abundant in legume root nodules and their synthesis is catalyzed by the enzymes gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gammaECS), GSH synthetase (GSHS), and hGSH synthetase (hGSHS). As an essential step to elucidate the role of thiols in N(2) fixation we have isolated cDNAs encoding the three enzymes and have quantified the transcripts in nodules. Assay of enzyme activities in highly purified nodule organelles revealed that gammaECS is localized in the plastids, hGSHS in the cytosol, and GSHS in the cytosol and mitochondria. These results are consistent with sequence analyses. Subcellular fractionation of nodules also showed that bacteroids contain high thiol concentrations and high specific gammaECS and GSHS activities. Results emphasize the role of nodule plastids in antioxidant protection and in control of thiol synthesis, and suggest that plastids may be important in the stress response of nodules. Overall, our results provide further evidence that thiol synthesis is critical for nodule functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Moran
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Matamoros MA, Moran JF, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Rubio MC, Becana M. Glutathione and homoglutathione synthesis in legume root nodules. Plant Physiol 1999; 121:879-88. [PMID: 10557236 PMCID: PMC59450 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.3.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/1999] [Accepted: 07/21/1999] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was used to study thiol metabolism in legume nodules. Glutathione (GSH) was the major non-protein thiol in all indeterminate nodules examined, as well as in the determinate nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), whereas homoglutathione (hGSH) predominated in soybean (Glycine max), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and mungbean (Vigna radiata) nodules. All nodules had greater thiol concentrations than the leaves and roots of the same plants because of active thiol synthesis in nodule tissue. The correlation between thiol tripeptides and the activities of glutathione synthetase (GSHS) and homoglutathione synthetase (hGSHS) in the nodules of eight legumes, and the contrasting thiol contents and activities in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves (98% hGSH, 100% hGSHS) and nodules (72% GSH, 80% GSHS) indicated that the distribution of GSH and hGSH is determined by specific synthetases. Thiol contents and synthesis decreased with both natural and induced nodule senescence, and were also reduced in the senescent zone of indeterminate nodules. Thiols and GSHS were especially abundant in the meristematic and infected zones of pea (Pisum sativum) nodules. Thiols and gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase were also more abundant in the infected zone of bean nodules, but hGSHS was predominant in the cortex. Isolation of full-length cDNA sequences coding for gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase from legume nodules revealed that they are highly homologous to those from other higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Matamoros MA, Baird LM, Escuredo PR, Dalton DA, Minchin FR, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Rubio MC, Moran JF, Gordon AJ, Becana M. Stress-induced legume root nodule senescence. Physiological, biochemical, and structural alterations. Plant Physiol 1999; 121:97-112. [PMID: 10482665 PMCID: PMC59394 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/1999] [Accepted: 06/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-fed and dark-stressed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum sativum) plants were used to study nodule senescence. In bean, 1 d of nitrate treatment caused a partially reversible decline in nitrogenase activity and an increase in O(2) diffusion resistance, but minimal changes in carbon metabolites, antioxidants, and other biochemical parameters, indicating that the initial decrease in nitrogenase activity was due to O(2) limitation. In pea, 1 d of dark treatment led to a 96% decline in nitrogenase activity and sucrose, indicating sugar deprivation as the primary cause of activity loss. In later stages of senescence (4 d of nitrate or 2-4 d of dark treatment), nodules showed accumulation of oxidized proteins and general ultrastructural deterioration. The major thiol tripeptides of untreated nodules were homoglutathione (72%) in bean and glutathione (89%) in pea. These predominant thiols declined by approximately 93% after 4 d of nitrate or dark treatment, but the loss of thiol content can be only ascribed in part to limited synthesis by gamma-glutamylcysteinyl, homoglutathione, and glutathione synthetases. Ascorbate peroxidase was immunolocalized primarily in the infected and parenchyma (inner cortex) nodule cells, with large decreases in senescent tissue. Ferritin was almost undetectable in untreated bean nodules, but accumulated in the plastids and amyloplasts of uninfected interstitial and parenchyma cells following 2 or 4 d of nitrate treatment, probably as a response to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tatekawa Y, Muraji T, Nishijima E, Tsugawa C, Matamoros MA, Mouri N, Sato S, Moriuchi T. Postoperative intussusception after surgery for malrotation and appendicectomy in a newborn. Pediatr Surg Int 1998; 14:171-2. [PMID: 9880739 DOI: 10.1007/s003830050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative intussusception in the newborn is an infrequent condition. A 17-day-old female with duodenal stenosis and malrotation underwent excision of the membrane in the duodenum and incidental appendicectomy. Postoperatively, a ceco-colic type of intussusception occurred, necessitating a right hemicolectomy. We speculate that the causative factors are twofolds: the embedded appendiceal stump, a polyp-like protrusion that became a lead point, and the non-fixation of the ileocecal mesentery, which facilitated a ceco-colic type of invagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tatekawa
- Department of Surgery, Kobe Children's Hospital, 1-1-1, Takakuradai, Suma-ku, kobe, Japan 654
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Muraji T, Satoh S, Tsugawa C, Moriuchi T, Yamaguchi M, Matamoros MA, Nishijima E, Suzuki T, Murata H. Slide tracheoplasty: a case report of successful concomitant reconstruction of extensive congenital tracheal stenosis and pulmonary artery sling. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33:1658-9. [PMID: 9856889 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An 8-month-old infant presented with an extensive congenital tracheal stenosis with an aberrant left pulmonary artery. The patient was treated successfully by relocation of the left pulmonary artery and tracheal reconstruction with slide tracheoplasty. This patient is the first survivor cited in the literature after concomitant repair using slide tracheoplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Muraji
- Department of Surgery, Kobe Childrens Hospital, Hyogo-ken, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|