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Jonker M, Engelsma C, Visser A. [Decision-making concerning involuntary oral care in older individuals with dementia]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2024; 131:21-27. [PMID: 38193354 DOI: 10.5177/ntvt.2024.01.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Many older individuals with dementia show care-resistant behavior for oral care. Providing care despite resistance is considered to be involuntary care. The Dutch law, 'Wet zorg en dwang' (care and coercion), states that care must be ceased in the presence of resistance, unless there is (a risk of) serious harm. This study was conducted to gain insight into the attitudes of healthcare providers with regard to involuntary oral care in older individuals with dementia. An online questionnaire consisting of general questions, case specific questions and knowledge questions about the Dutch law was filled out by 392 care providers. In all cases, a discrepancy was seen between the assessment of oral health problems as potentially harmful and the willingness to provide involuntary oral care. Hence, many healthcare providers are aware of the subsequent potential health risks related to not providing care, but are still reluctant to provide involuntary oral care. A large part of the healthcare providers also has a low level of knowledge with regard to the Dutch law 'Wet zorg en Dwang'.
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Lasaviciute G, Bricaud AL, Hellgren F, Ingelman-Sundberg HM, Eksborg S, Jonker M, Haanstra KG, Hed Myrberg I, Sverremark-Ekström E, Loré K, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Nilsson A. Deficits in the IgG + memory B-cell recovery after anthracycline treatment is confined to the spleen of rhesus macaques. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1150. [PMID: 32642064 PMCID: PMC7331234 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Loss of vaccine‐induced antibodies (Abs) after chemotherapy against paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is common and often necessitates re‐immunisation after cessation of treatment. Even so, some ALL survivors fail to mount or to maintain protective Abs. Germinal centres (GCs) are clusters of proliferating B cells in follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) formed during adaptive immune responses and the origins of long‐lived memory B and plasma cells that are the source of Abs. Furthermore, productive GC reactions depend on T follicular helper (TFH) cells. To understand why chemotherapy induces deficits in Ab responses, we examined how SLTs were affected by chemotherapy. Methods Rhesus macaques were infused with either three cycles of the anthracycline doxorubicin or saline, followed by immunisation with a de novo and booster antigen. Spleen and lymph nodes were removed, and memory B, bulk T and TFH cells were examined. Results Despite adequate GC morphology, a diminished memory and IgG+ B‐cell population along with diminished total and booster vaccine‐specific IgG‐producing memory B cells were noted in the spleens of macaques with past doxorubicin exposure compared to the saline‐treated controls (P < 0.05). Intact bulk T and TFH cells were found in the SLTs of treated macaques, which displayed higher CD40L upregulation capacity by their splenic CXCR5+ helper T cells (P < 0.01). In contrast to the spleen, the immune cell populations studied were comparable between the lymph nodes of both saline‐ and doxorubicin‐treated macaques. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the splenic memory B‐cell subset, compared to its lymph node counterpart, is more severely altered by anthracycline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Lasaviciute
- Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andréas L Bricaud
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hanna M Ingelman-Sundberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Staffan Eksborg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) Rijswijk The Netherlands
| | | | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Shanie Saghafian-Hedengren
- Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden.,Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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Osanto S, Alvarez C, Bloem H, van der Hulle T, Jonker M, Ozdemir M, Goossens K, Wijffelman M, Pelger R, Van Poppel H, Burggraaf K. Efficacy of enzalutamide in hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer: Clinical utility of 18F-choline PET and whole body MRI. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz248.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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4
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De Gussem V, Schuijt L, van den Brink P, van Dijk J, Jonker M, Kramer N, van Wezel A. Effect-directed monitoring tools as a toxicological fingerprint for ecological and human risk assessment of water bodies. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barranguet C, Jonker M, Sinke J, Admiraal W. Effects of acute copper contamination on photosynthesis and biomass of periphyton determined with pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03680770.1998.11898268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Hamming-Vrieze O, Kraaijenga S, Verheijen S, Jonker M, Van der Molen L, Van de Kamer J, Van de Brekel M, Heemsbergen W. PO-0849: Trismus after chemoradiation in head & neck cancer: relation with medial pterygoid and masseter dose. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE, Mason KP, Gibson F, Gardner R, Warren L, Jonker M. Voluntary premarital screening to prevent sickle cell disease in Jamaica: does it work? J Community Genet 2017; 8:133-139. [PMID: 28251585 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-017-0294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether identifying haemoglobin genotype, and providing education and counselling to senior school students will influence their choice of partner and reduce the frequency of births with sickle cell disease. The Manchester Project provided free voluntary blood tests to determine haemoglobin genotype to the fifth and sixth forms (grades 11-13), median age of 16.7 years, of all 15 secondary schools in the parish of Manchester in south central Jamaica. A total of 16,636 students complied, and counselling was offered to carriers of abnormal genes over 6 years (2008-2013). The genotypes of their offspring were determined by newborn screening of 66,892 deliveries in 12 regional hospitals over 8 years (2008-2015). The study focused on the genotypes of live deliveries to female students with the four most common haemoglobin genotypes: 7905 with an AA genotype, 898 with the sickle cell trait, 326 with the HbC trait and 78 with the beta thalassaemia trait. A total of 2442 live deliveries were identified by the end of 2015 in mothers screened at school. Eleven babies had clinically significant genotypes, and the prevalence of SS and SC disease did not differ from that predicted by random mating. First pregnancy was not delayed in AS or AC mothers. There was no evidence that knowledge of maternal haemoglobin genotype influenced choice of partner. On an interview, mothers of affected babies correctly recalled their genotype, but either did not discuss this with their partners or the latter refused to be tested. Subjects delaying child bearing for tertiary education would be largely excluded from the present study of first pregnancies and may make greater use of this information. Future options are a greater role for prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Serjeant
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), Southern Regional Health Authority, Mandeville, Jamaica.
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), 14 Milverton Crescent, Kingston 6, Jamaica, West Indies.
| | - B E Serjeant
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), Southern Regional Health Authority, Mandeville, Jamaica
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), 14 Milverton Crescent, Kingston 6, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - K P Mason
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), Southern Regional Health Authority, Mandeville, Jamaica
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), 14 Milverton Crescent, Kingston 6, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - F Gibson
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), Southern Regional Health Authority, Mandeville, Jamaica
| | - R Gardner
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), Southern Regional Health Authority, Mandeville, Jamaica
| | - L Warren
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), Southern Regional Health Authority, Mandeville, Jamaica
| | - M Jonker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Haanstra KG, Jonker M, 't Hart BA. An Evaluation of 20 Years of EU Framework Programme-Funded Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Translational Research in Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2016; 7:462. [PMID: 27872622 PMCID: PMC5098224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases for which often no effective treatments exist, resulting in increasing health-care expenditure. Despite high investments in drug development, the number of promising new drug candidates decreases. We propose that preclinical research in non-human primates can help to bridge the gap between drug discovery and drug prescription. Translational research covers various stages of drug development of which preclinical efficacy tests in valid animal models is usually the last stage. Preclinical research in non-human primates may be essential in the evaluation of new drugs or therapies when a relevant rodent model is not available. Non-human primate models for life-threatening or severely debilitating diseases in humans are available at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC). These have been instrumental in translational research for several decades. In order to stimulate European health research and innovation from bench to bedside, the European Commission has invested heavily in access to non-human primate research for more than 20 years. BPRC has hosted European users in a series of transnational access programs covering a wide range of research areas with the common theme being immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. We present an overview of the results and give an account of the studies performed as part of European Union Framework Programme (EU FP)-funded translational non-human primate research performed at the BPRC. These data illustrate the value of translational non-human primate research for the development of new therapies and emphasize the importance of EU FP funding in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Haanstra
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk , Netherlands
| | - Margreet Jonker
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Jonker M, Wubben JAM, 't Hart BA, Haanstra KG. Lymphoid-Like Structures with Distinct B Cell Areas in Kidney Allografts are not Predictive for Graft Rejection. A Non-human Primate Study. Inflammation 2016; 38:2191-202. [PMID: 26140903 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney allograft biopsies were analyzed for the presence of B cell clusters/aggregates using CD20 staining. Few B cells were found in the diffuse interstitial infiltrates, but clusters of B cells were found in nodular infiltrates. These nodular infiltrates were smaller shortly after transplantation, and their size increased over time. At the time of clinical rejection, the nodules often presented as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) with lymphoid-like follicles. The presence of small B cell clusters during the first 2 months after transplantation was not associated with early rejection. Even in animals that did not reject their allograft, TLS-like structures were present and could disappear over time. Although TLS were more often found in samples with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA), TLS were also present in samples without IFTA. The presence and density of clusters resembling tertiary lymphoid structures most likely reflect an ongoing immune response inside the graft and do not necessarily signify a poor graft outcome or IFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert A 't Hart
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krista G Haanstra
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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10
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Verheijen S, Hamming-Vrieze O, Jonker M, Lamers E, Kraaijenga S, Van der Molen L, Van de Kamer J, Van den Brekel M, Heemsbergen W. PO-0635: Dose to the masseter muscle and risk of trismus after chemoradiation for advanced head & neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)31885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Kuijper T, Folmer H, Stolk E, Jonker M, Hazes J, Luime J. AB0430 Doctor's Preferences with Respect to Tapering of Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: A Discrete Choice Experiment. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ingelman-Sundberg HM, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Jahnmatz M, Eksborg S, Jonker M, Nilsson A. Selective loss of vaccine-specific memory B cells in a rhesus macaque model of chemotherapy: influence of doxorubicin on immunological memory. Haematologica 2014; 100:e158-61. [PMID: 25552706 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Staffan Eksborg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Jonker M, Wubben J, Haanstra K, Vierboom M, 't Hart B. Comparative analysis of inflammatory infiltrates in collagen-induced arthritis, kidney graft rejection and delayed-type hypersensitivity in non-human primates. Inflamm Res 2012; 62:181-94. [PMID: 23064655 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-human primates are immunologically closely related to humans providing relevant models of inflammatory disorders often used to evaluate new immunomodulating therapies. The aim of the study was to compare inflammatory infiltrates of acute graft rejection (AR) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions as the latter model may serve as a less invasive animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue samples of AR, CIA and DTH were obtained from rhesus monkeys used in several pre-clinical studies. The infiltrate composition was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The infiltrates in AR consisted of T cells, macrophages and B cells. The presence of lymphoid structures in AR suggested ongoing intragraft immune activation. The synovia of CIA contained predominantly macrophages and few T cells. The DTH infiltrates were dominated by T cells when the challenged was ovalbumin (OVA) and by macrophages when the challenge was tetanus toxoid (TT). CONCLUSIONS The histology of AR resembles aspects of DTH to OVA while that of CIA showed similarities of the DTH to TT. The DTH reaction could serve as a model to study immunomodulating drugs for acute rejection and the acute inflammatory phase of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO BOX 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands.
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Jonker H, Jansen W, Jonker M, Scholten A, Marijnen C. 483 poster POSITIONING IN BREAST RADIOTHERAPY; SMALLER SETUP ERRORS IN SUPINE COMPARED TO PRONE POSITIONING. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone B, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2009-2010. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2009 and mid-2010. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. New and improved methods for mycotoxins continue to be published. Immunological-based method developments continue to be of wide interest in a broad range of formats. Multimycotoxin determination by LC-MS/MS is now being targeted at the specific ranges of mycotoxins and matrices of interest or concern to the individual laboratory. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Carretera a Pozuelo Km 5.1, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - B. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Cluster Natural Toxins & Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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Haanstra KG, Endell J, Estévâo D, Kondova I, Jonker M. Blocking T cell co-stimulation using a CD80 blocking small molecule reduces delayed type hypersensitivity responses in rhesus monkeys. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:91-8. [PMID: 19737235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of co-stimulation signals between T cells and antigen-presenting cells could be an important approach for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. Recently a series of small compound inhibitors which bind human CD80 (B7-1) and inhibit T cell co-stimulation has been described. To investigate their potency for clinical use, one of these compounds, RhuDex, was evaluated for reactivity with rhesus monkey CD80. The in vitro biological effect on rhesus monkey lymphocytes, the potency for suppression of an inflammatory recall response and the protein-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in the skin were studied. In a rhesus monkey T cell co-stimulation assay RhuDex inhibited proinflammatory cytokine release and cellular proliferation with micromolar potency. Systemic administration of RhuDex to rhesus monkeys inhibited the DTH response significantly, indicating that this compound may inhibit autoimmune mediated inflammatory processes where the target, CD80, is up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Haanstra
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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Haanstra KG, Wubben JAM, Korevaar SS, Kondova I, Baan CC, Jonker M. Expression patterns of regulatory T-cell markers in accepted and rejected nonhuman primate kidney allografts. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:2236-46. [PMID: 17845559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The identification of FOXP3 expressing cells in recipients of an allograft, in particular inside the graft itself, may help to define criteria for immunosuppressive drug withdrawal. We therefore examined expression patterns of several regulatory T-cell (Treg) markers in kidney biopsies and kidney tissues taken at the time of graft rejection from monkeys treated with alpha CD40, alpha CD86, CsA, a combination of these or after drug withdrawal. In advanced stages of rejection, organized multifocal nodular infiltrates, with mature dendritic cells, T cells and B cells could be found. In contrast, interstitial infiltrates contain more macrophages, less T cells and few B cells. Cells expressing FOXP3, CD25 and CTLA-4 were mainly found in nodular infiltrates of rejected tissue samples. A significant correlation was found between the percentage FOXP3(+) cells and markers for rejection, i.e. creatinine levels and Banff interstitial and tubular infiltrate scores. The type of immunosuppression did not influence the percentage of cells expressing Treg markers. Three animals with prolonged drug-free survival showed low numbers of FOXP3(+) cells. We conclude that the presence of intragraft FOXP3(+) cells is not confined to tolerated grafts, but should be considered as part of the normal immune response during rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Haanstra
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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19
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Vierboom MPM, Jonker M, Tak PP, 't Hart BA. Preclinical models of arthritic disease in non-human primates. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:327-35. [PMID: 17395093 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The costs for the development of new drugs have increased dramatically over the past 30 years. One of the main reasons for this increase is the low success rate of new drugs being approved for patient use, which is, in part, a consequence of the common use of rodent models for preclinical validation of efficacy. Especially in the development of biologicals, which are now successfully used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the selection of the right animal model is pivotal. Non-human primates could help to bridge the evolutionary gap between rodent models and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P M Vierboom
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Haanstra KG, Sick EA, Ringers J, Wubben JAM, Kuhn EM, 't Hart BA, Boon L, Jonker M. No synergy between ATG induction and costimulation blockade induced kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys. Transplantation 2007; 82:1194-201. [PMID: 17102771 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000235910.47214.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Costimulation blockade with antibodies directed against human CD40 and CD86 leads to prolonged kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys, but fails to induce permanent graft acceptance. We have tested whether costimulation blockade is more effective after peripheral T-cell ablation with antithymocyte globulin (ATG), with the aim to remove already primed autoreactive cells present in the normal repertoire. METHODS Rhesus monkeys were transplanted with a mismatched kidney allograft. ATG was given around the time of transplantation (day -1 and 0). Costimulation blockade with anti-CD40+anti-CD86 was given at tapering dosages from day -1 to 56. Cyclosporin A (CsA) was given from day 42 onwards and first rejections occurring after day 42 were treated with prednisone. RESULTS We observed accelerated rejection in ATG-treated monkeys, compared to animals receiving only costimulation blockade. The accelerated rejection of the kidney allograft occurred despite the application of rejection therapy with steroids and CsA. Three of the five ATG-treated animals were found seropositive for donor-specific alloantibodies. Early biopsies (day 21) from animals treated with ATG and anti-CD40+anti-CD86 show substantially reduced expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) in focal infiltrates as compared to animals treated with only costimulation blockade. Furthermore, we observed the rapid reappearance of CD8 T-cells with a memory phenotype (disappearance of naive CD95/CD11a T-cells) in peripheral blood. CONCLUSION We conclude that (subtotal) T-cell depletion using ATG does not add to costimulation blockade induced kidney allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Haanstra
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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21
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Vierboom M, Johnsson C, 't Hart B, Jonker M. Monotherapy with the vitamin D3 analogue MC1288 does not result in prolonged kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys. Transpl Int 2006; 19:396-403. [PMID: 16623875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, has pronounced immunoregulatory properties and is a potential treatment of immune-based disorders. However, the central role of this hormone in calcium and bone metabolism complicates its long-term use as an immunomodulator. Some newly developed vitamin D3-derived analogues, such as MC1288, have an improved immunoregulatory potential and prolong allograft survival in rodent models. Such compounds might be a valuable component of immunosuppressive treatment regimen in transplantation and autoimmunity. The rhesus monkey provides a useful model for the preclinical validation of new therapeutic strategies for transplantation. The present study shows that MC1288 inhibits both proliferation and interferon-gamma production by rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. We have tested the maximum tolerated dose of MC1288 in a rhesus monkey model of kidney transplantation. The observed effects on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone confirm the in vivo activity of MC1288. However, as a monotherapy, MC1288 did not cause prolongation of the kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vierboom
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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22
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Schielen PCJI, van Leeuwen-Spruijt M, Belmouden I, Elvers LH, Jonker M, Loeber JG. Multi-centre first-trimester screening for Down syndrome in the Netherlands in routine clinical practice. Prenat Diagn 2006; 26:711-8. [PMID: 16752435 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is the first report on the results of a first-trimester combined-test screening programme in the Netherlands in a multi-centre routine clinical setting. METHODS Between July 2002 and May 2004, blood samples were taken from subjects in 44 centres in the Netherlands and sent to our laboratory to assay for maternal serum concentrations of fbeta-hCG and PAPP-A. Fetal nuchal translucency (NT) was measured in the participating centres at a gestational age (GA) of 10-14 weeks. Results of those pregnancies for which a combined biochemical and NT risk was calculated were included in the epidemiological analysis of this study. RESULTS A total of 4033 singleton pregnancies were included in the analysis. The median maternal age of the analysed group was 36.5 years. The distribution of GA was biphasic, with median GA of 10.3 and 12.1 weeks, respectively. The detection rate using the combined ultrasound and serum screening at a cut-off level of 1 in 250 was 71% (15/21), with a screen-positive rate of 4.7%. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that the first-trimester combined test is suitable as a prenatal screening test in a multi-centre routine clinical setting in the Netherlands. Strict performance evaluation should identify weaknesses in the organisation that impair the performance of the test. Here, the performance of NT was especially identified as a candidate for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C J I Schielen
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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23
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Jonker M, Danskine A, Haanstra K, Wubben J, Kondova I, Kuhn EM, Rose M. The autoimmune response to vimentin after renal transplantation in nonhuman primates is immunosuppression dependent. Transplantation 2005; 80:385-93. [PMID: 16082335 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000166920.18998.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a common late complication of kidney transplantation. Antibodies to both human leukocyte antigen and nonhuman leukocyte antigen antigens have been implicated in the development of this condition. Here we investigated the presence of antivimentin antibodies in nonhuman primate recipients of kidney allografts as a possible predictor of CAN and the effects of immunosuppression. METHODS Thirty seven rhesus monkeys received a kidney allograft to study the potency of several different immunosuppressive regimens (conventional immunosuppression, n=19, vs. costimulatory blockade, n=18). Monkeys were tested for antivimentin antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for anti-donor antibody by staining donor spleen cells with recipient serum. The appearance of antibodies was correlated with the graft pathology in biopsy and necropsy material. RESULTS Antivimentin antibodies were found in 31 of 37 animals, whereas only 15 of 32 animals made anti-donor antibodies. Conventional immunosuppression did not prevent antivimentin antibody formation. Costimulation blockade, in particular blocking CD40 and CD86, significantly delayed or prevented antivimentin antibody formation, but did not prevent CAN. Antivimentin antibodies were not significantly associated with development of CAN. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that vimentin acts as an autoantigen after renal transplantation; it elicits an autoimmune response that is not regulated by cyclosporine. This autoimmune response may be part of the complex immunologic events occurring posttransplantation and may contribute to the development of CAN, but cannot be considered as a major cause of CAN because this condition also develops without antivimentin antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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24
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Haanstra KG, Sick EA, Ringers J, Wubben JAM, Kuhn EM, Boon L, Jonker M. Costimulation Blockade followed by a 12-Week Period of Cyclosporine A Facilitates Prolonged Drug-Free Survival of Rhesus Monkey Kidney Allografts. Transplantation 2005; 79:1623-6. [PMID: 15940054 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000158426.64631.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Costimulation blockade as a single immunosuppressive treatment modality is not sufficient to prevent graft rejection. Here, we report an induction therapy using antagonistic antibodies against CD40 and CD86, given twice weekly from day -1 until day 56, followed by a delayed 12-week course of low-dose cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment in the rhesus monkey kidney-allograft model. Low-dose CsA treatment was initiated on day 42 and tapered until total cessation of all treatment on day 126. Treatment with anti-CD40/86 alone resulted in graft survival of 61, 71, 75, 78, and 116 days. Costimulation blockade followed by CsA resulted in more than 3-year drug-free survival in two of four animals. None of the animals developed donor-specific alloantibodies. Transforming growth factor-beta producing cells are present in early as well as in late kidney-graft biopsies and could play a role in the observed long-term drug-free graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Haanstra
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in laboratory animals are important tools for research into pathogenic mechanisms and the development of effective, safe therapies. Rodent models (rats and mice) have provided important information about the pathogenic mechanisms. However, the evolutionary distance between rodents and humans hampers the translation of scientific principles into effective therapies. The impact of the genetic distance between the species is especially seen with treatments based on biological molecules, which are usually species-specific. The outbred nature and the closer anatomical, genetic, microbiological, physiological, and immunological similarity of nonhuman primates to humans may help to bridge the wide gap between inbred rodent strain models and the heterogeneous RA patient population. Here we review clinical, immunological and pathological aspects of the rhesus monkey model of collagen-induced arthritis, which has emerged as a reproducible model of human RA in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P M Vierboom
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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26
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Vierboom MPM, Zavodny PJ, Chou CC, Tagat JR, Pugliese-Sivo C, Strizki J, Steensma RW, McCombie SW, Celebi-Paul L, Remarque E, Jonker M, Narula SK, Hart B. Inhibition of the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rhesus monkeys by a small molecular weight antagonist of CCR5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:627-36. [PMID: 15693002 DOI: 10.1002/art.20850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in the rhesus monkey is a nonhuman primate model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and the rhesus monkey makes this model useful for the preclinical safety and efficacy testing of new therapies that are inactive in animals more distinctly related to humans. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of a novel, small molecular weight antagonist of CCR5, SCH-X, in this model. METHODS CIA was induced in 10 rhesus monkeys. The animals were allocated to receive SCH-X or saline as the control (n = 5 in each group). Treatment was initiated on the day of CIA induction and continued for 45 days. Monkeys were monitored before and 63 days after CIA induction for macroscopic signs of clinical arthritis, such as soft-tissue swelling and body weight. Furthermore, markers of inflammation and joint degradation were monitored to follow the disease course. RESULTS Only 2 of 5 animals in the SCH-X-treated group displayed prominent soft-tissue swelling, compared with all 5 saline-treated monkeys. In addition to the suppression of joint inflammation, treatment with SCH-X resulted in a reduction in joint destruction, as demonstrated by lower rates of urinary excretion of collagen crosslinks, with confirmation by histology. Whereas in all saline-treated monkeys, marked erosion of joint cartilage was observed, this was absent in 4 of the 5 SCH-X-treated monkeys. CONCLUSION The systemic effects of treatment with SCH-X were a suppressed acute-phase reaction (reduction in C-reactive protein level) in the 3 treated monkeys with CIA that remained asymptomatic, and an altered antibody response toward type II collagen. The results suggest that the CCR5 antagonist SCH-X might have a strong clinical potential for treatment during periods of active inflammation, as seen in RA.
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27
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Jonker M, Ringers J, Kuhn EM, 't Hart B, Foulkes R. Treatment with anti-MHC-class-II antibody postpones kidney allograft rejection in primates but increases the risk of CMV activation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1756-61. [PMID: 15476473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of kidney graft recipients with antibodies that may specifically suppress the anti-donor response would be an ideal situation to prevent graft rejection. MHC class-II-specific antibodies and, in particular, DR specific antibodies have often been proposed as treatment to prevent antigen presentation, and thus graft destruction. Here we report an attempt to prevent graft rejection using a humanized MHC class-II-specific monoclonal antibody CDP855 in a cynomolgus monkey kidney graft model. A modest delay in graft rejection was observed when the antibody was given only on days 0, 1 and 2 after transplantation. Unexpectedly 50% of the animals succumbed of a viral infection, most likely CMV in two of three cases, prior to graft rejection in the first week post-transplantation. We speculate that the antibody treatment triggered CMV activation, possibly as a consequence of the activation of factors such as NF-kappab by the interaction of the antibody and its target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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28
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Torrealba JR, Katayama M, Fechner JH, Jankowska-Gan E, Kusaka S, Xu Q, Schultz JM, Oberley TD, Hu H, Hamawy MM, Jonker M, Wubben J, Doxiadis G, Bontrop R, Burlingham WJ, Knechtle SJ. Metastable tolerance to rhesus monkey renal transplants is correlated with allograft TGF-beta 1+CD4+ T regulatory cell infiltrates. J Immunol 2004; 172:5753-64. [PMID: 15100322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approaches that prevent acute rejection of renal transplants in a rhesus monkey model were studied to determine a common mechanism of acceptance. After withdrawal of immunosuppression, all 14 monkeys retained normal allograft function for >6 mo. Of these, nine rejected their renal allograft during the study, and five maintained normal function throughout the study period. The appearance of TGF-beta 1(+) interstitial mononuclear cells in the graft coincided with a nonrejection histology, whereas the absence/disappearance of these cells was observed with the onset of rejection. Analysis with a variety of TGF-beta 1-reactive Abs indicated that the tolerance-associated infiltrates expressed the large latent complex form of TGF-beta 1. Peripheral leukocytes from rejecting monkeys lacking TGF-beta 1(+) allograft infiltrates responded strongly to donor Ags in delayed-type hypersensitivity trans-vivo assays. In contrast, allograft acceptors with TGF-beta 1(+) infiltrates demonstrated a much weaker peripheral delayed-type hypersensitivity response to donor alloantigens (p < 0.01 vs rejectors), which could be restored by Abs that either neutralized active TGF-beta 1 or blocked its conversion from latent to active form. Anti-IL-10 Abs had no restorative effect. Accepted allografts had CD8(+) and CD4(+) interstitial T cell infiltrates, but only the CD4(+) subset included cells costaining for TGF-beta 1. Our data support the hypothesis that the recruitment of CD4(+) T regulatory cells to the allograft interstitium is a final common pathway for metastable renal transplant tolerance in a non-human primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Torrealba
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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29
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Haanstra K, Sick E, Vierboom M, Boon L, Jonker M. ATG PRE-TREATMENT INTERFERES WITH COSTIMULATION BLOCKADE IN A MONKEY KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT MODEL BY PREVENTING TREG DEVELOPMENT. Transplantation 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200407271-00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The last few decades of the 20th century have shown an intensified search for safer and more effective medications against chronic diseases that burden ageing societies of the western world. The impressive development of biotechnological production techniques has greatly facilitated the pharmaceutical development of relatively non-toxic biological molecules. However, despite the huge investments, only a few effective therapies for immune-based diseases have reached the clinic. In this article we use examples from monoclonal antibody trials to discuss the validity and predictive strength of the animal models currently used for the development of effective therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Immune System Diseases/immunology
- Immune System Diseases/therapy
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Organ Transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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31
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Haegel-Kronenberger H, Haanstra K, Ziller-Remy C, Ortiz Buijsse AP, Vermeiren J, Stoeckel F, Van Gool SW, Ceuppens JL, Mehtali M, De Boer M, Jonker M, Boon L. Inhibition of costimulation allows for repeated systemic administration of adenoviral vector in rhesus monkeys. Gene Ther 2004; 11:241-52. [PMID: 14737083 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of recombinant adenoviral (Ad) vectors severely hampers the clinical development of gene therapy protocols using repeated vector administrations. Inhibition of costimulation by APCs was explored as a strategy to circumvent the immune response against Ad particles. This strategy was tested in rhesus monkeys, treated transiently with chimeric anti-human CD40 and anti-human CD86 antagonist monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) at the time of systemic administration of a recombinant Ad vector. After Ad vector administration in the absence of immunosuppressive treatment, transgene expression in the serum lasted about 3-4 weeks. All control animals developed a strong neutralizing antibody (NAb) response to the Ad particles, which totally prevented efficient administration of a second vector, as shown by the lack of transgene expression. Treatment with anti-CD40 and anti-CD86 chimeric MAbs delayed or blocked the development of a humoral response against Ad and the infiltration of CD8(+) lymphocytes into the liver. This resulted in (i) increased persistence of Ad-transduced cells after injection of a first vector encoding a nonimmunogenic transgene, and (ii) the possibility of readministering a second Ad vector with significant efficacy. In both respects, the combined blockade of CD40 and CD86 was more efficient than treatment with anti-CD40 alone. This study shows for the first time in non-human primates that blocking CD40 and CD86 costimulatory molecules represents a promising strategy to inhibit immune responses against an Ad vector injected systemically.
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32
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Rijkelijkhuizen JKRA, Haanstra KG, Wubben J, Töns A, Roos A, van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, Ringers J, Bouwman E, Jonker M. T-cell-specific immunosuppression results in more than 53 days survival of porcine islets of langerhans in the monkey. Transplantation 2004; 76:1359-68. [PMID: 14627916 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000085290.60182.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of islets of Langerhans can restore insulin production in diabetic patients. Because of the shortage of human donor organs, transplantation of porcine islets may be an alternative solution. The present study was aimed at the characterization of rejection mechanisms of porcine islets transplanted into eight nondiabetic monkeys under the kidney capsule. METHODS Cultured adult pig islets were used, which showed no expression of the galactose(alpha1,3)galactose epitope, major histocompatibility complex class II, or CD45, and no binding of antibodies or complement after exposure to monkey serum. Immunosuppression consisted of cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A (CsA), and steroids (group 1); or antithymocyte globulin, anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody, CsA, and steroids (group 2). In three animals of group 2, islets were also transplanted in the portal vein. RESULTS Although all monkeys had preformed anti-pig antibodies, no correlation was found between antibody titers and rejection and no deposition of antibodies or complement was observed in the grafts. Group 1 showed islets up to day 11, followed by T-cell infiltration and rejection at approximately day 14. In group 2, two monkeys showed infiltrates consisting predominantly of T cells starting at approximately day 29, whereas two monkeys showed well-preserved islets without infiltration up to day 53. In the livers of the three monkeys that also received islets intraportally and were resectioned on days 21, 33, and 49, no islets could be detected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that cultured adult pig islets can survive in the monkey for more than 53 days without signs of rejection under standard immunosuppression.
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33
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Stevens HP, Holterman L, Haaksma AG, Jonker M, Heeney JL. Lymphoproliferative disorders developing after transplantation and their relation to simian T-cell leukemia virus infection. Transpl Int 2003; 5 Suppl 1:S450-3. [PMID: 14621843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77423-2_131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In this report the role of the HTLV-1-like simian T-cell leukemia virus (STLV) during the development of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLPD) is described. To prevent rejection of an allogeneic transplant in 12 rhesus monkeys cyclosporin A (CyA), prednisone, and/or lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies were used for immunosuppression. Seven monkeys died during the experiment between 22 and 179 days postoperatively. At autopsy in 4 monkeys PTLPD were found. In each case, STLV provirus was acquired during the experiment, either from the blood transfusions or allograft donors. Seroconversion of anti-STLV titers occurred in 3 monkeys. However, Southern blot analysis showed the presence of STLV provirus at the DNA level in all PTLP tissues. PTLPD morphology and phenotype varied significantly. In conclusion, for the first time the oncogenic potential of STLV is identified in a rhesus monkey transplantation model. Moreover, the importance of screening blood and organ donors for HTLV-1 must be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Stevens
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Otten HG, de Gast GC, Vooijs WC, van der Gouw AP, de Boer M, Ossevoort MA, Jonker M. Preclinical evaluation of anti-CD86 immunotoxin in rhesus monkeys: analysis of systemic toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and effect on primary T-cell responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:569-75. [PMID: 14627129 PMCID: PMC11032918 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 04/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CD86 and CD80 costimulatory antigens are highly overexpressed on Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and are candidate target antigens for immunotoxins in order to eliminate minimal residual disease. In this study we have evaluated the pharmacokinetics (and immunological) toxicity in rhesus monkeys of immunotoxins consisting of gelonin conjugated to anti-CD86 (alphaCD86-IT). Both alphaCD86-IT and alphaCD80-IT inhibited protein synthesis in B cell lines from rhesus monkeys and inhibited the mixed leukocyte reaction. Reactivity of the alphaCD86 antibody with rhesus monkey CD86 (RhCD86) was shown by cloning and transfecting RhCD86, which conferred reactivity of the alphaCD86 antibody used in this study. alphaCD86-IT was administered as single intravenous bolus injection in four rhesus monkeys, and achieved plasma concentration in 50-fold excess able to eliminate cultured Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells up to 6 h. The animals were capable of generating primary immune responses to both gelonin and murine IgG within 9 days after infusion with alphaCD86-IT. No evidence could be found of significant (immunological) toxicity. The results of this study show that alphaCD86-IT can be applied safely in an effective dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderikus G Otten
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, F03722, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vierboom MPM, Ossevoort M, Sick EA, Haanstra K, Jonker M. Induction of allograft tolerance through costimulatory blockade: first selection of drugs in vitro. Transpl Immunol 2003; 11:215-22. [PMID: 12799206 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(03)00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of an in vitro assay predicting the chances of graft survival after treatment with immunoregulatory agents is a major topic in transplantation. Antibodies (Abs) interfering in the costimulatory pathway are promising candidates for the induction of tolerance. To evaluate these antibodies for clinical use studies non-human primates are the only feasible option due to species specificity of the antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, isolated from a large panel of rhesus monkeys, were used in a unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction to evaluate the ability of antibodies blocking the costimulatory pathway, to affect both primary and secondary proliferative and cytolytic allospecific immune responses in vitro. These blocking antibodies were also used in protocols prolonging allograft survival in a life-supporting kidney allotransplant model in rhesus macaques. The ultimate aim is to establish a correlation between parameters obtained in vitro and the success of transplantation in vivo. The combination of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 resulted in a complete abrogation of the primary alloresponse as measured in a proliferation assay. Adding anti-CD40 significantly reduced this inhibitory effect although the in vivo effects of this antibody have been shown to be beneficial. The secondary response was most prominently inhibited by the combination of anti-CD80/86. Paradoxically, anti-CD40 alone markedly inhibited the secondary proliferative response, but did not add to the inhibitory effect of the combination of anti-CD80/86. The cytolytic response was inhibited maximally only when CsA was added to the combination of anti-CD80/86. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies alone without immunosuppressive drugs was sufficient to maintain graft survival during the time of treatment in most animals. However, rejection was initiated as soon as the treatment ceased and no tolerance, resulting in long-term graft and patient survival, was established. The complete inhibition of primary alloresponses and the partial inhibition of secondary proliferative alloresponses correlate with prolonged graft survival during treatment, but have no predictive value for the success of tolerance induction for kidney allografts in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P M Vierboom
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Haanstra KG, Ringers J, Sick EA, Ramdien-Murli S, Kuhn EM, Boon L, Jonker M. Prevention of kidney allograft rejection using anti-CD40 and anti-CD86 in primates. Transplantation 2003; 75:637-43. [PMID: 12640302 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000054835.58014.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Costimulation blockade has been proposed to induce allograft tolerance. We combined an antagonist anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) with an antagonist anti-CD86 mAb in a rhesus monkey kidney allograft model. We chose this combination because it leaves CD80-CD152 signaling unimpaired, allowing for the down-regulatory effect of CD152 signaling to take place through this pathway. METHODS Rhesus monkeys underwent transplantation with a major histocompatibility complex-mismatched kidney. One group of animals received anti-CD40 alone, and a second group received the combination of anti-CD40 and anti-CD86, twice weekly for 56 days. RESULTS Three animals with low levels of anti-CD40 rejected the transplanted kidney while still receiving treatment. Three animals with high levels of anti-CD40 rejected at days 91, 134, and 217 with signs of chronic rejection. Animals treated with the combination of anti-CD40 and anti-CD86 mAbs rejected their kidneys at days 61, 75, and 78, shortly after cessation of treatment. Two animals were killed on days 71 and 116 with a blocked ureter. These animals developed virtually no signs of tubulitis or infiltration during treatment and no donor-specific alloantibodies. CONCLUSIONS Both treatment protocols prevented rejection for the duration of the treatment in most animals. Blocking costimulation by anti-CD40 or by anti-CD40 plus anti-CD86 may be an effective method to prevent graft rejection and may obviate the need for other immunosuppressive drugs, especially in the immediate posttransplantation period.
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van Rijen MML, Kuijf ML, Metselaar HJ, Tilanus HW, Bouma GJ, de Weger RA, Jonker M, Kwekkeboom J. CD154 is expressed during treatment with calcineurin inhibitors after organ transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73:1666-72. [PMID: 12042657 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200205270-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD154 (CD40 ligand) monoclonal antibody prevents allograft rejection in rodents and monkeys. Inasmuch as calcineurin inhibitors (CI) inhibit CD154 expression by pharmacologic agents in vitro, we investigated whether CD154 is also inhibited by CI in vivo and in vitro during allogeneic stimulation. METHODS CD154 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in human lymph nodes and spleen sections from rhesus monkeys with or without CI treatment. The effect of CI on induction of CD154 expression was studied by stimulating lymphocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin or with allogeneic monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells. RESULTS Lymph nodes from patients with or without CI cyclosporine (CsA) or FK506 (FK) treatment showed comparable CD154 expression, which was present on the cell surface of T cells. CD154-expressing cells were also present in spleens from monkeys treated with CsA in comparable numbers to those in the nontreated group. Moreover, in several liver transplant rejection biopsies taken during CI therapy CD154-expressing cells were observed. In vitro, CsA and FK strongly inhibited induction of CD154 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by pharmacologic stimuli. Maximum inhibition was found at 50 ng/ml CsA and 20 ng/ml FK. CD154 expression induced by dendritic cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or spleen cells was also almost completely inhibited by CsA. CONCLUSION Although CI strongly suppressed pharmacologic and allogeneic induction of CD154 expression on T cells in vitro at concentrations at approximately clinical trough levels, CD154 is prominently expressed during CI therapy in lymphoid tissue and (sporadically) in liver allografts. This suggests that the CD154-CD40 pathway remains functional during CI therapy, which may contribute to allograft rejections in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda M L van Rijen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ringers J, Haanstra KG, Kroczek RA, Kliem K, Kuhn EM, Wubben J, Ossevoort MA, Volk HD, Jonker M. Blockade of CD40-CD154 at the time of donor-specific blood transfusion does not lead to prolonged kidney allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Transplantation 2002; 73:862-6. [PMID: 11923684 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200203270-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rodents it has been demonstrated that blockade of the CD40-CD154 (CD40L) pathway at the time of donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) can result in indefinite graft survival. Because it has been reported in the past that DST in monkeys can have a favorable effect on graft outcome and that blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway can lead to prolonged kidney graft survival in monkeys, we have combined anti-CD154 treatment with DST in a monkey kidney graft model. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunosuppressive potential of blocking the CD40-CD154 interaction at the time of a DST in rhesus monkeys. METHODS One donor-derived blood transfusion was given on day -15 after the first anti-CD154 injection. The anti-CD154 antibody was given on days -15, -13, -11, -9, and -7. The kidney was transplanted on day 0. Cyclosporine was given after kidney trans-plantation. RESULTS No major difference in graft survival was observed between the groups. The animals died due to grade II acute rejection. At the time of transplantation, no antibody response could be detected directed against donor antigens. After transplantation, all animals surviving for more than 3 weeks had antidonor antibodies. There were no differences in the intragraft events analyzed by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS DST under the cover of relatively high levels of anti-CD154 failed to result in prolonged graft survival or prevent the formation of antidonor antibodies, when cyclosporine was given after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ringers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jonker M, Ringers J, Ossevoort MA, Slingerland W, van den Hout Y, Haanstra K, Wubben J, Kuhn E, Friend P, Calne R. Long-term kidney graft survival by delayed T cell ablative treatment in rhesus monkeys. Transplantation 2002; 73:874-80. [PMID: 11923686 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200203270-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tolerance to organ allografts in primates including man has been elusive, although in rodents and pigs tolerance can be achieved to organ allografts with relatively short courses of immunosuppressive treatment. In all varieties of graft acceptance that do not require full-dose maintenance immunosuppression, immunological engagement of donor and recipient and an early unstable period have been observed. On the basis of the hypothesis that elimination of aggressive T cell function should tip the balance in favor of an operationally tolerant state, experiments have been performed in monkeys allowing recipient-donor interaction before T-cell ablation and a short course of immunosuppression. METHODS Rhesus monkeys received an allogeneic kidney graft from a MHC-mismatched donor. The animals either received anti-CD3 immunotoxin (FN18-CRM9) alone, started 2 days after transplantation, or in combination with a short course of cyclosporine (CsA) and/or rapamycin (RAPA), started at 5 days after transplantation. Kidney function was followed by monitoring serum creatinine levels and regular biopsies. Humoral and cellular antidonor immunity was tested in vitro before and at several time points after transplantation. RESULTS Graft survival of monkeys that received CsA alone (mean survival time (MST)=29.3) was significantly prolonged compared with the controls (MST=6). FN18-CRM9 treatment alone also resulted in prolonged graft survival (MST=29.4). The combined treatment of FN18-CRM9 and CsA and/or RAPA resulted in prolonged graft survival after all immunosuppression was stopped (MST=207.8). CONCLUSIONS It seems feasible to postpone immunosuppression posttransplantation and yet prevent allograft rejection without the need of permanent immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Ringers J, Haanstra KG, Kroczek RA, Kliem K, Kuhn EM, Wubben J, Ossevoort MA, Volk HD, Jonker M, Thomas FT, Thomas JM. The preclinical model of choice. Transplantation 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200203270-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Dept of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, PO Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The induction of tolerance for allografts, obviating the need for immunosuppression, is the ultimate goal in transplantation. Immunoregulatory antibodies preventing graft rejection are promising candidates for the induction of tolerance. Costimulation blockade could be a useful approach to inducing donor-specific nonresponsiveness in organ transplantation. Rodent studies and in vitro studies using human or nonhuman primate peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated that this approach might indeed lead to specific T-cell anergy. Nonhuman primate studies, in which the B7 costimulation pathway was blocked, have so far not led to permanent drug-free graft acceptance. The results are promising, however, because during the treatment period with B7 costimulation blockade alone or combined with anti-CD40 or cyclosporine, no graft loss was observed and donor-specific antibody formation was prevented. Based on these findings, new approaches to inducing drug-free graft acceptance should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Verbakel CA, de Bruin RW, Bonthuis F, Jonker M, Dekker S, Marquet RL, IJzermans JN. Contrast in the efficacy of hDAF mouse hearts between ex vivo perfusion and transplantation into primates. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8:284-91. [PMID: 11737854 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2001.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent experiments, in which we compared hDAF transgenic rat hearts perfused with 15% human serum in the Langendorff device and hDAF rat hearts transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys, we demonstrated that in the ex vivo heart perfusion model both homozygous and heterozygous hDAF hearts survived longer as nontransgenic controls. Surprisingly, we found that only homozygous hDAF hearts were protected against hyperacute rejection in vivo. The first aim of this study was to determine whether perfusion of mouse hearts with higher human serum concentrations or human blood might explain some of the differences found in survival time of the recently performed experiments with rat heart xenografts. Secondly, we investigated whether the observed differences in survival times of rat xenografts between in vivo and ex vivo transplantation would also hold for mouse hearts transgenic for hDAF. An ex vivo model was used to perfuse hDAF mouse hearts and controls with human serum or blood, and hDAF transgenic hearts and controls were transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys. hDAF transgenic mouse hearts survived significantly longer than their controls when perfused with 15% human serum, but no difference was found when 30% human serum was used, or when these hearts were transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys. However, in both the in vivo and ex vivo models the amount of PMNs adhering to the vascular endothelium was significantly lower in hDAF transgenes as compared with their controls. In conclusion, in the ex vivo situation, the efficacy of hDAF transgenesis in preventing HAR is limited by serum complement concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Verbakel
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery & Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Ee 102c, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jonker M, van den Hout Y, Noort RC, Versteeg-van der Voort Maarschalk MF, Claas FH, Woude FJ, Hollander D, Perico N, Remuzzi G. Immunomodulation by intrathymic injection of donor leukocytes in rhesus monkeys. Transplantation 2001; 72:1432-6. [PMID: 11685116 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200110270-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated that intrathymic injection of donor cells into adult rodents can result in long-term allograft survival. The rationale for using the intrathymic route of donor cell administration is that in the thymic environment immature T cells are educated to discriminate between self and non-self antigens. The validity of this approach was tested in non-human primates. METHODS The effect of the intrathymic injection of allogeneic donor cells was investigated in rhesus monkeys and compared with IV and intracutaneous administration of donor cells. Intrathymic injections were carried out without and with antithymocyte globulin. All animals received subsequently an allogeneic skin graft of the same donor and no immunosuppression post transplantation. RESULTS Skin graft survival was slightly shorter in animals treated with IC donor cell injections (mean survival time [MST]=8.9+/-0.52) than untreated control animals (MST=10.0+/-0.44), indicating that this route caused sensitisation. Intravenous donor cell injection showed prolongation of graft survival times (MST=11.6+/-1.69). Intrathymic donor cell injection resulted in a graft survival of 9.2+/-1.44 days although addition of antithymocyte globulin slightly prolonged graft survival to 10.3+/-2.84 (not significant). Whereas the cellular responses after intrathymic and intravenous donor cell injections increased, antithymocyte globulin treated animals did not show an increased cellular response. Recipients of intrathymic donor cells showed a significantly decreased humoral anti-donor response as compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS Donor cell pretreatment alters the subsequent response to an allogeneic skin graft in monkeys and is dependent on the route of donor cell administration. This is also reflected in the alloantibody response and the in vitro cellular reactivity. Intrathymic administration of donor cells does not lead to prolonged skin graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Immunobiology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Prévill X, Sick E, Beauchard S, Ossevoort M, Tiollier J, Revillard JP, Jonker M. 6-Methylprednisolone does not impair anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) immunosuppressive activity in non-human primates. Transpl Immunol 2001; 9:57-61. [PMID: 11680573 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(01)00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction treatments with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) in solid organ transplantation may enhance the efficacy of maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Since ATG can trigger Fas (CD95) mediated T cell apoptosis, a process antagonized in vitro by corticosteroids, an important issue is whether corticosteroids could interfere with T cell depleting and immunosuppressive activities of ATG. METHODS MHC mismatched skin allografts were performed on cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys treated with ATG (20 mg/kg) associated or not with 6-methylprednisolone (10 mg/kg). RESULTS There was no difference between the two immunosuppressive regimens as regards the intensity and duration of peripheral T lymphocyte depletion and the appearance of anti-ATG antibodies. Skin graft survival was increased in monkeys treated with 6-methylprednisolone as compared with ATG alone. CONCLUSIONS In vivo, corticosteroids do not interfere with ATG ability to induce massive T cell depletion and to delay skin allograft rejection in non-human primates.
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Abstract
The phylogenetic proximity between non-human primate species and humans is reflected by a high degree of immunological similarity. Non-human primates therefore provide important experimental models for disorders in the human population that are caused by the immune system, such as autoimmune diseases. In this paper we describe non-human primate models of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system. While reviewing data from the literature and our own research we will discuss the unique role of such models in the research of basic disease mechanisms and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Brok
- Dept. of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, The Netherlands
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Schuurman HJ, Slingerland W, Mennninger K, Ossevoort M, Hengy JC, Dorobek B, Vonderscher J, Ringers J, Odeh M, Jonker M. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in monkeys after oral and intramuscular administration: relation to efficacy in kidney allografting. Transpl Int 2001; 14:320-8. [PMID: 11692216 DOI: 10.1007/s001470100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, the dose-normalized exposure of cyclosporine administered orally as microemulsion preconcentrate (Neoral) was lower than that upon intramuscular administration. For oral administration, mean values ( +/- SD) of Cmax, 24-h area-under-the curve (AUC) and 24-h trough level, all normalized for a 1 mg/kg dose, were 20 +/- 9 ng x kg/mg x ml, 210 +/- 70 ng x h x kg/mg x ml and 2.6 +/- 0.9 ng x kg/mg x ml, respectively. For intramuscular administration, levels were about 5.5-fold, 9-fold and 22-fold higher. Based on pharmacokinetic data, the efficacy of oral cyclosporine treatment (without any other immunosuppressant) was evaluated in life-supporting cynomolgus monkey kidney allotransplantation. Rejection-free kidney allograft survival could be achieved using oral cyclosporine monotherapy with average 24-h trough concentrations above 100 ng/ml during maintenance treatment. Typically, daily oral doses of 100 mg/kg-150 mg/kg during the first two weeks post-transplantation, followed by daily 30 mg/kg-100 mg/kg dose levels during subsequent maintenance can result in long-term allograft survival, with 24-h average trough levels in individual animals during maintenance between 110 ng/ml and 700 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Schuurman
- Transplantation Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Schuurman HJ, Mennninger K, Odeh M, Slingerland W, Ossevoort M, Jonker M, Hengy JC, Dorobek B, Vonderscher J, Ringers J, Schuurman HJ. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in monkeys after oral and intramuscular administration: relation to efficacy in kidney allografting. Transpl Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2001.tb00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ossevoort MA, Noort MC, Radzikowski A, Lorré K, De Waele P, Jonker M. Use of in Vitro Correlates for Selection of Candidate Immunosuppressive Antibodies Prior to a Primate Transplant Model. ALTEX 2001; 15:23-26. [PMID: 11178533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The selection of possible candidate immunosuppressive antibodies to prevent graft rejection is performed in vitro. Additionally, due to the species specificity of these monoclonal antibodies (MABs), pre-clinical studies in non-human primates are necessary. If a positive correlation between the in vitro and in vivo findings would exist, these tests can act as a pre-screening before new reagents are tested in vivo. The correlation of the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of an anti-T-lymphocyte globulin (ATG) and an anti-CD80 MAB is evaluated in a rhesus monkey skin transplant model. The results show that lymphocytotoxic titers (NIH-test) do not predict the outcome of in vivo effectiveness of ATG in rhesus monkeys. Additionally, no evidence of tolerance to a skin allograft could be shown to correlate with inhibition of a secondary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) by anti-CD80 and cyclosporin A (CsA). Thus, these in vitro assay used can not predict the in vivo efficacy of new immunosuppressive antibodies.
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Ringers J, Ossevoort M, Haanstra K, Kroczek R, Volk D, Jonker M. Blockade of CD154 at the time of donor-specific blood transfusion does not improve kidney graft survival in rhesus monkeys. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:524. [PMID: 11266938 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ringers
- Department of Surgery, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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