1
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Huang L, Zhao T, Zhao W, Shao A, Zhao H, Ma W, Gong Y, Zeng X, Weng C, Bu L, Di Z, Sun S, Dai Q, Sun M, Wang L, Liu Z, Shi L, Hu J, Fang S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Wang G, Loré K, Yang Y, Lin A. Herpes zoster mRNA vaccine induces superior vaccine immunity over licensed vaccine in mice and rhesus macaques. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2309985. [PMID: 38258878 PMCID: PMC10860463 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2309985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Herpes zoster remains an important global health issue and mainly occurs in aged and immunocompromised individuals with an early exposure history to Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Although the licensed vaccine Shingrix has remarkably high efficacy, undesired reactogenicity and increasing global demand causing vaccine shortage urged the development of improved or novel VZV vaccines. In this study, we developed a novel VZV mRNA vaccine candidate (named as ZOSAL) containing sequence-optimized mRNAs encoding full-length glycoprotein E encapsulated in an ionizable lipid nanoparticle. In mice and rhesus macaques, ZOSAL demonstrated superior immunogenicity and safety in multiple aspects over Shingrix, especially in the induction of strong T-cell immunity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both ZOSAL and Shingrix could robustly activate innate immune compartments, especially Type-I IFN signalling and antigen processing/presentation. Multivariate correlation analysis further identified several early factors of innate compartments that can predict the magnitude of T-cell responses, which further increased our understanding of the mode of action of two different VZV vaccine modalities. Collectively, our data demonstrated the superiority of VZV mRNA vaccine over licensed subunit vaccine. The mRNA platform therefore holds prospects for further investigations in next-generation VZV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongyi Zhao
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijun Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andong Shao
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Ma
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingfei Gong
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhuan Zeng
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzhen Weng
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Bu
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Di
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinsheng Dai
- Targeted Discovery Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minhui Sun
- Targeted Discovery Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limei Wang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leilei Shi
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiesen Hu
- Firestone Biotechnologies, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shentong Fang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong Yang
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ang Lin
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Beckmann K, Reitinger C, Yan X, Carle A, Blümle E, Jurkschat N, Paulmann C, Prassl S, Kazandjian LV, Loré K, Nimmerjahn F, Fischer S. Fcγ-Receptor-Independent Controlled Activation of CD40 Canonical Signaling by Novel Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:31. [PMID: 38651411 PMCID: PMC11036229 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of CD40-mediated signaling in antigen-presenting cells is a promising therapeutic strategy to promote immune responses against tumors. Most agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies currently in development require the Fcγ-receptor (FcγR)-mediated crosslinking of CD40 molecules for a meaningful activation of CD40 signaling but have limitations due to dose-limiting toxicities. Here we describe the identification of CD40 antibodies which strongly stimulate antigen-presenting cells in an entirely FcγR-independent manner. These Fc-silenced anti-CD40 antibodies induce an efficient upregulation of costimulatory receptors and cytokine release by dendritic cells. Finally, the most active identified anti-CD40 antibody shows activity in humanized mice. More importantly, there are no signs of obvious toxicities. These studies thus demonstrate the potent activation of antigen-presenting cells with anti-CD40 antibodies lacking FcγR-binding activity and open the possibility for an efficacious and safe combination therapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Reitinger
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xianglei Yan
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carle
- Biontech SE, Forstenrieder Str. 8-14, 82061 Neuried, Germany
| | - Eva Blümle
- Biontech SE, Forstenrieder Str. 8-14, 82061 Neuried, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Prassl
- Biontech SE, Forstenrieder Str. 8-14, 82061 Neuried, Germany
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Centre Immunomedicine, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Müller TR, Gao Y, Wu J, Ribeiro O, Chen P, Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Akber M, Söderdahl G, Smith CIE, Loré K, Chen MS, Ljungman P, Ingelman-Sundberg HM, Ljunggren HG, Österborg A, Sette A, Grifoni A, Aleman S, Buggert M. Memory T cells effectively recognize the SARS-CoV-2 hypermutated BA.2.86 variant. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:156-161.e3. [PMID: 38211584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
T cells are critical in mediating the early control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection. However, it remains unknown whether memory T cells can effectively cross-recognize new SARS-CoV-2 variants with a broad array of mutations, such as the emergent hypermutated BA.2.86 variant. Here, we report in two separate cohorts, including healthy controls and individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by prior infection or vaccination demonstrate resilient immune recognition of BA.2.86. In both cohorts, we found largely preserved SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell magnitudes against mutated spike epitopes of BA.2.86. Functional analysis confirmed that both cytokine expression and proliferative capacity of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells to BA.2.86-mutated spike epitopes are similarly sustained. In summary, our findings indicate that memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells continue to provide cell-mediated immune recognition to highly mutated emerging variants such as BA.2.86.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oriana Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna M Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Hellgren F, Ols S, Sheward DJ, Kim C, Cagigi A, Gagne M, Davis B, Germosen D, Roy V, Alter G, Letscher H, Van Wassenhove J, Gros W, Gallouët AS, Le Grand R, Kleanthous H, Guebre-Xabier M, Murrell B, Patel N, Glenn G, Smith G, Loré K. Three immunizations with Novavax's protein vaccines increase antibody breadth and provide durable protection from SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38245545 PMCID: PMC10799869 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune responses to Novavax's licensed NVX-CoV2373 nanoparticle Spike protein vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 remain incompletely understood. Here, we show in rhesus macaques that immunization with Matrix-MTM adjuvanted vaccines predominantly elicits immune events in local tissues with little spillover to the periphery. A third dose of an updated vaccine based on the Gamma (P.1) variant 7 months after two immunizations with licensed NVX-CoV2373 resulted in significant enhancement of anti-spike antibody titers and antibody breadth including neutralization of forward drift Omicron variants. The third immunization expanded the Spike-specific memory B cell pool, induced significant somatic hypermutation, and increased serum antibody avidity, indicating considerable affinity maturation. Seven months after immunization, vaccinated animals controlled infection by either WA-1 or P.1 strain, mediated by rapid anamnestic antibody and T cell responses in the lungs. In conclusion, a third immunization with an adjuvanted, low-dose recombinant protein vaccine significantly improved the quality of B cell responses, enhanced antibody breadth, and provided durable protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Lenart
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Davis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hélène Letscher
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Van Wassenhove
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
- SK Biosciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Ols S, Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Miranda MC, Brunette N, Kochmann J, Corcoran M, Skotheim R, Philomin A, Cagigi A, Fiala B, Wrenn S, Marcandalli J, Hellgren F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Gegenfurtner F, Kumar A, Chen M, Phad GE, Graham BS, Perez L, Borst AJ, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Ruckwardt TJ, King NP, Loré K. Multivalent antigen display on nanoparticle immunogens increases B cell clonotype diversity and neutralization breadth to pneumoviruses. Immunity 2023; 56:2425-2441.e14. [PMID: 37689061 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles for multivalent display and delivery of vaccine antigens have emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing B cell responses to protein subunit vaccines. Here, we evaluated B cell responses in rhesus macaques immunized with prefusion-stabilized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F glycoprotein trimer compared with nanoparticles displaying 10 or 20 copies of the same antigen. We show that multivalent display skews antibody specificities and drives epitope-focusing of responding B cells. Antibody cloning and repertoire sequencing revealed that focusing was driven by the expansion of clonally distinct B cells through recruitment of diverse precursors. We identified two antibody lineages that developed either ultrapotent neutralization or pneumovirus cross-neutralization from precursor B cells with low initial affinity for the RSV-F immunogen. This suggests that increased avidity by multivalent display facilitates the activation and recruitment of these cells. Diversification of the B cell response by multivalent nanoparticle immunogens has broad implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie Brunette
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jana Kochmann
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Skotheim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Philomin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian Gegenfurtner
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Perez
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology (CHIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Chen P, Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Söderdahl G, Österborg A, Smith CIE, Vesterbacka J, Wullimann D, Cuapio A, Akber M, Bogdanovic G, Muschiol S, Åberg M, Loré K, Sällberg Chen M, Buggert M, Ljungman P, Aleman S, Ljunggren HG. Real-world assessment of immunogenicity in immunocompromised individuals following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination: a one-year follow-up of the prospective clinical trial COVAXID. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104700. [PMID: 37453361 PMCID: PMC10365982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocompromised patients have varying responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. However, there is limited information available from prospective clinical trial cohorts with respect to long-term immunogenicity-related responses in these patient groups following three or four vaccine doses, and in applicable cases infection. METHODS In a real-world setting, we assessed the long-term immunogenicity-related responses in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies from the prospective open-label clinical trial COVAXID. The original clinical trial protocol included two vaccine doses given on days 0 and 21, with antibody titres measured at six different timepoints over six months. The study cohort has subsequently been followed for one year with antibody responses evaluated in relation to the third and fourth vaccine dose, and in applicable cases SARS-CoV-2 infection. In total 356/539 patients were included in the extended cohort. Blood samples were analysed for binding antibody titres and neutralisation against the Spike protein for all SARS-CoV-2 variants prevailing during the study period, including Omicron subvariants. SARS-CoV-2 infections that did not require hospital care were recorded through quarterly in-person, or phone-, interviews and assessment of IgG antibody titres against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid. The original clinical trial was registered in EudraCT (2021-000175-37) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04780659). FINDINGS The third vaccine dose significantly increased Spike IgG titres against all the SARS-CoV-2 variants analysed in all immunocompromised patient groups. Similarly, neutralisation also increased against all variants studied, except for Omicron. Omicron-specific neutralisation, however, increased after a fourth dose as well as after three doses and infection in many of the patient subgroups. Noteworthy, however, while many patient groups mounted strong serological responses after three and four vaccine doses, comparably weak responders were found among patient subgroups with specific primary immunodeficiencies and subgroups with immunosuppressive medication. INTERPRETATION The study identifies particularly affected patient groups in terms of development of long-term immunity among a larger group of immunocompromised patients. In particular, the results highlight poor vaccine-elicited neutralising responses towards Omicron subvariants in specific subgroups. The results provide additional knowledge of relevance for future vaccination strategies. FUNDING The present studies were supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Nordstjernan AB, Region Stockholm, and Karolinska Institutet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Wullimann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Muschiol
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Åberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Müller TR, Sekine T, Trubach D, Niessl J, Chen P, Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Akber M, Olofsson A, Amaya Hernandez SP, Gao Y, Cai C, Söderdahl G, Smith CIE, Österborg A, Loré K, Sällberg Chen M, Ljungman P, Ljunggren HG, Karlsson AC, Saini SK, Aleman S, Buggert M. Additive effects of booster mRNA vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection on T cell immunity across immunocompromised states. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg9452. [PMID: 37437015 PMCID: PMC7615622 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg9452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination has frequently been observed in individuals with various immunodeficiencies. Given the increased antibody evasion properties of emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants, it is necessary to assess whether other components of adaptive immunity generate resilient and protective responses against infection. We assessed T cell responses in 279 individuals, covering five different immunodeficiencies and healthy controls, before and after booster mRNA vaccination, as well as after Omicron infection in a subset of patients. We observed robust and persistent Omicron-reactive T cell responses that increased markedly upon booster vaccination and correlated directly with antibody titers across all patient groups. Poor vaccination responsiveness in immunocompromised or elderly individuals was effectively counteracted by the administration of additional vaccine doses. Functionally, Omicron-reactive T cell responses exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic profile and signs of longevity, characterized by CD45RA+ effector memory subpopulations with stem cell-like properties and increased proliferative capacity. Regardless of underlying immunodeficiency, booster-vaccinated and Omicron-infected individuals appeared protected against severe disease and exhibited enhanced and diversified T cell responses against conserved and Omicron-specific epitopes. Our findings indicate that T cells retain the ability to generate highly functional responses against newly emerging variants, even after repeated antigen exposure and a robust immunological imprint from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Darya Trubach
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Olofsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Patricia Amaya Hernandez
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Curtis Cai
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. I. Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sunil Kumar Saini
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Hellgren F, Cagigi A, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Ols S, Kern T, Lin A, Eriksson B, Dodds MG, Jasny E, Schwendt K, Freuling C, Müller T, Corcoran M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Petsch B, Loré K. Author Correction: Unmodified rabies mRNA vaccine elicits high cross-neutralizing antibody titers and diverse B cell memory responses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4080. [PMID: 37429868 PMCID: PMC10333190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Nykode Therapeutics, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theresa Kern
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bengt Eriksson
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Yan X, Ols S, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Lenart K, Hellgren F, Ye K, Cagigi A, Buggert M, Nimmerjahn F, Falkesgaard Højen J, Parera D, Pessara U, Fischer S, Loré K. Cell targeting and immunostimulatory properties of a novel Fcγ-receptor-independent agonistic anti-CD40 antibody in rhesus macaques. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:189. [PMID: 37353664 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting CD40 by agonistic antibodies used as vaccine adjuvants or for cancer immunotherapy is a strategy to stimulate immune responses. The majority of studied agonistic anti-human CD40 antibodies require crosslinking of their Fc region to inhibitory FcγRIIb to induce immune stimulation although this has been associated with toxicity in previous studies. Here we introduce an agonistic anti-human CD40 monoclonal IgG1 antibody (MAB273) unique in its specificity to the CD40L binding site of CD40 but devoid of Fcγ-receptor binding. We demonstrate rapid binding of MAB273 to B cells and dendritic cells resulting in activation in vitro on human cells and in vivo in rhesus macaques. Dissemination of fluorescently labeled MAB273 after subcutaneous administration was found predominantly at the site of injection and specific draining lymph nodes. Phenotypic cell differentiation and upregulation of genes associated with immune activation were found in the targeted tissues. Antigen-specific T cell responses were enhanced by MAB273 when given in a prime-boost regimen and for boosting low preexisting responses. MAB273 may therefore be a promising immunostimulatory adjuvant that warrants future testing for therapeutic and prophylactic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Yan
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kewei Ye
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jesper Falkesgaard Højen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Hellgren F, Cagigi A, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Ols S, Kern T, Lin A, Eriksson B, Dodds MG, Jasny E, Schwendt K, Freuling C, Müller T, Corcoran M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Petsch B, Loré K. Unmodified rabies mRNA vaccine elicits high cross-neutralizing antibody titers and diverse B cell memory responses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3713. [PMID: 37349310 PMCID: PMC10287699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Licensed rabies virus vaccines based on whole inactivated virus are effective in humans. However, there is a lack of detailed investigations of the elicited immune response, and whether responses can be improved using novel vaccine platforms. Here we show that two doses of a lipid nanoparticle-formulated unmodified mRNA vaccine encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) induces higher levels of RABV-G specific plasmablasts and T cells in blood, and plasma cells in the bone marrow compared to two doses of Rabipur in non-human primates. The mRNA vaccine also generates higher RABV-G binding and neutralizing antibody titers than Rabipur, while the degree of somatic hypermutation and clonal diversity of the response are similar for the two vaccines. The higher overall antibody titers induced by the mRNA vaccine translates into improved cross-neutralization of related lyssavirus strains, suggesting that this platform has potential for the development of a broadly protective vaccine against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Nykode Therapeutics, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theresa Kern
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bengt Eriksson
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Yu M, Charles A, Cagigi A, Christ W, Österberg B, Falck-Jones S, Azizmohammadi L, Åhlberg E, Falck-Jones R, Svensson J, Nie M, Warnqvist A, Hellgren F, Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Ols S, Lindgren G, Lin A, Maecker H, Bell M, Johansson N, Albert J, Sundling C, Czarnewski P, Klingström J, Färnert A, Loré K, Smed-Sörensen A. Delayed generation of functional virus-specific circulating T follicular helper cells correlates with severe COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2164. [PMID: 37061513 PMCID: PMC10105364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective humoral immune responses require well-orchestrated B and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell interactions. Whether these interactions are impaired and associated with COVID-19 disease severity is unclear. Here, longitudinal blood samples across COVID-19 disease severity are analysed. We find that during acute infection SARS-CoV-2-specific circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells expand with disease severity. SARS-CoV-2-specific cTfh cell frequencies correlate with plasmablast frequencies and SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers, avidity and neutralization. Furthermore, cTfh cells but not other memory CD4 T cells, from severe patients better induce plasmablast differentiation and antibody production compared to cTfh cells from mild patients. However, virus-specific cTfh cell development is delayed in patients that display or later develop severe disease compared to those with mild disease, which correlates with delayed induction of high-avidity neutralizing antibodies. Our study suggests that impaired generation of functional virus-specific cTfh cells delays high-quality antibody production at an early stage, potentially enabling progression to severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afandi Charles
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Österberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Falck-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lida Azizmohammadi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Åhlberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryan Falck-Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Svensson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mu Nie
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holden Maecker
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Max Bell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Cable J, Graham BS, Koup RA, Seder RA, Karikó K, Pardi N, Barouch DH, Sharma B, Rauch S, Nachbagauer R, Forsell MNE, Schotsaert M, Ellebedy AH, Loré K, Irvine DJ, Pilkington E, Tahtinen S, Thompson EA, Feraoun Y, King NP, Saunders K, Alter G, Moin SM, Sliepen K, Hedestam GBK, Wardemann H, Pulendran B, Doria-Rose NA, He WT, Juno JA, Ataca S, Wheatley AK, McLellan JS, Walker LM, Lederhofer J, Lindesmith LC, Wille H, Hotez PJ, Bekker LG. Progress in vaccine development for infectious diseases-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023. [PMID: 37020354 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us many things, among the most important of which is that vaccines are one of the cornerstones of public health that help make modern longevity possible. While several different vaccines have been successful at stemming the morbidity and mortality associated with various infectious diseases, many pathogens/diseases remain recalcitrant to the development of effective vaccination. Recent advances in vaccine technology, immunology, structural biology, and other fields may yet yield insight that will address these diseases; they may also help improve societies' preparedness for future pandemics. On June 1-4, 2022, experts in vaccinology from academia, industry, and government convened for the Keystone symposium "Progress in Vaccine Development for Infectious Diseases" to discuss state-of-the-art technologies, recent advancements in understanding vaccine-mediated immunity, and new aspects of antigen design to aid vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Moderna, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens; and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Pilkington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanis Feraoun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Saunders
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Syed M Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection; Department of Pathology; and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wan-Ting He
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sila Ataca
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- New Hampshire and Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Lederhofer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Sandberg JT, Löfling M, Varnaitė R, Emgård J, Al-Tawil N, Lindquist L, Gredmark-Russ S, Klingström J, Loré K, Blom K, Ljunggren HG. Safety and immunogenicity following co-administration of Yellow fever vaccine with Tick-borne encephalitis or Japanese encephalitis vaccines: Results from an open label, non-randomized clinical trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010616. [PMID: 36758067 PMCID: PMC9946270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavivirus infections pose a significant global health burden underscoring the need for the development of safe and effective vaccination strategies. Available flavivirus vaccines are from time to time concomitantly delivered to individuals. Co-administration of different vaccines saves time and visits to health care units and vaccine clinics. It serves to provide protection against multiple pathogens in a shorter time-span; e.g., for individuals travelling to different endemic areas. However, safety and immunogenicity-related responses have not been appropriately evaluated upon concomitant delivery of these vaccines. Therefore, we performed an open label, non-randomized clinical trial studying the safety and immunogenicity following concomitant delivery of the yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) virus vaccines. METHODS AND FINDINGS Following screening, healthy study participants were enrolled into different cohorts receiving either TBEV and YFV vaccines, JEV and YFV vaccines, or in control groups receiving only the TBEV, JEV, or YFV vaccine. Concomitant delivery was given in the same or different upper arms for comparison in the co-vaccination cohorts. Adverse effects were recorded throughout the study period and blood samples were taken before and at multiple time-points following vaccination to evaluate immunological responses to the vaccines. Adverse events were predominantly mild in the study groups. Four serious adverse events (SAE) were reported, none of them deemed related to vaccination. The development of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against TBEV, JEV, or YFV was not affected by the concomitant vaccination strategy. Concomitant vaccination in the same or different upper arms did not significantly affect safety or immunogenicity-related outcomes. Exploratory studies on immunological effects were additionally performed and included studies of lymphocyte activation, correlates associated with germinal center activation, and plasmablast expansion. CONCLUSIONS Inactivated TBEV or JEV vaccines can be co-administered with the live attenuated YFV vaccine without an increased risk of adverse events and without reduced development of nAbs to the respective viruses. The vaccines can be delivered in the same upper arm without negative outcome. In a broader perspective, the results add valuable information for simultaneous administration of live and inactivated flavivirus vaccines in general. TRIAL REGISTRATION Eudra CT 2017-002137-32.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Löfling
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Emgård
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nabil Al-Tawil
- Karolinska Trial Alliance, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
The lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA platform has been used to generate safe and effective vaccines in record time against COVID-19. Here, we review the current understanding of the manner whereby mRNA vaccines induce innate immune activation and how this contributes to protective immunity. We discuss innate immune sensing of mRNA vaccines at the cellular and intracellular levels and consider the contribution of both the mRNA and the LNP components to their immunogenicity. A key message that is emerging from recent observations is that the LNP carrier acts as a powerful adjuvant for this novel vaccine platform. In this context, we highlight important gaps in understanding and discuss how new insight into the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of mRNA-LNP vaccines may enable tailoring mRNA and carrier molecules to develop vaccines with greater effectiveness and milder adverse events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Michael J Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Solna, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Lenart K, Hellgren F, Ols S, Yan X, Cagigi A, Cerveira RA, Winge I, Hanczak J, Mueller SO, Jasny E, Schwendt K, Rauch S, Petsch B, Loré K. A third dose of the unmodified COVID-19 mRNA vaccine CVnCoV enhances quality and quantity of immune responses. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:309-323. [PMID: 36217434 PMCID: PMC9535876 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A third vaccine dose is often required to achieve potent, long-lasting immune responses. We investigated the impact of three 8 μg doses of CVnCoV, CureVac's SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate containing sequence-optimized unmodified mRNA encoding spike (S) glycoprotein, administered at 0, 4 and 28 weeks on immune responses in rhesus macaques. Following the third dose S-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies increased 50-fold compared with post-dose 2 levels, with increased responses also evident in the lower airways and against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants. Enhanced binding affinity of serum antibodies after the third dose correlated with higher somatic hypermutation in S-specific B cells, corresponding with improved binding properties of monoclonal antibodies expressed from isolated B cells. Administration of low dose mRNA led to fewer cells expressing antigen in vivo at the injection site and in the draining lymph nodes compared with a tenfold higher dose, possibly reducing the engagement of precursor cells with the antigen and resulting in the suboptimal response observed following two-dose vaccination schedules in phase IIb/III clinical trials of CVnCoV. However, when immune memory is established, a third dose efficiently boosts the immunological responses as well as improves antibody affinity and breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Lenart
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianglei Yan
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga Winge
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakub Hanczak
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Correspondence should be addressed to: Karin Loré, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail address:
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16
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Gao Y, Cai C, Wullimann D, Niessl J, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Chen P, Lange J, Cuapio A, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Akber M, Perez-Potti A, Sekine T, Müller TR, Boulouis C, Kammann T, Parrot T, Muvva JR, Sobkowiak M, Healy K, Bogdanovic G, Muschiol S, Söderdahl G, Österborg A, Hellgren F, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Loré K, Sällberg Chen M, Ljungman P, Sandberg JK, Smith CIE, Bergman P, Ljunggren HG, Aleman S, Buggert M. Immunodeficiency syndromes differentially impact the functional spectrum of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells elicited by mRNA vaccination. Immunity 2022; 55:1732-1746.e5. [PMID: 35961317 PMCID: PMC9293955 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many immunocompromised patients mount suboptimal humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Here, we assessed the single-cell profile of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells post-mRNA vaccination in healthy individuals and patients with various forms of immunodeficiencies. Impaired vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity was observed in many immunocompromised patients, particularly in solid-organ transplant and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Notably, individuals with an inherited lack of mature B cells, i.e., X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) displayed highly functional spike-specific T cell responses. Single-cell RNA-sequencing further revealed that mRNA vaccination induced a broad functional spectrum of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy individuals and patients with XLA. These responses were founded on polyclonal repertoires of CD4+ T cells and robust expansions of oligoclonal effector-memory CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells with stem-like characteristics. Collectively, our data provide the functional continuum of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses post-mRNA vaccination, highlighting that cell-mediated immunity is of variable functional quality across immunodeficiency syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Curtis Cai
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Wullimann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Rivera-Ballesteros
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua Lange
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Perez-Potti
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas R Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Boulouis
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Kammann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jagadeeswara Rao Muvva
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michal Sobkowiak
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Muschiol
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Healy K, Pin E, Chen P, Söderdahl G, Nowak P, Mielke S, Hansson L, Bergman P, Smith CIE, Ljungman P, Valentini D, Blennow O, Österborg A, Gabarrini G, Al-Manei K, Alkharaan H, Sobkowiak MJ, Yousef J, Mravinacova S, Cuapio A, Xu X, Akber M, Loré K, Hellström C, Muschiol S, Bogdanovic G, Buggert M, Ljunggren HG, Hober S, Nilsson P, Aleman S, Sällberg Chen M. Salivary IgG to SARS-CoV-2 indicates seroconversion and correlates to serum neutralization in mRNA-vaccinated immunocompromised individuals. Med 2022; 3:137-153.e3. [PMID: 35075450 PMCID: PMC8770252 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocompromised individuals are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Whether vaccine-induced immunity in these individuals involves oral cavity, a primary site of infection, is presently unknown. METHODS Immunocompromised patients (n = 404) and healthy controls (n = 82) participated in a prospective clinical trial (NCT04780659) encompassing two doses of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. Primary immunodeficiency (PID), secondary immunodeficiencies caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)/chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T), solid organ transplantation (SOT), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients were included. Salivary and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivities to SARS-CoV-2 spike were measured by multiplex bead-based assays and Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay. FINDINGS IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in saliva in HIV and HSCT/CAR-T groups were comparable to those of healthy controls after vaccination. The PID, SOT, and CLL patients had weaker responses, influenced mainly by disease parameters or immunosuppressants. Salivary responses correlated remarkably well with specific IgG titers and the neutralizing capacity in serum. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the predictive power of salivary IgG yielded area under the curve (AUC) = 0.95 and positive predictive value (PPV) = 90.7% for the entire cohort after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Saliva conveys vaccine responses induced by mRNA BNT162b2. The predictive power of salivary spike IgG makes it highly suitable for screening vulnerable groups for revaccination. FUNDING Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Erling Perssons family foundation, Region Stockholm, Swedish Research Council, Karolinska Institutet, Swedish Blood Cancer Foundation, PID patient organization of Sweden, Nordstjernan AB, Center for Medical Innovation (CIMED), Swedish Medical Research Council, and Stockholm County Council (ALF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Healy
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Gabarrini
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khaled Al-Manei
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hassan Alkharaan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jamil Yousef
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Mravinacova
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinling Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Hellström
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Muschiol
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sophia Hober
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Adaptive immune responses play critical roles in viral clearance and protection against re-infection, and SARS-CoV-2 is no exception. What is exceptional is the rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus performed by researchers during the first 20 months of the pandemic. This has given us a more detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 compared to many viruses that have been with us for a long time. Furthermore, effective COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time, and their rollout worldwide is already making a significant difference, although major challenges remain in terms of equal access. The pandemic has engaged scientists and the public alike, and terms such as seroprevalence, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape and vaccine certificates have become familiar to a broad community. Here, we review key findings concerning B cell and antibody (Ab) responses to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on non-severe cases and anti-spike (S) Ab responses in particular, the latter being central to protective immunity induced by infection or vaccination. The emergence of viral variants that have acquired mutations in S acutely highlights the need for continued characterization of both emerging variants and Ab responses against these during the evolving pathogen-immune system arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Bergman P, Blennow O, Hansson L, Mielke S, Nowak P, Chen P, Söderdahl G, Österborg A, Smith CIE, Wullimann D, Vesterbacka J, Lindgren G, Blixt L, Friman G, Wahren-Borgström E, Nordlander A, Gomez AC, Akber M, Valentini D, Norlin AC, Thalme A, Bogdanovic G, Muschiol S, Nilsson P, Hober S, Loré K, Chen MS, Buggert M, Ljunggren HG, Ljungman P, Aleman S. Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103705. [PMID: 34861491 PMCID: PMC8629680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with immunocompromised disorders have mainly been excluded from clinical trials of vaccination against COVID-19. Thus, the aim of this prospective clinical trial was to investigate safety and efficacy of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in five selected groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls. Methods 539 study subjects (449 patients and 90 controls) were included. The patients had either primary (n=90), or secondary immunodeficiency disorders due to human immunodeficiency virus infection (n=90), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation/CAR T cell therapy (n=90), solid organ transplantation (SOT) (n=89), or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (n=90). The primary endpoint was seroconversion rate two weeks after the second dose. The secondary endpoints were safety and documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. Findings Adverse events were generally mild, but one case of fatal suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction occurred. 72.2% of the immunocompromised patients seroconverted compared to 100% of the controls (p=0.004). Lowest seroconversion rates were found in the SOT (43.4%) and CLL (63.3%) patient groups with observed negative impact of treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and ibrutinib, respectively. Interpretation The results showed that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine was safe in immunocompromised patients. Rate of seroconversion was substantially lower than in healthy controls, with a wide range of rates and antibody titres among predefined patient groups and subgroups. This clinical trial highlights the need for additional vaccine doses in certain immunocompromised patient groups to improve immunity. Funding Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, Nordstjernan AB, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, and organizations for PID/CLL-patients in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Blennow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderdahl
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Wullimann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Blixt
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Friman
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Nordlander
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio Gomez
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Norlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Thalme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Dept of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Muschiol
- Dept of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Ljungman
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Hematology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Cagigi A, Yu M, Österberg B, Svensson J, Falck-Jones S, Vangeti S, Åhlberg E, Azizmohammadi L, Warnqvist A, Falck-Jones R, Gubisch PC, Ödemis M, Ghafoor F, Eisele M, Lenart K, Bell M, Johansson N, Albert J, Sälde J, Pettie DD, Murphy MP, Carter L, King NP, Ols S, Normark J, Ahlm C, Forsell MN, Färnert A, Loré K, Smed-Sörensen A. Airway antibodies emerge according to COVID-19 severity and wane rapidly but reappear after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151463. [PMID: 34665783 PMCID: PMC8663786 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the presence and durability of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the airways is required to provide insights into the ability of individuals to neutralize the virus locally and prevent viral spread. Here, we longitudinally assessed both systemic and airway immune responses upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in a clinically well-characterized cohort of 147 infected individuals representing the full spectrum of COVID-19 severity, from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. In addition, we evaluated how SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influenced the antibody responses in a subset of these individuals during convalescence as compared with naive individuals. Not only systemic but also airway antibody responses correlated with the degree of COVID-19 disease severity. However, although systemic IgG levels were durable for up to 8 months, airway IgG and IgA declined significantly within 3 months. After vaccination, there was an increase in both systemic and airway antibodies, in particular IgG, often exceeding the levels found during acute disease. In contrast, naive individuals showed low airway antibodies after vaccination. In the former COVID-19 patients, airway antibody levels were significantly elevated after the boost vaccination, highlighting the importance of prime and boost vaccinations for previously infected individuals to obtain optimal mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Österberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Svensson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Falck-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Åhlberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lida Azizmohammadi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, and
| | - Ryan Falck-Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia C. Gubisch
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mert Ödemis
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Farangies Ghafoor
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona Eisele
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Bell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Laboratory, and
| | - Jörgen Sälde
- Närakut SLSO, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deleah D. Pettie
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Normark
- Section of Infection and Immunology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Section of Infection and Immunology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias N. Forsell
- Section of Infection and Immunology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Sandberg JT, Ols S, Löfling M, Varnaitė R, Lindgren G, Nilsson O, Rombo L, Kalén M, Loré K, Blom K, Ljunggren HG. Activation and Kinetics of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells, Specific Plasmablast Response, and Development of Neutralizing Antibodies following Yellow Fever Virus Vaccination. J Immunol 2021; 207:1033-1043. [PMID: 34321231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A single dose of the replication-competent, live-attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D vaccine provides lifelong immunity against human YFV infection. The magnitude, kinetics, and specificity of B cell responses to YFV 17D are relatively less understood than T cell responses. In this clinical study, we focused on early immune events critical for the development of humoral immunity to YFV 17D vaccination in 24 study subjects. More specifically, we studied the dynamics of several immune cell populations over time and the development of neutralizing Abs. At 7 d following vaccination, YFV RNA in serum as well as several antiviral proteins were detected as a sign of YFV 17D replication. Activation of Th1-polarized circulating T follicular helper cells followed germinal center activity, the latter assessed by the surrogate marker CXCL13 in serum. This coincided with a plasmablast expansion peaking at day 14 before returning to baseline levels at day 28. FluoroSpot-based analysis confirmed that plasmablasts were specific to the YFV-E protein. The frequencies of plasmablasts correlated with the magnitude of neutralizing Ab titers measured at day 90, suggesting that this transient B cell subset could be used as an early marker of induction of protective immunity. Additionally, YFV-specific memory B cells were readily detectable at 28 and 90 d following vaccination, and all study subjects tested developed protective neutralizing Ab titers. Taken together, these studies provide insights into key immune events leading to human B cell immunity following vaccination with the YFV 17D vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Löfling
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Cell Therapy and Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Rombo
- Center for Clinical Research, Eskilstuna, Sörmland, Sweden; and.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Markus Kalén
- Department of Infection Medicine, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Mandolesi M, Sheward DJ, Hanke L, Ma J, Pushparaj P, Perez Vidakovics L, Kim C, Àdori M, Lenart K, Loré K, Castro Dopico X, Coquet JM, McInerney GM, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Murrell B. SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccination of mice and rhesus macaques elicits potent and durable neutralizing antibody responses. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100252. [PMID: 33842900 PMCID: PMC8020888 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak and spread of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) is a current global health emergency, and effective prophylactic vaccines are needed urgently. The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates entry into host cells, and thus is the target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we show that adjuvanted protein immunization with soluble SARS-CoV-2 spike trimers, stabilized in prefusion conformation, results in potent antibody responses in mice and rhesus macaques, with neutralizing antibody titers exceeding those typically measured in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive humans by more than one order of magnitude. Neutralizing antibody responses were observed after a single dose, with exceptionally high titers achieved after boosting. A follow-up to monitor the waning of the neutralizing antibody responses in rhesus macaques demonstrated durable responses that were maintained at high and stable levels at least 4 months after boosting. These data support the development of adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mandolesi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Junjie Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pradeepa Pushparaj
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Perez Vidakovics
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Àdori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M. Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Ols S, Yang L, Thompson EA, Pushparaj P, Tran K, Liang F, Lin A, Eriksson B, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Wyatt RT, Loré K. Route of Vaccine Administration Alters Antigen Trafficking but Not Innate or Adaptive Immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3964-3971.e7. [PMID: 32209459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although intramuscular (i.m.) administration is the most commonly used route for licensed vaccines, subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery is being explored for several new vaccines under development. Here, we use rhesus macaques, physiologically relevant to humans, to identify the anatomical compartments and early immune processes engaged in the response to immunization via the two routes. Administration of fluorescently labeled HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers displayed on liposomes enables visualization of targeted cells and tissues. Both s.c. and i.m. routes induce efficient immune cell infiltration, activation, and antigen uptake, functions that are tightly restricted to the skin and muscle, respectively. Antigen is also transported to different lymph nodes depending on route. However, these early differences do not translate into significant differences in the magnitude or quality of antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses over time. Thus, although some distinct immunological differences are noted, the choice of route may instead be motivated by clinical practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lifei Yang
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pradeepa Pushparaj
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Frank Liang
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Eriksson
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Falck-Jones S, Vangeti S, Yu M, Falck-Jones R, Cagigi A, Badolati I, Österberg B, Lautenbach MJ, Åhlberg E, Lin A, Lepzien R, Szurgot I, Lenart K, Hellgren F, Maecker H, Sälde J, Albert J, Johansson N, Bell M, Loré K, Färnert A, Smed-Sörensen A. Functional monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells increase in blood but not airways and predict COVID-19 severity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144734. [PMID: 33492309 DOI: 10.1172/jci144734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains enigmatic, causing immunodysregulation and T cell lymphopenia. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) are T cell suppressors that expand in inflammatory conditions, but their role in acute respiratory infections remains unclear. We studied the blood and airways of patients with COVID-19 across disease severities at multiple time points. M-MDSC frequencies were elevated in blood but not in nasopharyngeal or endotracheal aspirates of patients with COVID-19 compared with healthy controls. M-MDSCs isolated from patients with COVID-19 suppressed T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production partly via an arginase 1-dependent (Arg-1-dependent) mechanism. Furthermore, patients showed increased Arg-1 and IL-6 plasma levels. Patients with COVID-19 had fewer T cells and downregulated expression of the CD3ζ chain. Ordinal regression showed that early M-MDSC frequency predicted subsequent disease severity. In conclusion, M-MDSCs expanded in the blood of patients with COVID-19, suppressed T cells, and were strongly associated with disease severity, indicating a role for M-MDSCs in the dysregulated COVID-19 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Falck-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryan Falck-Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabella Badolati
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Österberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Julius Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Åhlberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stemirna Therapeutics Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Rico Lepzien
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga Szurgot
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holden Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jörgen Sälde
- Health Care Services Stockholm County (SLSO), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Bell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Lin A, Apostolovic D, Jahnmatz M, Liang F, Ols S, Tecleab T, Wu C, van Hage M, Solovay K, Rubin K, Locht C, Thorstensson R, Thalen M, Loré K. Live attenuated pertussis vaccine BPZE1 induces a broad antibody response in humans. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2332-2346. [PMID: 31945015 DOI: 10.1172/jci135020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe live attenuated BPZE1 vaccine candidate induces protection against B. pertussis and prevents nasal colonization in animal models. Here we report on the responses in humans receiving a single intranasal administration of BPZE1.METHODSWe performed multiple assays to dissect the immune responses induced in humans (n = 12) receiving BPZE1, with particular emphasis on the magnitude and characteristics of the antibody responses. Such responses were benchmarked to adolescents (n = 12) receiving the complete vaccination program of the currently used acellular pertussis vaccine (aPV). Using immunoproteomics analysis, potentially novel immunogenic B. pertussis antigens were identified.RESULTSAll BPZE1 vaccinees showed robust B. pertussis-specific antibody responses with regard to significant increase in 1 or more of the following parameters: IgG, IgA, and memory B cells to B. pertussis antigens. BPZE1-specific T cells showed a Th1 phenotype, and the IgG exclusively consisted of IgG1 and IgG3. In contrast, all aPV vaccines showed a Th2-biased response. Immunoproteomics profiling revealed that BPZE1 elicited broader and different antibody specificities to B. pertussis antigens as compared with the aPV that primarily induced antibodies to the vaccine antigens. Moreover, BPZE1 was superior at inducing opsonizing antibodies that stimulated ROS production in neutrophils and enhanced bactericidal function, which was in line with the finding that antibodies against adenylate cyclase toxin were only elicited by BPZE1.CONCLUSIONThe breadth of the antibodies, the Th1-type cellular response, and killing mechanisms elicited by BPZE1 may hold prospects of improving vaccine efficacy and protection against B. pertussis transmission.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02453048, NCT00870350.FUNDINGILiAD Biotechnologies, Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maja Jahnmatz
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Liang
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Chenyan Wu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, and
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, and
| | - Ken Solovay
- ILiAD Biotechnologies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith Rubin
- ILiAD Biotechnologies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camille Locht
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Liang F, Glans H, Enoksson SL, Kolios AGA, Loré K, Nilsson J. Recurrent Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in a Patient With a Novel Toll-Like Receptor 3 Variant Linked to Compromised Activation Capacity in Fibroblasts. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1295-1303. [PMID: 31268141 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs primarily in elderly or immunocompromised individuals after reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). Recurrences of zoster ophthalmicus are uncommon because the reactivation efficiently boosts anti-VZV immunity. A 28-year-old female presented to our clinic with a history of multiple recurrences of zoster ophthalmicus. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES), analyses of VZV T-cell immunity, and pathogen recognition receptor function in primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and fibroblasts were performed. RESULTS Normal VZV-specific T-cell immunity and antibody response were detected. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous nonsynonymous variant (c.2324C > T) in the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene resulting in formation of a premature stop-codon. This alteration could potentially undermine TLR3 signaling in a dominant-negative fashion. Therefore, we investigated TLR3 signaling responses in APCs and fibroblasts from the patient. The APCs responded efficiently to stimulation with TLR3 ligands, whereas the responses from the fibroblasts were compromised. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel TLR3 variant associated with recurrent zoster ophthalmicus. Toll-like receptor 3 responses that were unaffected in APCs but diminished in fibroblasts are in line with previous reports linking TLR3 deficiency with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Mechanisms involving compromised viral sensing in infected cells may thus be central to the described immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna.,Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Hedvig Glans
- Division of Dermatology and Venerology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lind Enoksson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna.,Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Cagigi A, Loré K. Immune Responses Induced by mRNA Vaccination in Mice, Monkeys and Humans. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:61. [PMID: 33477534 PMCID: PMC7831080 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this concise review, we summarize the concepts behind mRNA vaccination. We discuss the innate and adaptive immune response generated by mRNA vaccines in different animal models and in humans. We give examples of viral infections where mRNA vaccines have shown to induce potent responses and we discuss in more detail the recent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 161 64 Solna, Sweden;
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28
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Bhandage AK, Olivera GC, Kanatani S, Thompson E, Loré K, Varas-Godoy M, Barragan A. A motogenic GABAergic system of mononuclear phagocytes facilitates dissemination of coccidian parasites. eLife 2020; 9:60528. [PMID: 33179597 PMCID: PMC7685707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves diverse biological functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including neurotransmission in vertebrates. Yet, the role of GABA in the immune system has remained elusive. Here, a comprehensive characterization of human and murine myeloid mononuclear phagocytes revealed the presence of a conserved and tightly regulated GABAergic machinery with expression of GABA metabolic enzymes and transporters, GABA-A receptors and regulators, and voltage-dependent calcium channels. Infection challenge with the common coccidian parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum activated GABAergic signaling in phagocytes. Using gene silencing and pharmacological modulators in vitro and in vivo in mice, we identify the functional determinants of GABAergic signaling in parasitized phagocytes and demonstrate a link to calcium responses and migratory activation. The findings reveal a regulatory role for a GABAergic signaling machinery in the host-pathogen interplay between phagocytes and invasive coccidian parasites. The co-option of GABA underlies colonization of the host by a Trojan horse mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol K Bhandage
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriela C Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Cell Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Cassetta L, Bruderek K, Skrzeczynska-Moncznik J, Osiecka O, Hu X, Rundgren IM, Lin A, Santegoets K, Horzum U, Godinho-Santos A, Zelinskyy G, Garcia-Tellez T, Bjelica S, Taciak B, Kittang AO, Höing B, Lang S, Dixon M, Müller V, Utikal JS, Karakoç D, Yilmaz KB, Górka E, Bodnar L, Anastasiou OE, Bourgeois C, Badura R, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, Gotic M, Ter Laan M, Kers-Rebel E, Król M, Santibañez JF, Müller-Trutwin M, Dittmer U, de Sousa AE, Esendağlı G, Adema G, Loré K, Ersvær E, Umansky V, Pollard JW, Cichy J, Brandau S. Differential expansion of circulating human MDSC subsets in patients with cancer, infection and inflammation. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001223. [PMID: 32907925 PMCID: PMC7481096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a functional myeloid cell subset that includes myeloid cells with immune suppressive properties. The presence of MDSC has been reported in the peripheral blood of patients with several malignant and non-malignant diseases. So far, direct comparison of MDSC across different diseases and Centers is hindered by technical pitfalls and a lack of standardized methodology. To overcome this issue, we formed a network through the COST Action Mye-EUNITER (www.mye-euniter.eu) with the goal to standardize and facilitate the comparative analysis of human circulating MDSC in cancer, inflammation and infection. In this manuscript, we present the results of the multicenter study Mye-EUNITER MDSC Monitoring Initiative, that involved 13 laboratories and compared circulating MDSC subsets across multiple diseases, using a common protocol for the isolation, identification and characterization of these cells. Methods We developed, tested, executed and optimized a standard operating procedure for the isolation and immunophenotyping of MDSC using blood from healthy donors. We applied this procedure to the blood of almost 400 patients and controls with different solid tumors and non-malignant diseases. The latter included viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis B virus, but also psoriasis and cardiovascular disorders. Results We observed that the frequency of MDSC in healthy donors varied substantially between centers and was influenced by technical aspects such as the anticoagulant and separation method used. Expansion of polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC exceeded the expansion of monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) in five out of six solid tumors. PMN-MDSC expansion was more pronounced in cancer compared with infection and inflammation. Programmed death-ligand 1 was primarily expressed in M-MDSC and e-MDSC and was not upregulated as a consequence of disease. LOX-1 expression was confined to PMN-MDSC. Conclusions This study provides improved technical protocols and workflows for the multi-center analysis of circulating human MDSC subsets. Application of these workflows revealed a predominant expansion of PMN-MDSC in solid tumors that exceeds expansion in chronic infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cassetta
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirsten Bruderek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joanna Skrzeczynska-Moncznik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małopolska, Poland
| | - Oktawia Osiecka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małopolska, Poland
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ida Marie Rundgren
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Santegoets
- Medical Center, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Utku Horzum
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Thalia Garcia-Tellez
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Pasteur Institute, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sunčica Bjelica
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Bartłomiej Taciak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Cellis AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Benedikt Höing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Unit and Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Verena Müller
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Sven Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Derya Karakoç
- Department of Medical and Surgical Research, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerim Bora Yilmaz
- Department of Medical and Surgical Research, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of General Surgery, Gulhane Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emilia Górka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Cellis AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lubomir Bodnar
- Department of Oncology and Immunooncology, Hospital Ministry of the Interior and Administration & Warmia and Masuria Oncology Centre, Olsztyn, Poland.,Department of Oncology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Christine Bourgeois
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Saint-Aubin, Île-de-France, France
| | - Robert Badura
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Northern Lisbon University Hospital Centre, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mirjana Gotic
- Clinic of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Mark Ter Laan
- Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kers-Rebel
- Medical Center, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Król
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Cellis AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Francisco Santibañez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Beograd, Serbia.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Ana Espada de Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Güneş Esendağlı
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical and Surgical Research, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gosse Adema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Ersvær
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małopolska, Poland
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany .,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Essen-Düsseldorf, Germany
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Thompson EA, Darrah PA, Foulds KE, Hoffer E, Caffrey-Carr A, Norenstedt S, Perbeck L, Seder RA, Kedl RM, Loré K. Monocytes Acquire the Ability to Prime Tissue-Resident T Cells via IL-10-Mediated TGF-β Release. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1127-1135.e4. [PMID: 31365858 PMCID: PMC6825402 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Using non-human primates (NHPs), mice, and human primary cells, we found a role for interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the upregulation of the tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) marker CD103. In NHPs, intravenous, but not subcutaneous, immunization with peptide antigen and an adjuvant combining an agonistic anti-CD40 antibody plus poly(IC:LC) induced high levels of CD103+ TRMs in the lung, which correlated with early plasma IL-10 levels. Blocking IL-10 reduced CD103 expression on human T cells stimulated in vitro with the adjuvant combination as well as diminished CD103 on lung-resident T cells in vivo in mice. Monocyte-produced IL-10 induced the release of surface-bound transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which in turn upregulated CD103 on T cells. Early TGF-β imprinted increased sensitivity to TGF-β restimulation, indicating an early commitment of the T cell lineage toward TRMs during the priming stage of activation. IL-10-mediated TGF-β signaling may therefore have a critical role in the generation of TRM following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17164, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Elena Hoffer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17164, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Alayna Caffrey-Carr
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Leif Perbeck
- Department of Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 17176, Sweden
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17164, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.
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31
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Lasaviciute G, Bricaud AL, Hellgren F, Ingelman-Sundberg HM, Eksborg S, Jonker M, Haanstra KG, Hed Myrberg I, Sverremark-Ekström E, Loré K, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Nilsson A. Deficits in the IgG + memory B-cell recovery after anthracycline treatment is confined to the spleen of rhesus macaques. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1150. [PMID: 32642064 PMCID: PMC7331234 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Loss of vaccine‐induced antibodies (Abs) after chemotherapy against paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is common and often necessitates re‐immunisation after cessation of treatment. Even so, some ALL survivors fail to mount or to maintain protective Abs. Germinal centres (GCs) are clusters of proliferating B cells in follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) formed during adaptive immune responses and the origins of long‐lived memory B and plasma cells that are the source of Abs. Furthermore, productive GC reactions depend on T follicular helper (TFH) cells. To understand why chemotherapy induces deficits in Ab responses, we examined how SLTs were affected by chemotherapy. Methods Rhesus macaques were infused with either three cycles of the anthracycline doxorubicin or saline, followed by immunisation with a de novo and booster antigen. Spleen and lymph nodes were removed, and memory B, bulk T and TFH cells were examined. Results Despite adequate GC morphology, a diminished memory and IgG+ B‐cell population along with diminished total and booster vaccine‐specific IgG‐producing memory B cells were noted in the spleens of macaques with past doxorubicin exposure compared to the saline‐treated controls (P < 0.05). Intact bulk T and TFH cells were found in the SLTs of treated macaques, which displayed higher CD40L upregulation capacity by their splenic CXCR5+ helper T cells (P < 0.01). In contrast to the spleen, the immune cell populations studied were comparable between the lymph nodes of both saline‐ and doxorubicin‐treated macaques. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the splenic memory B‐cell subset, compared to its lymph node counterpart, is more severely altered by anthracycline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Lasaviciute
- Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andréas L Bricaud
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hanna M Ingelman-Sundberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Staffan Eksborg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) Rijswijk The Netherlands
| | | | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Shanie Saghafian-Hedengren
- Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden.,Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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32
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Silva MH, Lepzien R, Ols S, Dahlberg B, Grunewald J, Loré K, Smed-Sörensen A, Correia-Neves M, Empadinhas N, Färnert A, Källenius G, Sundling C. Stabilization of blood for long-term storage can affect antibody-based recognition of cell surface markers. J Immunol Methods 2020; 481-482:112792. [PMID: 32387697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Whole-blood fixation provides a rapid and simplified method for cell preservation compared to isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This can be especially important for sample acquisition and storage in resource-limited settings. However, some caveats have been reported, such as reduced cell marker recognition. Here, we evaluated the whole-blood proteomic stabilizer PROT1 and compared recognition of 53 common cell markers in fixed buffy coats and cryopreserved PBMCs isolated from the same donor. Several antibodies completely lost their binding to the cells, while others presented with partial loss of marker recognition or no effect at all. Based on the screened antibodies, we designed two antibody panels allowing phenotyping of B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells and also T cells and NK cells in both fixed and non-fixed material. Taken together, our observations suggest that antibodies intended to be used with fixed blood first need to be evaluated for marker recognition and staining intensity, in comparison with fresh samples or cryopreserved PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hugo Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rico Lepzien
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benita Dahlberg
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Laitinen OH, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Lin A, Diaz Lozano IM, Mazur MA, Marjomäki V, Loré K, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. A hexavalent Coxsackievirus B vaccine is highly immunogenic and has a strong protective capacity in mice and nonhuman primates. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz2433. [PMID: 32494709 PMCID: PMC7202868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common human pathogens known to cause severe diseases including myocarditis, chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, and aseptic meningitis. CVBs are also hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. Vaccines against CVBs are not currently available, and here we describe the generation and preclinical testing of a novel hexavalent vaccine targeting the six known CVB serotypes. We show that the vaccine has an excellent safety profile in murine models and nonhuman primates and that it induces strong neutralizing antibody responses to the six serotypes in both species without an adjuvant. We also demonstrate that the vaccine provides immunity against acute CVB infections in mice, including CVB infections known to cause virus-induced myocarditis. In addition, it blocks CVB-induced diabetes in a genetically permissive mouse model. Our preclinical proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the successful generation of a promising hexavalent CVB vaccine with high immunogenicity capable of preventing CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Stone
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - O. H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - A. Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. M. Diaz Lozano
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. A. Mazur
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V. Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K. Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - V. P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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34
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Schifanella L, Barnett SW, Bissa M, Galli V, Doster MN, Vaccari M, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Phogat S, Pal R, Montefiori DC, LaBranche CC, Rao M, Trinh HV, Washington-Parks R, Liyanage NPM, Gorini G, Brown DR, Liang F, Loré K, Venzon DJ, Magnanelli W, Metrinko M, Kramer J, Breed M, Alter G, Ruprecht RM, Franchini G. Correction: ALVAC-HIV B/C candidate HIV vaccine efficacy dependent on neutralization profile of challenge virus and adjuvant dose and type. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008531. [PMID: 32343743 PMCID: PMC7188203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Schifanella L, Barnett SW, Bissa M, Galli V, Doster MN, Vaccari M, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Phogat S, Pal R, Montefiori DC, LaBranche CC, Rao M, Trinh HV, Washington-Parks R, Liyanage NPM, Brown DR, Liang F, Loré K, Venzon DJ, Magnanelli W, Metrinko M, Kramer J, Breed M, Alter G, Ruprecht RM, Franchini G. ALVAC-HIV B/C candidate HIV vaccine efficacy dependent on neutralization profile of challenge virus and adjuvant dose and type. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008121. [PMID: 31794588 PMCID: PMC6890176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ALVAC-HIV clade B/AE and equivalent SIV-based/gp120 + Alum vaccines successfully decreased the risk of virus acquisition in humans and macaques. Here, we tested the efficacy of HIV clade B/C ALVAC/gp120 vaccine candidates + MF59 or different doses of Aluminum hydroxide (Alum) against SHIV-Cs of varying neutralization sensitivity in macaques. Low doses of Alum induced higher mucosal V2-specific IgA that increased the risk of Tier 2 SHIV-C acquisition. High Alum dosage, in contrast, elicited serum IgG to V2 that correlated with a decreased risk of Tier 1 SHIV-C acquisition. MF59 induced negligible mucosal antibodies to V2 and an inflammatory profile with blood C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels correlating with neutralizing antibody titers. MF59 decreased the risk of Tier 1 SHIV-C acquisition. The relationship between vaccine efficacy and the neutralization profile of the challenge virus appear to be linked to the different immunological spaces created by MF59 and Alum via CXCL10 and IL-1β, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melvin N. Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Namal P. M. Liyanage
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dallas R. Brown
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Magnanelli
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle Metrinko
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josh Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard Cambridge, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Lindgren G, Ols S, Thompson EA, Loré K. Comparative analysis of the germinal center response by flow cytometry and immunohistology. J Immunol Methods 2019; 472:16-24. [PMID: 31194971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are structures formed within B cell follicles critical for the generation of high affinity antibodies. The evaluation of GCs in secondary lymphoid tissues has emerged as a valuable means for understanding the immunological activity in vaccine responses, autoimmunity and cancer. The analysis has been facilitated by advances in sampling techniques, including non-invasive lymph node collection and fine needle aspiration. In this study, we performed a systematic comparison between immunohistology and flow cytometry for analysis of GCs with the major aim to identify strategies for data analysis that would allow to relate data acquired by the two methods. Lymph nodes from rhesus macaques were divided in half and analysed as either cryosections or cell suspensions. Using human markers such as PD-1 and Ki67 to identify T follicular helper (TFH) cells and GC B cells, we developed a method for GC analysis by immunohistology using CellProfiler™ software and a flow cytometry panel with relatively limited numbers of antibodies to be scalable and feasible for most laboratories to perform. While some discrepancies between the two methods were identified, TFH cells and GC B cells normalized by total CD3+ T cell or CD20+ B cell numbers, respectively, in immunohistology correlated well with matched data from flow cytometry. GC area normalized by section area in immunohistology also correlated well with TFH cells per total live cells from flow cytometry. Performing this type of data analysis would therefore facilitate comparison of results generated between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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38
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Lindgren G, Ols S, Liang F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Hellgren F, Bahl K, John S, Yuzhakov O, Hassett KJ, Brito LA, Salter H, Ciaramella G, Loré K. Corrigendum: Induction of Robust B Cell Responses After Influenza mRNA Vaccination Is Accompanied by Circulating Hemagglutinin-Specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T Follicular Helper Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:614. [PMID: 31001251 PMCID: PMC6454145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Liang
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kapil Bahl
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shinu John
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Luis A Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hugh Salter
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Marcandalli J, Fiala B, Ols S, Perotti M, de van der Schueren W, Snijder J, Hodge E, Benhaim M, Ravichandran R, Carter L, Sheffler W, Brunner L, Lawrenz M, Dubois P, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Lee KK, Veesler D, Correnti CE, Stewart LJ, Baker D, Loré K, Perez L, King NP. Induction of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by a Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cell 2019; 176:1420-1431.e17. [PMID: 30849373 PMCID: PMC6424820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a worldwide public health concern for which no vaccine is available. Elucidation of the prefusion structure of the RSV F glycoprotein and its identification as the main target of neutralizing antibodies have provided new opportunities for development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the structure-based design of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle presenting a prefusion-stabilized variant of the F glycoprotein trimer (DS-Cav1) in a repetitive array on the nanoparticle exterior. The two-component nature of the nanoparticle scaffold enabled the production of highly ordered, monodisperse immunogens that display DS-Cav1 at controllable density. In mice and nonhuman primates, the full-valency nanoparticle immunogen displaying 20 DS-Cav1 trimers induced neutralizing antibody responses ∼10-fold higher than trimeric DS-Cav1. These results motivate continued development of this promising nanoparticle RSV vaccine candidate and establish computationally designed two-component nanoparticles as a robust and customizable platform for structure-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Perotti
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Joost Snijder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edgar Hodge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Will Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Livia Brunner
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Perez
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany.
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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40
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Cassetta L, Baekkevold ES, Brandau S, Bujko A, Cassatella MA, Dorhoi A, Krieg C, Lin A, Loré K, Marini O, Pollard JW, Roussel M, Scapini P, Umansky V, Adema GJ. Deciphering myeloid-derived suppressor cells: isolation and markers in humans, mice and non-human primates. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:687-697. [PMID: 30684003 PMCID: PMC6447515 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cancer, infection and inflammation, the immune system's function can be dysregulated. Instead of fighting disease, immune cells may increase pathology and suppress host-protective immune responses. Myeloid cells show high plasticity and adapt to changing conditions and pathological challenges. Despite their relevance in disease pathophysiology, the identity, heterogeneity and biology of myeloid cells is still poorly understood. We will focus on phenotypical and functional markers of one of the key myeloid regulatory subtypes, the myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), in humans, mice and non-human primates. Technical issues regarding the isolation of the cells from tissues and blood, timing and sample handling of MDSC will be detailed. Localization of MDSC in a tissue context is of crucial importance and immunohistochemistry approaches for this purpose are discussed. A minimal antibody panel for MDSC research is provided as part of the Mye-EUNITER COST action. Strategies for the identification of additional markers applying state of the art technologies such as mass cytometry will be highlighted. Such marker sets can be used to study MDSC phenotypes across tissues, diseases as well as species and will be crucial to accelerate MDSC research in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cassetta
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Espen S Baekkevold
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sven Brandau
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Bujko
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A Cassatella
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Marini
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mikael Roussel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Pôle Biologie, INSERM, UMR U1236, Université Rennes 1, EFS Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Patrizia Scapini
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Thompson EA, Ols S, Miura K, Rausch K, Narum DL, Spångberg M, Juraska M, Wille-Reece U, Weiner A, Howard RF, Long CA, Duffy PE, Johnston L, O'Neil CP, Loré K. TLR-adjuvanted nanoparticle vaccines differentially influence the quality and longevity of responses to malaria antigen Pfs25. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120692. [PMID: 29769448 PMCID: PMC6012510 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) are considered an integral element of malaria eradication efforts. Despite promising evaluations of Plasmodium falciparum Pfs25-based TBVs in mice, clinical trials have failed to induce robust and long-lived Ab titers, in part due to the poorly immunogenic nature of Pfs25. Using nonhuman primates, we demonstrate that multiple aspects of Pfs25 immunity were enhanced by antigen encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)–based [(PLGA)-based] synthetic vaccine particles (SVP[Pfs25]) and potent TLR-based adjuvants. SVP[Pfs25] increased Ab titers, Pfs25-specific plasmablasts, circulating memory B cells, and plasma cells in the bone marrow when benchmarked against the clinically tested multimeric form Pfs25-EPA given with GLA-LSQ. SVP[Pfs25] also induced the first reported Pfs25-specific circulating Th1 and Tfh cells to our knowledge. Multivariate correlative analysis indicated several mechanisms for the improved Ab responses. While Pfs25-specific B cells were responsible for increasing Ab titers, T cell responses stimulated increased Ab avidity. The innate immune activation differentially stimulated by the adjuvants revealed a strong correlation between type I IFN polarization, induced by R848 and CpG, and increased Ab half-life and longevity. Collectively, the data identify ways to improve vaccine-induced immunity to poorly immunogenic proteins, both by the choice of antigen and adjuvant formulation, and highlight underlying immunological mechanisms. Distinct TLR-based adjuvants and nanoparticle protein formulations differentially regulate quality and durability of antibody responses in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kelly Rausch
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mats Spångberg
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Amy Weiner
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Liang F, Lindgren G, Sandgren KJ, Thompson EA, Francica JR, Seubert A, De Gregorio E, Barnett S, O'Hagan DT, Sullivan NJ, Koup RA, Seder RA, Loré K. Vaccine priming is restricted to draining lymph nodes and controlled by adjuvant-mediated antigen uptake. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/393/eaal2094. [PMID: 28592561 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune mechanisms by which adjuvants enhance the potency and protection of vaccine-induced adaptive immunity are largely unknown. We introduce a model to delineate the steps of how adjuvant-driven innate immune activation leads to priming of vaccine responses using rhesus macaques. Fluorescently labeled HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) was administered together with the conventional aluminum salt (alum) adjuvant. This was compared to Env given with alum with preabsorbed Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ligand (alum-TLR7) or the emulsion MF59 because they show superiority over alum for qualitatively and quantitatively improved vaccine responses. All adjuvants induced rapid and robust immune cell infiltration to the injection site in the muscle. This resulted in substantial uptake of Env by neutrophils, monocytes, and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and migration exclusively to the vaccine-draining lymph nodes (LNs). Although less proficient than monocytes and DCs, neutrophils were capable of presenting Env to memory CD4+ T cells. MF59 and alum-TLR7 showed more pronounced cell activation and overall higher numbers of Env+ cells compared to alum. This resulted in priming of higher numbers of Env-specific CD4+ T cells in the vaccine-draining LNs, which directly correlated with increased T follicular helper cell differentiation and germinal center formation. Thus, strong innate immune activation promoting efficient vaccine antigen delivery to infiltrating antigen-presenting cells in draining LNs is an important mechanism by which superior adjuvants enhance vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Abstract
Granulocytes, the most abundant types of leukocytes, are the first line of defense against pathogen invasion. However, the plasticity and diversity of granulocytes have been increasingly revealed, especially with regard to their versatile functions in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. A substantial body of recent evidence demonstrates that granulocytes can acquire the function as antigen-presenting cells under pathological or inflammatory conditions. In addition, they can acquire surface expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules as well as T cell stimulatory behavior when cultured with selected cytokines. The classic view of granulocytes as terminally differentiated, short-lived phagocytes is therefore changing to phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cells that are engaged in cross-talk with other leukocyte populations and provide an additional link between innate and adaptive immunity. In this brief review, we summarize the current knowledge on the antigen-presenting capacity of granulocyte subsets (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils). Underlying mechanisms, relevant physiological significance and potential controversies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Lin A, Liang F, Thompson EA, Vono M, Ols S, Lindgren G, Hassett K, Salter H, Ciaramella G, Loré K. Rhesus Macaque Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Demonstrate T Cell Inhibitory Functions and Are Transiently Increased after Vaccination. J Immunol 2017; 200:286-294. [PMID: 29180488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major regulators of T cell responses in several pathological conditions. Whether MDSCs increase and influence T cell responses in temporary inflammation, such as after vaccine administration, is unknown. Using the rhesus macaque model, which is critical for late-stage vaccine testing, we demonstrate that monocytic (M)-MDSCs and polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs can be detected using several of the markers used in humans. However, whereas rhesus M-MDSCs lacked expression of CD33, PMN-MDSCs were identified as CD33+ low-density neutrophils. Importantly, both M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs showed suppression of T cell proliferation in vitro. The frequency of circulating MDSCs rapidly and transiently increased 24 h after vaccine administration. M-MDSCs infiltrated the vaccine injection site, but not vaccine-draining lymph nodes. This was accompanied by upregulation of genes relevant to MDSCs such as arginase-1, IDO1, PDL1, and IL-10 at the injection site. MDSCs may therefore play a role in locally maintaining immune balance during vaccine-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Lin
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Liang
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Vono
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hugh Salter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Lindgren G, Ols S, Liang F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Hellgren F, Bahl K, John S, Yuzhakov O, Hassett KJ, Brito LA, Salter H, Ciaramella G, Loré K. Induction of Robust B Cell Responses after Influenza mRNA Vaccination Is Accompanied by Circulating Hemagglutinin-Specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T Follicular Helper Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1539. [PMID: 29181005 PMCID: PMC5693886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified mRNA vaccines have developed into an effective and well-tolerated vaccine platform that offers scalable and precise antigen production. Nevertheless, the immunological events leading to strong antibody responses elicited by mRNA vaccines are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that protective levels of antibodies to hemagglutinin were induced after two immunizations of modified non-replicating mRNA encoding influenza H10 encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) in non-human primates. While both intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) administration induced protective titers, ID delivery generated this response more rapidly. Circulating H10-specific memory B cells expanded after each immunization, along with a transient appearance of plasmablasts. The memory B cell pool waned over time but remained detectable throughout the 25-week study. Following prime immunization, H10-specific plasma cells were found in the bone marrow and persisted over time. Germinal centers were formed in vaccine-draining lymph nodes along with an increase in circulating H10-specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells, a population shown to correlate with high avidity antibody responses after seasonal influenza vaccination in humans. Collectively, this study demonstrates that mRNA/LNP vaccines potently induce an immunological repertoire associated with the generation of high magnitude and quality antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Liang
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kapil Bahl
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shinu John
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Luis A Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hugh Salter
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Martinez-Murillo P, Tran K, Guenaga J, Lindgren G, Àdori M, Feng Y, Phad GE, Vázquez Bernat N, Bale S, Ingale J, Dubrovskaya V, O'Dell S, Pramanik L, Spångberg M, Corcoran M, Loré K, Mascola JR, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Particulate Array of Well-Ordered HIV Clade C Env Trimers Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies that Display a Unique V2 Cap Approach. Immunity 2017; 46:804-817.e7. [PMID: 28514687 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of soluble envelope glycoprotein (Env) mimetics displaying ordered trimeric symmetry has ushered in a new era in HIV-1 vaccination. The recently reported native, flexibly linked (NFL) design allows the generation of native-like trimers from clinical isolates at high yields and homogeneity. As the majority of infections world-wide are of the clade C subtype, we examined responses in non-human primates to well-ordered subtype C 16055 trimers administered in soluble or high-density liposomal formats. We detected superior germinal center formation and enhanced autologous neutralizing antibodies against the neutralization-resistant (tier 2) 16055 virus following inoculation of liposome-arrayed trimers. Epitope mapping of the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) indicated major contacts with the V2 apex, and 3D electron microscopy reconstructions of Fab-trimer complexes revealed a horizontal binding angle to the Env spike. These vaccine-elicited mAbs target the V2 cap, demonstrating a means to accomplish tier 2 virus neutralization by penetrating the dense N-glycan shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Monika Àdori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Feng
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shridhar Bale
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jidnyasa Ingale
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Viktoriya Dubrovskaya
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lotta Pramanik
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Spångberg
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Blom K, Sandberg JT, Loré K, Ljunggren HG. Prospects for induction of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity to Zika virus infection by yellow fever virus vaccination. J Intern Med 2017; 282:206-208. [PMID: 28574621 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J T Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H-G Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA
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.Thompson EA, Loré K. Non-human primates as a model for understanding the mechanism of action of toll-like receptor-based vaccine adjuvants. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Vaccari M, Gordon SN, Fourati S, Schifanella L, Liyanage NPM, Cameron M, Keele BF, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Billings E, Rao M, Chung AW, Dowell KG, Bailey-Kellogg C, Brown EP, Ackerman ME, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Whitney S, Doster MN, Binello N, Pegu P, Montefiori DC, Foulds K, Quinn DS, Donaldson M, Liang F, Loré K, Roederer M, Koup RA, McDermott A, Ma ZM, Miller CJ, Phan TB, Forthal DN, Blackburn M, Caccuri F, Bissa M, Ferrari G, Kalyanaraman V, Ferrari MG, Thompson D, Robert-Guroff M, Ratto-Kim S, Kim JH, Michael NL, Phogat S, Barnett SW, Tartaglia J, Venzon D, Stablein DM, Alter G, Sekaly RP, Franchini G. Corrigendum: Adjuvant-dependent innate and adaptive immune signatures of risk of SIVmac251 acquisition. Nat Med 2016; 22:1192. [PMID: 27711066 DOI: 10.1038/nm1016-1192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liang F, Loré K. Local innate immune responses in the vaccine adjuvant-injected muscle. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e74. [PMID: 27195117 PMCID: PMC4855268 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing a high magnitude of antibodies, possibly in combination with T-cell responses that offer epitope breadth over prolonged periods of time is likely a prerequisite for effective vaccines against severe diseases such as HIV-1 infection, malaria and tuberculosis. A much better understanding of the innate immune mechanisms that are critical for inducing desired responses to vaccination would help in the design of novel vaccines. The majority of human vaccines are administered into the muscle. In this brief review, we focus on the initial innate immune events that occur locally at the site of intramuscular vaccine delivery, and how they are influenced by clinically approved vaccine adjuvants. In particular, the effects on cell mobilization, cell activation and vaccine antigen uptake are reviewed. Understanding how distinct adjuvants enhance and tailor vaccine responses would facilitate the selection of the best-suited adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy to a given pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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