1
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Vieira Dos Santos E, Souza FL, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Environmental impact assessment of the electrokinetic adsorption barriers to remove different herbicides from agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:172287. [PMID: 38593877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the sustainability of the electrokinetic remediation soil flushing (EKSFs) process integrated without and with adsorption barriers (EKABs) have been evaluated for the treatment of four soils contaminated with Atrazine, Oxyfluorfen, Chlorosulfuron and 2,4-D. To this purpose, the environmental effects of both procedures (EKSFs and EKABs) have been determined through a life cycle assessment (LCA). SimaPro 9.3.0.3 was used as software tool and Ecoinvent 3.3 as data base to carry out the inventory of the equipment of each remediation setup based on experimental measurements. The environmental burden was quantified using the AWARE, USEtox, IPPC, and ReCiPe methods into 3 Endpoint impact categories (and damage to human health, ecosystem and resources) and 7 Midpoints impact categories (water footprint, global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity (cancer and human non-cancer), freshwater ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity). In general terms, the energy applied to treatment (using the Spanish energy mix) was the parameter with the greatest influence on the carbon footprint, ozone layer depletion and water footprint accounting for around 70 % of the overall impact contribution. On the other hand, from the point of view of human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity of soil treatments with 32 mg kg-1 of the different pesticides, the EKSF treatment is recommended for soils with Chlorosulfuron. In this case, the carbon footprint and water footprint reached values around 0.36 kg of CO2 and 114 L of water per kg of dry soil, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed assuming different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - E Vieira Dos Santos
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - F L Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-carlense street 400, SP, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - A Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
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2
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Verlicchi P, Grillini V, Lacasa E, Archer E, Krzeminski P, Gomes AI, Vilar VJP, Rodrigo MA, Gäbler J, Schäfer L. Selection of indicator contaminants of emerging concern when reusing reclaimed water for irrigation - A proposed methodology. Sci Total Environ 2023; 873:162359. [PMID: 36822429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic and microbial contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), even though not yet regulated, are of great concern in reclaimed water reuse projects. Due to the large number of CECs and their different characteristics, it is useful to include only a limited number of them in monitoring programs. The selection of the most representative CECs is still a current and open question. This study presents a new methodology for this scope, in particular for the evaluation of the performance of a polishing treatment and the assessment of the risk for the environment and the irrigated crops. As to organic CECs, the methodology is based on four criteria (occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity) expressed in terms of surrogates (respectively, concentrations in the secondary effluent, removal achieved in conventional activated sludge systems, Log Kow and predicted-no-effect concentration). It consists of: (i) development of a dataset including the CECs found in the secondary effluent, together with the corresponding values of surrogates found in the literature or by in-field investigations; (ii) normalization step with the assignment of a score between 1 (low environmental impact) and 5 (high environmental impact) to the different criteria based on threshold values set according to the literature and experts' judgement; (iii) CEC ranking according to their final score obtained as the sum of the specific scores; and (iv) selection of the representative CECs for the different needs. Regarding microbial CECs, the selection is based on their occurrence and their highest detection frequency in the secondary effluent and in the receiving water, the antibiotic consumption patterns, and recommendations by national and international organisations. The methodology was applied within the ongoing reuse project SERPIC resulting in a list of 30 indicator CECs, including amoxicillin, bisphenol A, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, erythromycin, ibuprofen, iopromide, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, Escherichia coli, faecal coliform, 16S rRNA, sul1, and sul2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - V Grillini
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - E Lacasa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, 02071, Spain.
| | - E Archer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - P Krzeminski
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Urban Environments and Infrastructure Section, Økernveien 94, N-0579 Oslo, Norway.
| | - A I Gomes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - V J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Gäbler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - L Schäfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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3
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Ben Attig J, de Lourdes Souza F, Latrous L, Cañizares P, Sáez C, Ríos Á, Zougagh M, Rodrigo MA. Advanced oxidation and a metrological strategy based on CLC-MS for the removal of pharmaceuticals from pore & surface water. Chemosphere 2023; 333:138847. [PMID: 37187374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it is studied the photolysis, electrolysis, and photo-electrolysis of a mixture of pharmaceutics (sulfadiazine, naproxen, diclofenac, ketoprofen and ibuprofen) contained in two very different types of real water matrices (obtained from surface and porewater reservoirs), trying to clarify the role of the matrix on the degradation of the pollutants. To do this, a new metrological approach was also developed for screening of pharmaceuticals in waters by capillary liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (CLC-MS). This allows the detection at concentrations lower than 10 ng mL-1. Results obtained in the degradation tests demonstrate that inorganic composition of the water matrix directly influences on the efficiency of the drugs removal by the different EAOPs and better degradation results were obtained for experiments carried out with surface water. The most recalcitrant drug studied was ibuprofen for all processes evaluated, while diclofenac and ketoprofen were found to be the easiest drugs for being degraded. Photo-electrolysis was found to be more efficient than photolysis and electrolysis, and the increase in the current density was found to attain a slight improvement in the removal although with an associated huge increase in the energy consumption. The main reaction pathways for each drug and technology were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihène Ben Attig
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Camilo José Cela Avenue, E-13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, University Campus of El Manar II, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fernanda de Lourdes Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Latifa Latrous
- Laboratoire de Chimie Minérale Appliquée, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, University Campus of El Manar II, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Camilo José Cela Avenue, E-13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mohammed Zougagh
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Camilo José Cela Avenue, E-13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Sales Monteiro MK, Moratalla Á, Sáez C, Dos Santos EV, Rodrigo MA. Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in Perchloric Acid Supporting Electrolytes for the Synthesis of Chlorine Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:3263-3271. [PMID: 35300272 PMCID: PMC8919508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in supporting electrolytes containing perchlorate ions for being used as a reagent in the reduction of chlorates to produce chlorine dioxide, as a first step in the manufacture of portable ClO2 production devices. This study evaluates the effect of the current density, pressure, and temperature on the production of hydrogen peroxide, and concentrations over 400 mg L-1 are reached. The average rate for the formation of hydrogen peroxide is 9.85 mg h-1, and the effect of increasing electrolyte concentration (3.0 and 30.0 g L-1 perchloric acid), intensity, and pressure results in values of, respectively, -2.99, -4.49, and +7.73 mg h-1. During the manufacturing process, hydrogen peroxide is decomposed through two mechanisms. The average destruction rate is 1.93 mg h-1, and the effects of the three factors results in values of, respectively, +0.07, +0.11, and -0.12 mg h-1. Solutions of this hydrogen peroxide produced electrochemically in a perchloric acid aqueous electrolyte were used to reduce chlorates in strongly acidic media and produce chlorine dioxide. Conversions of around 100% were obtained, demonstrating that this electrochemical product can be used efficiently to reduce chlorates to chlorine dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Kerolly Sales Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental and Applied Electrochemical Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP, Natal 59078-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Ángela Moratalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Elisama Vieira Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental and Applied Electrochemical Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP, Natal 59078-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
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5
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Fouzai I, Radaoui M, Díaz-Abad S, Rodrigo MA, Lobato J. Electrospray Deposition of Catalyst Layers with Ultralow Pt Loading for Cost-Effective H 2 Production by SO 2 Electrolysis. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2022; 5:2138-2149. [PMID: 35252777 PMCID: PMC8889905 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid sulfur (HyS) thermochemical cycle has been considered as a promising approach for the massive production of clean hydrogen without CO2 emissions. The key to advance this technology and to enhance the cycle efficiency is to improve the electrocatalytic oxidation of SO2, which is the pivotal reaction within this process. Hence, this paper investigates, for the first time, the effect of electrospray and air gun deposition techniques and the influence of very low Pt loadings (<0.3 mg Pt/cm2) on catalyst durability and activity. The variation of electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) with the number of cycles demonstrates the significant impact of the electrode fabrication method and catalyst loading on the catalyst durability with considerable ECSA values for electrosprayed electrodes. Electrodes prepared with low platinum loadings (0.05 mg Pt/cm2) exhibit elevated catalyst activity and stability under sulfuric acid conditions and maintain a crucial current density after 5 h of electrolysis. This work extends the understanding of the SO2-depolarized electrolysis (SDE) process and gives suggestions for further improvements in the catalyst layer fabrication, which provides potential support for the large-scale research and application of the HyS cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Fouzai
- Laboratory
of Technology, Energy, Materials and Innovation “TEMI”, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Cité Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
- National
Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, B.P. No. 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia
| | - Maher Radaoui
- Laboratory
of Technology, Energy, Materials and Innovation “TEMI”, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Cité Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Díaz-Abad
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario no. 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario no. 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Justo Lobato
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario no. 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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6
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Rodríguez-Peña M, Barrios Pérez JA, Llanos J, Saez C, Barrera-Díaz CE, Rodrigo MA. Toward real applicability of electro-ozonizers: Paying attention to the gas phase using actual commercial PEM electrolyzers technology. Chemosphere 2022; 289:133141. [PMID: 34871614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on increasing the TRL of electro-ozonizer technology by evaluating the effect of electrolyte composition and operation conditions on the production of ozone, using an actual commercial cell, CONDIAPURE®, in conditions similar to what could be expected in a real application. Not only is attention paid to the changes in the concentration of ozone in the liquid phase, but also to those observed in the gas phase. The electrolyte and its recirculation flowrate, as well as operation temperatures and pressures are found to have significant influence on production rates. The most efficient way to produce ozone is operating at low temperatures and high pressures. In this work, 0.25 and 0.21 mg O3/min were obtained operating at 10 A in electrolytes consisting of aqueous solutions of perchloric and sulfuric acid, respectively, in tests carried out at 13 °C and 2 bars of gauge pressure. The negative effect of scavengers that appear electrochemically along the production of ozone is very important and seems to be partially compensated when organics are present in the solution due to the competition between the reaction of these scavengers with ozone or organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodríguez-Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - J A Barrios Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - J Llanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C E Barrera-Díaz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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7
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Can the green energies improve the sustainability of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes? Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:149991. [PMID: 34482137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The green powering of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes had been strongly discouraged. Low remediation efficiencies have been reported as a consequence of the reversibility of the transport processes when no power is applied to the electrodes, due to the intermittent powering of renewable sources. However, it has been missed a deeper evaluation from the environmental point of view. This work goes further and seeks to quantify, using life cycle assessment tools, the environmental impacts related to the electro-kinetic treatments powered by different sources: grid (Spanish energy mix), photovoltaic and wind sources. The global warming potential and the ozone depletion showed higher environmental impacts in case of using green energies, associated with the manufacturing of the energy production devices. In contrast to that, results pointed out the lowest water consumption for the treatment powered with solar panels. The huge water requirements to produce energy, considering a Spanish energy mix, drop the sustainability of this powering strategy in terms of water footprint. Regarding toxicities, the pollutant toxicity was highly got rid of after 15 days of treatment, regardless the powering source used. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of energy and green energy production devices has a huge impact into the toxicity of the remediation treatments, increasing massively the total toxicity of the process, being this effect less prominent by the electro-kinetic treatment solar powered. In view of the overall environmental impact assessed, according to mid and endpoint impact categories, it can be claimed that, despite the high energy requirements and affectation to the global warming potential, the use of solar power is a more sustainable alternative to remediate polluted soils by electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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8
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Isidro J, Sáez C, Llanos J, Lobato J, Cañizares P, Matthée T, Rodrigo MA. Adapting the low-cost pre-disinfection column PREDICO for simultaneous softening and disinfection of pore water. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132334. [PMID: 34563766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In previous works, a low-cost predisinfection column that combined coagulation-flocculation and GAC filtration was proposed for combination with electrodisinfection in the successful treatment of highly faecal polluted surface water. In this work, this column is adapted for the treatment of pore water by transforming the coagulation chamber into a chemical reactor with lime and replacing the GAC of the filter with ion exchange resins. This adapted system can soften water, remove nitrate and condition water for very efficient electrochemical disinfection, where 4 logs and 3 logs in the removal of E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively, were reached using commercial electrochemical cells, i.e., CabECO ® or MIKROZON®. The availability and low cost of the technology are strong points for usage in poor areas of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isidro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - T Matthée
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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9
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Acosta-Santoyo G, León-Fernández LF, Bustos E, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Llanos J. Valorization of high-salinity effluents for CO 2 fixation and hypochlorite generation. Chemosphere 2021; 285:131359. [PMID: 34246099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it is evaluated the fixation of carbon dioxide using the alkali generated in the chloralkaline process, as a new way to face the treatment of highly saline wastewater, in which it is aimed not to separate the wastewater into concentrated and diluted streams but to recover value-added products (VAPs) while contributing to minimize the carbon fingerprint of other processes. The electrolytic process is combined with a reactive absorption and with a crystallization, demonstrating the formation of pure nahcolite, hypochlorite (or chlorine) and hydrogen from the waste. Carbon dioxide is captured with a current efficiency over 90% and the energy required is around 0.65 kWh kg-1, which is very promising from the view point of sustainability, considering that the system can be easily powered with green energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Acosta-Santoyo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Mexico
| | - Luis F León-Fernández
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Erika Bustos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Carvela
- Chemical Engineering Department Enrique Costa Building, Av. Camilo Jose Cela 12 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Ismael F. Mena
- Chemical Engineering Department Enrique Costa Building, Av. Camilo Jose Cela 12 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Alexandra Raschitor
- Chemical Engineering Department Enrique Costa Building, Av. Camilo Jose Cela 12 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Justo Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department Enrique Costa Building, Av. Camilo Jose Cela 12 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department Enrique Costa Building, Av. Camilo Jose Cela 12 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
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11
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Maldonado S, López-Vizcaíno R, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Roa G, Barrera C, Sáez C. Scale-up of electrokinetic permeable reactive barriers for the removal of organochlorine herbicide from spiked soils. J Hazard Mater 2021; 417:126078. [PMID: 33992923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to shed light on the scale-up a combined electrokinetic soil flushing process (EKSF) with permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for the treatment of soil spiked with clopyralid. To do this, remediation tests at lab (3.45 L), bench (175 L) and pilot (1400 L) scales have been carried out. The PRB selected was made of soil merged with particles of zero valent iron (ZVI) and granular activated carbon (GAC). Results show that PRB-EKSF involved electrokinetic transport and dehalogenation as the main mechanisms, while adsorption on GAC was not as relevant as initially expected. Clopyralid was not detected in the electrolyte wells and only in the pilot scale, significant amounts of clopyralid remained in the soil after 600 h of operation. Picolinic acid was the main dehalogenated product detected in the soil after treatment and mobilized by electro-osmosis, mostly to the cathodic well. The transport of volatile compounds into the atmosphere was promoted at pilot scale because of the larger soil surface exposed to the atmosphere and the electrical heating caused by ohmic losses and the larger interelectrode gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - R López-Vizcaíno
- Geo-Environmental Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geo-Environmental Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - G Roa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - C Barrera
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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12
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Escalona-Durán F, Muñoz-Morales M, Souza FL, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Cobalt mediated electro-scrubbers for the degradation of gaseous perchloroethylene. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130525. [PMID: 33866102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the treatment of gaseous perchloroethylene (PCE) using electro-scrubbing with diamond electrodes and cobalt mediators. PCE was obtained by direct desorption from an aqueous solution containing 150 mg L-1, trying to a real pollution case. The electro-scrubber consisted of a packed absorption column connected with an undivided electrochemical cell. Diamond anodes supported on two different substrates (tantalum and silicon) were used and the results indicated that Ta/BDD was more successful in the production of Co (III) species and in the degradation of PCE. Three experimental systems were studied for comparison purposes: absorbent free of Co (III) precursors, absorbent containing Co (III) precursors, and absorbent containing Co (III) precursors undergoing previous electrolysis to the electro-scrubbing to facilitate the accumulation of oxidants. The most successful option was the last, confirming the important role of mediated electrochemical processes in the degradation of PCE. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were found as the primary reaction products and ethyl chloroacetate esters were also identified. A comprehensive mechanism of the processes happening inside electro-scrubber is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Escalona-Durán
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental and Applied Electrochemical Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental and Applied Electrochemical Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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13
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Millán M, García-Orozco VM, Lobato J, Fernández-Marchante CM, Roa-Morales G, Linares-Hernández I, Natividad R, Rodrigo MA. Toward more sustainable photovoltaic solar electrochemical oxidation treatments: Influence of hydraulic and electrical distribution. J Environ Manage 2021; 285:112064. [PMID: 33588169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Powering electrochemical technologies with renewable energies is a promising way to get more sustainable environmental remediation techniques. However, the operational conditions of those processes must be optimized to undergo fast and efficient treatments. In this work, the influence of electrical and hydraulic connections in the performance of a set of two electrolyzers directly powered by photovoltaic panels was evaluated. Despite both electrolyzers were assembled using the same electrode material, they showed different performances. Results indicate that the electrolyzer with higher ohmic resistance and higher overpotential attained a greater production of oxidant species, being produced under the most efficient strategy around 4.8 and 15.1 mmol of oxidants per Ah by electrolyzer 1 and 2, respectively. Nevertheless, an excess of oxidant production because of an inefficient energy management, led to low removal efficiencies as a consequence of a waste of energy into undesirable reactions. Regarding the hydraulic distribution of wastewater between the cells, it was found to influence on the total remediation attained, being the serial connection 2.5 and 1.8 more efficient than a parallel wastewater distribution under series and parallel electrical strategies, respectively. Regarding electrical strategies, parallel connections maximize the use of power produced by the photovoltaic panels. Furthermore, this allows the system to work under lower current densities, reducing the mass transfer limitations. Considering both advantages, a hydraulic connection of the cells in series and an electrical connection in parallel was found to reach the highest specific removal of pollutant, 2.52 mg clopyralid (Wh)-1. Conversely, the opposite strategy (parallel hydraulic connection-series electrical connection) showed the lowest remediation ratio, 0.48 mg clopyralid (Wh)-1. These results are important to be considered in the design of electrolytic treatments of waste directly powered by photovoltaic panels, because they show the way to optimize the cells stack layout in full-scale applications, exhibiting significant impact on the sustainability of the electrochemical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V M García-Orozco
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - G Roa-Morales
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - I Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA). Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - R Natividad
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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14
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Muñoz-Morales M, Castañeda-Juárez M, Souza FL, Saez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Miranda V, Linares-Hernández I, Rodrigo MA. Assessing the viability of electro-absorption and photoelectro-absorption for the treatment of gaseous perchloroethylene. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:23657-23666. [PMID: 32948947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the development of electro-absorption and photoelectro-absorption technologies to treat gases produced by a synthetic waste containing the highly volatile perchloroethylene (PCE). To do this, a packed absorption column coupled with a UV lamp and an undivided electrooxidation cell was used. Firstly, it was confirmed that the absorption in a packed column is a viable method to achieve retention of PCE into an absorbent-electrolyte liquid. It was observed that PCE does not only absorb but it was also transformed into phosgene and other by-products. Later, it was confirmed that the electro-absorption process influenced the PCE degradation, favoring the transformation of phosgene into final products. Opposite to what is expected, carbon dioxide is not the main product obtained, but carbon tetrachloride and trichloroacetic acid. Both species are also hazardous but their higher solubility in water opens possibilities for a successful and more environmental-friendly removal. The coupling with UV-irradiation has a negative impact on the degradation of phosgene. Finally, a reaction mechanism was proposed for the degradation of PCE based on the experimental observations. Results were not as expected during the planning of the experimental work but it is important to take in mind that PCE decomposition occurs in wet conditions, regardless of the applied technology, and this work is a first approach to try to solve the treatment problems associated to PCE gaseous waste flows in a realistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Montse Castañeda-Juárez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Lourdes Souza
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 San Cayetano, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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15
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Does intensification with UV light and US improve the sustainability of electrolytic waste treatment processes? J Environ Manage 2021; 279:111597. [PMID: 33168294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to assess the influence of ultrasounds (US) application or ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation on the efficiency and sustainability of the treatment of wastes by conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation (CDEO). To do this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out in order to quantify the environmental impacts of the intensified CDEO processes. Inventories of three bench scale remediation plants (CDEO, Sono-CDEO and Photo-CDEO) in which the different technologies are implemented are performed by means of Ecoinvent 3.3 data base. AWARE, USEtox, IPPC and ReCiPe methodologies are used to quantify the environmental burden into 5 midpoint (water footprint, global warming 100a, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity) and 17 endpoint impact categories. Photo-CDEO attains the faster and more efficient removal in terms of energy consumed. All impact categories are lower in the case in which UV light irradiation is coupled to the CDEO treatment, particularly if the electrolyte does not contain chloride anions. From the point of view of toxicity and ecotoxicity, it is essential to achieve a complete mineralization, because of the intermediates generated into wastes containing chloride anions can become more hazardous than the initial pesticide. The operation of these technologies at large current densities shows positive results from the sustainability point of view, despite the huge environmental impact related to the energy production. Data notice that almost a 99.0% of the total global warming potential is mainly due to the electricity required during the electrochemical treatment, being higher by the sono and photo CDEO treatments because of the use of additional devices. Nevertheless, this issue can be overcome by means of using renewable energies as power sources of these remediation treatments. According to results, it can be claimed that the electrochemical technologies may successfully compete with other AOPs in terms of sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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16
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Improving sustainability of electrolytic wastewater treatment processes by green powering. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142230. [PMID: 33254883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the evaluation of the impact of powering electrolytic wastewater treatment processes with grid or renewable energy on the sustainability of this electrochemical remediation technology. To face this goal, it was performed an inventory of three bench-scale plants made up by the same treatment technology but powered from different supplies: connected to grid and directly coupled with solar photovoltaic panels or a wind turbine. Results show that the powering mode can significantly affect the environmental risks of the treatment, not only in terms of electricity demand but also on the formation of intermediates, which are more important in the cases in which the intensity profile varied. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out in order to quantify the environmental impacts of green powering electrolytic wastewater treatment processes. Ecoinvent 3.3 data base, AWARE, USEtox, IPPC and ReCiPe methodologies are used to quantify the environmental burden into 5 midpoint (water footprint, global warming 100a, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity) and 17 endpoint impact categories. All impact categories are higher in the case in which the supplied power cames from a electricity grid mix. For the removal of 0.1 g 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) per liter (functional unit) of treated wastewater releases 0.14 kg CO2 eq. If the energy is provided by a wind turbine or a solar panel the processes emit 0.020 kg CO2 eq and 0.019 kg CO2 eq, respectively. A comparison of the impact based on the grid mix used in different countries is also made, which has pointed out the relevance of this input on the sustainability of the environmental electrochemical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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17
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Leon-Fernandez LF, Rodrigo MA, Villaseñor J, Fernandez-Morales FJ. Electrocatalytic dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in bioelectrochemical systems. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Carvela M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Storage of energy using a gas-liquid H 2/Cl 2 fuel cell: A first approach to electrochemically-assisted absorbers. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126795. [PMID: 32334253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the use in fuel cell mode of three electro-absorbers is evaluated for the chloralkaline process and performance is compared with that of a conventional PEMFC operated at the same operation conditions (room temperature). To do this, four cells have been in-house manufactured and compared, in order to determine which electrolyte (solution containing the active species or the membrane) is the best and which is the influence of the absorption stage on the operation of the cell. Because of the high solubility of chlorine, only the hydrogen absorption has been considered in order to evaluate relevant differences in the performance. Results demonstrate that design of the cell has a superb significance on the performances obtained. Cells with membrane-electrode assemblies are more efficient than those in which the membrane is used only as an electrodic compartment separator and utilization of devices which produce tiny bubbles of gas into the electrolyte is also very advantageous in order to obtain higher efficiencies. Results are of a great significance for the design of electro-absorbers and this paper is a first approach to face the design of reversible electrochemical cells for the chloralkaline process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carvela
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Av. Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Av. Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Av. Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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19
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Millán M, Bucio-Rodríguez PY, Lobato J, Fernández-Marchante CM, Roa-Morales G, Barrera-Díaz C, Rodrigo MA. Strategies for powering electrokinetic soil remediation: A way to optimize performance of the environmental technology. J Environ Manage 2020; 267:110665. [PMID: 32421682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electro-kinetic remediation of soils using different powering strategies has been studied, in order to clarify which is the best strategy to couple solar powering with this remediation technology, in a context of developing more sustainable electrochemical remediation technologies. Direct powering from photovoltaic panels (Case a), application of constant electric fields with the same average value of Case a (Case b) and application of constant specific power with the same average value of Case a (Case c) have been compared. Results show an outstanding influence of the powering strategy on the removal efficiency of clopyralid (model of herbicide used in this work). The direct use of solar power profiles obtained the lowest removal efficiencies, which contrasts with the higher expected sustainability of this powering strategy. Reversion of pollutant transport overnight and extreme electric field values at noon help to explain the lower efficiency of this strategy. Evaporation mechanisms are promoted by operating at extreme large electric fields. In addition, harsher conditions lead to a higher negative soil affectation in terms of regions affected by extreme pHs, water contents and/or conductivities and to lower specific pollutant removals. Therefore, maximum efficiencies were found for Case b (constant electric potential gradient) with a total removal over 110 g kWh-1 and only a slight affectation into the final soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Y Bucio-Rodríguez
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - G Roa-Morales
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - C Barrera-Díaz
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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20
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Isidro J, Brackemeyer D, Sáez C, Llanos J, Lobato J, Cañizares P, Matthée T, Rodrigo MA. Testing the use of cells equipped with solid polymer electrolytes for electro-disinfection. Sci Total Environ 2020; 725:138379. [PMID: 32278177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on disinfection of water using electrolysis with boron doped diamond (BDD) coatings and faces this challenge by comparing the performance of two different cells manufactured by CONDIAS GmbH (Izehoe, Germany): CONDIACELL® ECWP and CabECO cells. They are both equipped with diamond electrodes, but the mechanical design is completely different, varying not only by geometry but also by the flow conditions. ECWP is a flow-through cell with perforated electrodes while the CabECO cell is a zero-gap cell with a proton exchange membrane as a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) separating the anode and cathode. At 0.02 Ah dm-3 both cells attain around 3-5 logs pathogen removal, but design and sizing parameters give an advantage to the CabECO: it can minimize the production of chlorates and perchlorates when operating in a single-pass mode, which becomes a really remarkable point. In this paper, we report tests in which we demonstrate this outstanding performance and we also explain the differences observed in the two cells operating with the same water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isidro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D Brackemeyer
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - C Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - T Matthée
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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21
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Isidro J, Brackemeyer D, Sáez C, Llanos J, Lobato J, Cañizares P, Matthée T, Rodrigo MA. How to avoid the formation of hazardous chlorates and perchlorates during electro-disinfection with diamond anodes? J Environ Manage 2020; 265:110566. [PMID: 32275236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on disinfection of water using electrolysis with diamond coatings avoiding or minimizing the formation of hazardous chlorates and perchlorates using a special type of commercial cells designed by CONDIAS (Itzehoe, Germany) in two different sizes: the CabECO and the MIKROZON cells. In these cells, the electrolyte that separates the anode and cathode is a proton exchange membrane. This helps to minimize the production of perchlorate and this behavior is enhanced in the smallest cell for which the very low contact times between the electrodes and the water allows to avoid the production of perchlorates when operating in a single-pass mode, which becomes a really remarkable point. In this paper, we report tests in which we demonstrate this outstanding performance and we also explain the differences observed in the two cells operating with the same water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isidro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D Brackemeyer
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - C Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - T Matthée
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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22
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Barbosa Ferreira M, Souza FL, Muñoz-Morales M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Clopyralid degradation by AOPs enhanced with zero valent iron. J Hazard Mater 2020; 392:122282. [PMID: 32105951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four different technologies have been compared (photolysis, ZVI + photolysis, electrolysis and ZVI + electrolysis) regarding the: (1) degradation of clopyralid, (2) extent of its mineralization, (3) formation of by-products and main reaction pathways. Results show that photolysis is the less efficient treatment and it only attains 5 % removal of the pollutant, much less than ZVI, which reaches 45 % removal and that electrolysis, which attains complete removal and 78 % mineralization within 4 h. When ZVI is used as pre-treatment of electrolysis, it was obtained the most efficient technology. The identification of transformation products was carried out for each treatment by LCMS. In total, ten products were identified. Tentative pathways for preferential clopyralid degradation for all processes were proposed. This work draws attention of the synergisms caused by the coupling of techniques involving the treatment of chlorinated compound and sheds light on how the preferential mechanisms of each treatment evaluated occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbosa Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario 3000, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario 3000, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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23
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Paixão IC, López-Vizcaíno R, Solano AMS, Martínez-Huitle CA, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA, Dos Santos EV. Electrokinetic-Fenton for the remediation low hydraulic conductivity soil contaminated with petroleum. Chemosphere 2020; 248:126029. [PMID: 32035385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of electrokinetic Fenton (EK Fenton) process, as promising soil remediation approach, was investigated by using an iron electrode with different supporting electrolytes (tap water, H2O2, and citric acid) to depollute soil spiked with petroleum where kaolin was selected as low hydraulic conductivity. The results clearly confirm that, the combination of electrokinetic remediation (EK) and Fenton technologies, is an efficient oxidizing approach for removing hydrocarbons from this kind of soil. In fact, the electrokinetic Fenton reactions and the control of the soil pH conditions by adding citric acid enhanced the oxidation process because the addition of the H2O2 with iron electrode resulted in higher removal efficiencies (89%) for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). These figures allowed to confirm that EK Fenton process with pH control contributed for the transport of H2O2 and Fe2+ ions in the soil by electromigration and eletro-osmotic phenomena. Conversely, no control of pH conditions when only EK was applied, achieved lower hydrocarbons removal (27%) after 15 d of treatment due to the precipitation of iron ions. Finally, the efficiency of the EK Fenton remediation prevented the generation of secondary effluent with higher organic content, avoiding its treatment by other advanced oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Paixão
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - R López-Vizcaíno
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil; Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A M S Solano
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E. Costa Novella Buiding, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E V Dos Santos
- School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil.
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24
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Muñoz-Morales M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Improvement of electrochemical oxidation efficiency through combination with adsorption processes. J Environ Manage 2020; 262:110364. [PMID: 32250826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-step process (adsorption-desorption-electrolysis) is evaluated as an interesting approach for the removal of organochlorinated compounds (clopyralid, lindane and perchloroethylene) with different physical properties (solubility and vapor pressure) from low concentrated wastewater. First steps are based on the adsorptive capacity of granular active carbon (GAC) particles to retain organics and on the solvent capacity of methanol to extract them to concentrated solution and regenerate GAC. In the last step of electrolysis with conductive diamond electrodes, the degradation of pesticide is projected, as well as the recovery of methanol. Results show that clopyralid, lindane and PCE are efficiently retained in GAC, although adsorption efficiency depend on pollutant/GAC ratio and physicochemical properties of pollutant. Pretreatment allows the concentration of clopyralid and PCE solutions up to 8 times, but worse results are obtained in case of lindane solutions. Electrolysis of concentrated methanol solution seems to be more efficient than electrolysis of diluted aqueous wastes, mainly in the case of clopyralid. In all cases, electrochemical degradation fits a first order kinetics confirming mixed oxidation mechanisms with diffusion control of the direct processes and mediated oxidation. Results obtained in terms of current efficiency and energy consumption of electrolysis step point out the lower operation cost of concentrated liquid wastes and encourage further works on the development of cost-effective combined processes for the treatment of diluted solutions polluted with polar compounds (such as clopyralid).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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25
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Raschitor A, Llanos J, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Is it worth using the coupled electrodialysis/electro-oxidation system for the removal of pesticides? Process modelling and role of the pollutant. Chemosphere 2020; 246:125781. [PMID: 31918095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development of the electrodialysis/electro-oxidation (EDEO) technology, assessing the role of the pollutant and the modelling of the system in order to look for the key aspects for the development of the technology. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that electrodialysis can be properly used to concentrate clopyralid, having the selected ionic exchange membranes (AMX) an adsorption capacity of 1.64 ± 0.26 mg cm-2. Moreover, it was observed that BDD anodes exhibit a higher degradation and mineralization current efficiencies than MMO when using electro-oxidation (EO). The role of the supporting electrolyte was also assessed, observing a slight better performance of BDD with sulphate (maximum mineralization current efficiency of 80%) and a much superior degradation efficiency with chloride when selecting MMO as anode material. Regarding the EDEO technology, it was checked that this process only overcomes the performance of EO when using MMO anodes, a result that is explained by the ratio between degradation and transport rates. Finally, a simple model was presented and successfully used to predict the degradation rate constants and to simulate the performance of EDEO under different scenarios. These simulations confirm that the transport rate needs to overcome the degradation rate in order to assure a better performance of the EDEO system compared to the conventional EO. Moreover, the simulations explain the results obtained in the present and previous works revealing the key for a further development of the EDEO technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raschitor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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26
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Ferreira MB, Muñoz-Morales M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Improving biotreatability of hazardous effluents combining ZVI, electrolysis and photolysis. Sci Total Environ 2020; 713:136647. [PMID: 31955107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, nine types of combination advanced oxidation processes/zero-valent iron (AOP-ZVI) were tested, in order to determine if any of these combinations demonstrate good chances as pretreatment for the biological degradation processes of organochlorinated pollutants. To do this, the changes undergone in the respirometric behavior, toxicity and short-term biodegradability were compared. The three AOPs studied were anodic oxidation with mixed metal oxides anodes (AO-MMO), with boron doped diamond anodes (AO-BDD) and photolysis and they were evaluated in three different modes: without any addition of ZVI, with ZVI-dehalogenation as pre-treatment and with ZVI-dehalogenation simultaneous to the AOP treatment. Clopyralid has been used as a model of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutant. Results show that technologies proposed can successfully treat wastes polluted with clopyralid and the biological characteristics of the waste are significantly modified by dehalogenating the waste with ZVI, either previously to the treatment or simultaneously to the treatment, being the information provided by the three techniques very important in order to evaluate later combinations of the advanced oxidation technologies with biological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbosa Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario 3000, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario 3000, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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27
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Acosta-Santoyo G, Raschitor A, Bustos E, Llanos J, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Electrochemically assisted dewatering for the removal of oxyfluorfen from a coagulation/flocculation sludge. J Environ Manage 2020; 258:110015. [PMID: 31929057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the evaluation of the electrochemical dewatering of sludge obtained in the coagulation of wastes polluted with oxyfluorfen. To do this, sludge samples were treated, aiming not only to reduce the sludge volume, but also to facilitate the degradation of oxyfluorfen contained in the cake via electrolysis with a boron-doped diamond anode. Results show that water can be effectively recovered through three sequential stages. First, a gravity-driven stage, that can recover around 60% of initial volume and where no oxyfluorfen is dragged. Then, a second stage that involves the application of pressure and which accounts for the recuperation of an additional 25% of the total volume of the water removed and in which oxyfluorfen also remained in the cake. Finally, an electrochemical stage, which involves the application of electricity with increasing electric fields (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 16.0 V cm-1), accounting for the recovery of the rest of water released and where an electrolytic degradation of oxyfluorfen is obtained, whose extension depends on the electrode configuration used in the electro-dewatering cell. This electrode configuration also influences the retention or loss of oxyfluorfen from the cake, being the optimum choice the placement of the cathode downstream, next to the outlet of the dewatering cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Acosta-Santoyo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alexandra Raschitor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Erika Bustos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Javier Llanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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28
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Carboneras MB, Villaseñor J, Fernández FJ, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Selection of anodic material for the combined electrochemical-biological treatment of lindane polluted soil washing effluents. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121237. [PMID: 31581020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the removal of lindane from soil washing effluents (SWEs) using combined electrochemical -biological processes. In particular, it has been evaluated the influence of the anodic material used in the electrolysis of the SWE on the biodegradability and toxicity of the effluents. Four anode materials were tested: Boron Doped Diamond (BDD), Carbon Felt (CF), and Mixed Metal Oxides Anodes with iridium and ruthenium (MMO-Ir and MMO-Ru). These materials were tested at different current densities and electric current charges applied. Lindane, TOC, sulphate, and chlorine species concentrations were monitored during electrochemical experiments, showing important differences in their evolution during the treatment. In spite of reaching a good removal of lindane with all the materials tested, results showed that Boron Doped Diamond working at 15 mA cm-2 achieved the best biodegradability results in the electrolyzed effluents, because the ratio BOD5/COD increased from 0.2 to 0.5, followed by Carbon Felt anode. Regarding toxicity, Carbon Felt decreased toxicity by 80%. Opposite to what it was expected, MMO anodes did not achieve biodegradability improvement and they only showed reduction in toxicity at high electrical charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Carboneras
- Chemical Engineering Department. Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA). University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Villaseñor
- Chemical Engineering Department. Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA). University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Jesús Fernández
- Chemical Engineering Department. Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA). University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology. University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology. University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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29
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Carboneras MB, Rodrigo MA, Canizares P, Villasenor J, Fernandez-Morales FJ. Removal of oxyfluorfen from polluted effluents by combined bio-electro processes. Chemosphere 2020; 240:124912. [PMID: 31574437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the combination of biological and electrochemical processes to mineralize oxyfluorfen has been studied. First, an acclimatized mixed-culture biological treatment was used to degrade the biodegradable fraction of the pesticide, reaching up to 90% removal. After that, the non-biodegraded fraction was oxidised by electrolysis using boron-doped diamond as the anode. The results showed that the electrochemical technique was able to completely mineralize the residual pollutants. The study of the influence of the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical process showed that the trace mineral solution used in the biological treatment was enough to completely mineralize the oxyfluorfen, resulting in total organic carbon removal rates that were well-fitted by a first-order model with a kinetic constant of 0.91 h-1. However, the first-order degradation rate increased approximately 20% when Na2SO4 was added as supporting electrolyte, reaching a degradation rate of 1.16 h-1 with a power consumption that was approximately 70% lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Carboneras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Canizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Villasenor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F J Fernandez-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Macha, ITQUIMA, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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30
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Moraleda I, Oturan N, Saez C, Llanos J, Rodrigo MA, Oturan MA. A comparison between flow-through cathode and mixed tank cells for the electro-Fenton process with conductive diamond anode. Chemosphere 2020; 238:124854. [PMID: 31549676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work focusses on the production of hydrogen peroxide and in the removal of bromacil by the electro-Fenton process using two different electrochemical cells: mixed tank cell (MTC) and flow-through cell (FTC). Both cells use boron doped diamond (BDD) as anode and carbon felt as cathode to promote the formation of hydrogen peroxide. In the case of the MTC, two surface area ratios, Acathode/Aanode, have been used. Results show that the H2O2 produced by MTC and FTCPSC increases with the time until a stabilization state. For the FTCPSC, the average hydrogen peroxide concentration produced increases progressively with the current, while for MTC the maximum values are found in applying very low current densities. In addition, the FTCPSC provides higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for the same current density applied. Regarding the MTC, it can be stated that the higher the area of the cathode, the higher is the amount of H2O2 produced and the lower is the cell voltage (because of a more efficient current lines distribution). The initial oxidation of bromacil is very efficiently attained being rapidly depleted from wastewater. However, the higher production of hydrogen peroxide obtained by the FTCPSC cell does not reflect on a better performance of the electro-Fenton process. Thus, bromacil is better mineralized using the MTC cell with the lowest cathode area. This observation has been explained because larger concentrations of produced hydrogen peroxide seems to benefit the oxidation of intermediates and not the mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Moraleda
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - N Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - C Saez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Chemical Engineering Department, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M A Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France.
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31
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Leon-Fernandez LF, Villaseñor J, Rodriguez L, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Fernández-Morales FJ. Dehalogenation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by means of bioelectrochemical systems. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Muñoz-Morales M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Enhanced electrolytic treatment for the removal of clopyralid and lindane. Chemosphere 2019; 234:132-138. [PMID: 31207419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it is evaluated the more critical point of a new electrochemical technology for the removal of organic pollutants based on the regeneration of granular active carbon (GAC) (that can be used efficiently to concentrate aqueous wastes) with methanol and in the electrochemical treatment of methanol with conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation (CDEO). The system proposed was studied with lindane and clopyralid. Results show that it is possible the complete removal of the raw pesticides and intermediates formed by electrolyzing these species in methanol media and that both sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide can be used as supporting electrolyte to increase the conductivity of methanol. The cell voltages obtained are quite similar to those obtained during the electrolysis of aqueous wastes. The electrolysis of these dilute solutions does not generate significant concentrations of intermediates and the depletion of the raw pollutant fits well to a pseudo-first order kinetic model. Oxidants capable to oxidize iodide to iodine are produced during the electrolysis in methanol media and they have an important influence on the degradation of the pollutants. The new technology, based on the concentration of the pollutant before electrolysis, allows to remove completely pollutants from soil and soil washing fluids in a more efficient way, although the concentration of pollutant attained and, hence, the efficiency of the overall removal process depends on the adsorption equilibria of the pollutant in aqueous and methanol media.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Raschitor A, Llanos J, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Combined electrochemical processes for the efficient degradation of non-polar organochlorine pesticides. J Environ Manage 2019; 248:109289. [PMID: 31344559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the development of efficient and economic electrochemical treatment processes to confront the treatment of liquid wastes containing non-polar organochlorine pesticides. In previous works, it was demonstrated that it is possible to use electrocoagulation (EC) as a concentration technique for a model organochlorine pesticide (oxyfluorfen). Within this framework, the present work describes a process for the degradation of wastes containing non-polar organochlorines (oxyfluorfen or lindane) in two consecutive stages: 1) a first stage of concentration by electrocoagulation; 2) a second stage of electrochemical degradation by electro-oxidation (EO) or electro-Fenton (EF). The first result reached in the present work is that it is possible to remove close to 50% of both pollutants using EO and more that 94% using EF. Additionally, it was proved that the addition of a pre-concentration stage decreases by a factor of 20 the power consumption needed to deplete by EO the same amount of the initial pollutant. Moreover, when EF process is performed to the concentrated stream, the power consumption is further reduced, getting values (for 1-log removal) as low as 14.51 kWh m-3 for oxyfluorfen decrease and 49.7 kWh m-3 for lindane. These results strengthen the fact that the removal efficiency increases with the concentration of the pollutant and demonstrate that the combination of concentration steps and electrochemical degradation technologies is an efficient and promising alternative for the degradation of non-polar organochlorines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raschitor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
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Carvalho de Almeida C, Muñoz-Morales M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Electrolysis with diamond anodes of the effluents of a combined soil washing - ZVI dechlorination process. J Hazard Mater 2019; 369:577-583. [PMID: 30818122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new soil washing process in which Soil-Liquid extraction technology is enhanced by adding iron particles (zero valent iron nanoparticles or granules) was investigated to remove clopyralid from spiked soils. This novel approach can be efficiently used to extract chlorinated hydrocarbons from soil and aims to obtain soil-washing wastes with low content of hazardous chlorinated species. The iron particles used were subsequently removed from the treated soil using magnetic fields. Then, the complete mineralization of the produced soil washing effluents was successfully achieved by applying anodic oxidation with diamond anodes in an electrochemical flow cell. Results demonstrated that, opposite to what it was initially expected, no improvements in the efficiency of the electrochemical process were observed by adding iron particles during the soil washing. This behavior is explained in terms of the lower electrochemical reactivity of the dechlorinated derivatives produced. Although results are not as promising as initially expected, it does not mean a completely negative outcome for the use of ZVI during washing, because the hazardousness of the pollutants is rapidly decreased in the initial stages of the soil-washing, opening the possibility for the combination of this technology with other processes, such as biological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carvalho de Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Silva FL, Lanza MRV, Saez C, Rodrigo MA. Electrochemical dewatering for the removal of hazardous species from sludge. J Environ Manage 2019; 233:768-773. [PMID: 30318156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the evaluation of the electrochemical dewatering of sludge polluted with model hazardous species. To do this, two sludge samples taken from the outlet of the anaerobic digesters of the municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility of Ciudad Real were polluted with herbicide clopyralid (CP) and with antibiotics amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP), respectively. These sludge samples underwent first dewatering by press filtration and then, the dewatering continued by the application of an electrochemically assisted driven process with increasing electric fields (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 V cm-1). Results demonstrate that the electrochemically-assisted process can help to exhaust the pollutant adsorbed onto the sludge and attain a supplemental removal (up to 15%) of water in both cases. This is a highly important result, because it can help to develop technologies for sludge treatment that avoid the diffusion of hazardous pollution during the land application of the sludge. No reactivity of the pollutants was observed during the tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - M R V Lanza
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - C Saez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Sánchez V, López-Bellido FJ, Rodrigo MA, Rodríguez L. Electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation of atrazine: Differences between electrode and interelectrode soil sections. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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López-Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Asensio L, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Techno-economic analysis of the scale-up process of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation. J Environ Manage 2019; 231:570-575. [PMID: 30388654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a techno-economic study of the scaling-up of the electrochemically-assisted soil remediation (EASR) process of polluted soil. Four scales have been selected for the study: laboratory, bench, pilot and prototype, with a capacity of treating a volume of soil of 1 × 10-4, 2 × 10-3, 0.11 and 21.76 m3, respectively. This study analyses the technical information produced by studies carried out at each scale, and informs about the fixed costs (construction of the electrokinetic remediation reactor, installation of auxiliary services and purchase of analytical equipment) and variable costs (start-up, operation and dismantling of the test) derived from running a test at each of the evaluated scales. The information discussed in based on the experience gained with many evaluations carried out over the last decade at these scales. This information can provide useful guidance for developing a scaling-up of the EASR for many researchers starting on the evaluation of this important environmental remediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Vizcaíno
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - A Yustres
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L Asensio
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Mateo S, Mascia M, Fernandez-Morales FJ, Rodrigo MA, Di Lorenzo M. Assessing the impact of design factors on the performance of two miniature microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carboneras MB, Villaseñor J, Fernández-Morales FJ, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Biological treatment of wastewater polluted with an oxyfluorfen-based commercial herbicide. Chemosphere 2018; 213:244-251. [PMID: 30223129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxil-24 is a commercial herbicide based on oxyfluorfen (a hazardous non-soluble organochlorinated compound) and additional compounds used as solvents. The aim of this work is to study the biotreatability of this commercial herbicide in water through batch experiments performed at different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) and initial concentrations (85, 150, 300 and 500 mg L-1 of oxyfluorfen). Activated sludge from an oil refinery wastewater treatment plant was acclimated and used for biodegradation experiments. Two main mechanisms, volatilization and biodegradation, were observed to be responsible of the herbicide removal. Fluoxil-24 removal efficiencies between approximately 40% and 80% were reached after 70 h, depending on the conditions used, and oxyfluorfen was not completely removed. Regarding the influence of the temperature, thermal inhibition problems appeared at 30 °C, and the volatilization rate of solvents increased, causing oxyfluorfen to become unavailable for microorganisms. An increase of herbicide initial concentration did not clearly affect the herbicide removal efficiency, whereas it negatively affected the biological mechanism. The experimental results were fitted to a mathematical model that included both simultaneous mechanisms of volatilization and Monod biodegradation kinetics. The model was able to predict the experimental results, and the calculated model parameters confirmed the effect of the variables under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Carboneras
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Villaseñor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Jesús Fernández-Morales
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Castilla- La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Rodrigo S, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Reversible electrokinetic adsorption barriers for the removal of organochlorine herbicide from spiked soils. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:629-636. [PMID: 29870938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to describe the removal of clopyralid from clay soils using electrokinetically assisted soil flushing (EKSF) coupled with a permeable reactive barrier (PRB), consisting of beds of Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC). To do this, two strategies have been evaluated on bench-scale electroremediation facilities (175 dm3): electrokinetic adsorption barrier (EKAB) and reversible electrokinetic adsorption barrier (REKAB). Likewise, to clarify the contribution of the different mechanisms to remediation process results are compared to those obtained in a reference test (without applying an electric field) and to results obtained in the EKSF of soils polluted with compounds with different polarity and vapour pressure. Results show that during EKAB and REKAB tests, clopyralid is removed from the soil by adsorption in PRB, electrokinetic transport and, very less decisively, by evaporation. The application of polarity reversion attains a higher retention of clopyralid in the activated carbon-PRB and a better regulation of pH because of the neutralization of H+ and OH- generated in the electrolyte wells. After 30 days of operation, the removal of clopyralid by EKAB is 45% while it reaches 57% in the case of REKAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Fernandez-Marchante CM, Asensio Y, Lobato J, Villaseñor J, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Influence of hydraulic retention time and carbon loading rate on the production of algae. J Biotechnol 2018; 282:70-79. [PMID: 29990569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on the assessment of the production of algae in batch bioreactors. Hydraulic retention time, carbon loading rate and light color were the inputs of the study and algae production the main output. Bioreactors were operated in semi-continuous mode and tests lasted two months, more than two times the period required to meet a steady-state response. This steady-state was verified with plateau responses in both, soluble parameters and suspended solids. Results points out the great relevance of temperature. Likewise, they show that green light improves the production of algae, as well as long HRT and high CLR. Maximum production rates attained were in the range 4-14 mg d-1 L-1. The ratio COD /TSS for this biofuel was almost constant (3.13 mg COD mg-1 TSS) but the quality of the product obtained in terms of the Mean Oxidation State of Carbon is completely different. Longer HRT leads to lower MOSC and hence to potentially more valuable fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernandez-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Y Asensio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Villaseñor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Isidro J, Llanos J, Sáez C, Lobato J, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Pre-disinfection columns to improve the performance of the direct electro-disinfection of highly faecal-polluted surface water. J Environ Manage 2018; 222:135-140. [PMID: 29807263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the design and evaluation of a new concept of pre-disinfection treatment that is especially suited for highly polluted surface water and is based on the combination of coagulation-flocculation, lamellar sedimentation and filtration into a single-column unit, in which the interconnection between treatments is an important part of the overall process. The new system, the so-called PREDICO (PRE-DIsinfection Column) system, was built with low-cost consumables from hardware stores (in order to promote in-house construction of the system in poor countries) and was tested with a mixture of 20% raw wastewater and 80% surface water (in order to simulate an extremely bad situation). The results confirmed that the PREDICO system helps to avoid fouling in later electro-disinfection processes and attains a remarkable degree of disinfection (3-4 log units), which supplements the removal of pathogens attained by the electrolytic cell (more than 4 log units). The most important sizing parameters for the PREDICO system are the surface loading rate (SLR) and the hydraulic residence time (HRT); SLR values under 20 cm min-1 and HRT values over 13.6 min in the PREDICO system are suitable to warrant efficient performance of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isidro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Vicari F, Asensio Y, Fernandez-Marchante CM, Lobato J, Cañizares P, Scialdone O, Rodrigo MA. Influence of the initial sludge characteristics and acclimation on the long-term performance of double-compartment acetate-fed microbial fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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de Araújo DM, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Martínez-Huitle CA. Improving the catalytic effect of peroxodisulfate and peroxodiphosphate electrochemically generated at diamond electrode by activation with light irradiation. Chemosphere 2018; 207:774-780. [PMID: 29859489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) anode has been used to oxidatively remove Rhodamine B (RhB), as persistent organic pollutant, from synthetic wastewater by electrolysis, photoelectrolysis and chemical oxidation containing sulfate and phosphate as supporting electrolytes. RhB is effectively oxidized by electrolysis and by chemical oxidation with the oxidants separately produced by electrolyzing sulfate or phosphate solutions (peroxodisulfate and peroxodiphosphate, respectively). The results showed that light irradiation improved the electrolysis of RhB due to the activation of oxidants under irradiation at high current densities. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the chemical oxidation approach by ex situ electrochemical production of oxidants was not efficient to degrade RhB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle Medeiros de Araújo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Povoado Base Física, Zona Rural, CEP 59508-0, Ipanguaçu, RN, Brazil
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova CEP, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Unesp, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Mateo S, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Fernandez-Morales FJ. Driving force behind electrochemical performance of microbial fuel cells fed with different substrates. Chemosphere 2018; 207:313-319. [PMID: 29803880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of miniaturized microbial fuel cells operating with five different substrates (acetate, lactate, glucose and octanoate) were studied with the aim to identify the reason for its different performance. In all cases, the COD removal rate was about 650 mg COD L-1 d-1. However, the bio-electrochemical performance of the MFC was very different, showing the MFC fed with acetate the best performance: 20 A m-2 as maximum current density, 2 W m-2 of maximum power density, 0.376 V of OCV and 12.6% of CE. In addition, the acetate showed the best bio-electrochemical performance in the polarization curves and cyclic voltammetries. These polarization curves were modelled and the key to explain the better electrical performance of acetate was its lower ohmic losses. When working with acetate, its ohmic losses were one log-unit below those attained by the other substrates. These lower ohmic losses were not associated to the electrolyte conductivity of the fuel but to the lower ohmic loses of the biofilm generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mateo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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López Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Asensio L, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Navarro V. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted soils by anolyte pH conditioning. Chemosphere 2018; 199:477-485. [PMID: 29454170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of a polluted soil, the pH has a strong impact on the development of different physicochemical processes as precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption or ionic exchange. In addition, the pH determines the chemical speciation of the compounds present in the system and, consequently, it conditions the transport processes by which those compounds will move. This question has aroused great interest in the development of pH control technologies coupled to soil remediation processes. In electrokinetic remediation processes, pH has usually been controlled by catholyte pH conditioning with acid solutions, applied to cases of heavy metals pollution. However, this method is not effective with pollutants that can be dissociated in anionic species. In this context, this paper presents a study of the electrokinetic remediation of soils polluted with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a common polar pesticide, enhanced with an anolyte pH conditioning strategy. A numerical study is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy. Several numerical tests have been carried out for NaOH solutions with different concentrations as pH conditioning fluid. The results show that the anolyte pH conditioning strategy makes it possible to control the pH of the soil and, consequently, the chemical speciation of pollutant species. Thus, it is possible to achieve an important flux of pesticide into the anolyte compartment (electro-migration of anionic species and diffusive transport of acid species). This way, it possible to maximise the pesticide accumulation in this compartment, allowing a much more effective removal of pollutants from the soil than without the anolyte pH conditioning strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López Vizcaíno
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - A Yustres
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - L Asensio
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
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Carboneras MB, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Villaseñor J, Fernandez-Morales FJ. Improving biodegradability of soil washing effluents using anodic oxidation. Bioresour Technol 2018; 252:1-6. [PMID: 29306123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a combination of electrochemical and biological technologies is proposed to remove clopyralid from Soil Washing Effluents (SWE). Firstly, soil washing was carried out to extract clopyralid from soil. After that, four different anodes-Ir-MMO, Ru-MMO, pSi-BDD and Carbon Felt (CF)-were evaluated in order to increase the biodegradability of the SWE. CF was selected because was the only one able to transform the pesticide to a more biodegradable compounds without completely mineralizing it. Finally, biological oxidation tests were performed to determine the aerobic biodegradability of the SWE generated. From the obtained results, it was observed that at the beginning of the electrolysis the toxicity slightly increased and the biodegradability decreases. However, for electric current charges over 2.5 A·h dm-3 the toxicity drastically decreased, showing an EC50 of 143 mg L-1, and the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.02 to 0.23.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Carboneras
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Villaseñor
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, ITQUIMA, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/N, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Penteado ED, Fernandez-Marchante CM, Zaiat M, Gonzalez ER, Rodrigo MA. Optimization of the performance of a microbial fuel cell using the ratio electrode-surface area / anode-compartment volume. Braz J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180351s20160411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muñoz-Morales M, Braojos M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Remediation of soils polluted with lindane using surfactant-aided soil washing and electrochemical oxidation. J Hazard Mater 2017; 339:232-238. [PMID: 28654787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work the complete treatment of soil spiked with lindane is studied using surfactant-aided soil-washing (SASW) to exhaust lindane from soil and electrolysis with diamond anodes to mineralize lindane from the soil washing fluid (SWF) waste. Results demonstrated that this technological approach is efficient and allow to remove this hazardous pollutant from soil. They also pointed out the significance of the ratio surfactant/soil in the efficiency of the SASW process and in the performance of the later electrolysis used to mineralize the pollutant. Larger values of this parameter lead to effluents that undergo a very efficient treatment which allows the depletion of lindane for applied charges lower than 15AhL-1 and the recovery of more than 70% of the surfactant for the regeneration of the SWF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Braojos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Raschitor A, Llanos J, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Novel integrated electrodialysis/electro-oxidation process for the efficient degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Chemosphere 2017; 182:85-89. [PMID: 28494364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel approach of wastewater treatment technology that consists of a combined electrodialysis/electro-oxidation process, specially designed to allow increasing the efficiency in the oxidation of ionic organic pollutants contained in diluted waste. Respect to conventional electrolysis, the pollutant is simultaneously concentrated and oxidized, enhancing the performance of the cell due to the higher concentration achieved in the nearness of the anode. A proof of concept is tested with the ionic pesticide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and results show that the efficiency of this new technology overcomes that electrolysis by more than double, regardless the supporting electrolyte used (either NaCl or Na2SO4). Moreover, the removal rate of 2,4-D when using NaCl was found to be more efficient, due to the best performance of the electrode material selected (DSA®) towards the formation of oxidants in chloride supporting electrolyte. These results open the way for overcoming the efficiency limitations of electrochemical treatment processes for the treatment of solutions with low concentrated ionic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raschitor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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