1
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Zhou K, Yuzhakov O, Behloul N, Wang D, Bhagat L, Chu D, Zhang X, Cheng X, Fan L, Huang X, Mirabella T. HPV16 E6/E7 -based mRNA vaccine is therapeutic in mice bearing aggressive HPV-positive lesions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213285. [PMID: 37503351 PMCID: PMC10368880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV (Human papillomavirus) affects 600,000 people worldwide each year. Almost all cervical cancers are associated with a past HPV infection. In particular, the positivity to the high-risk type HPV16 is detected in most of the invasive cervical cancers. FDA has approved prophylactic vaccines that protect against new HPV16 infections, but do not induce immunity in those patients with established infections or neoplasms. To date, no therapeutic vaccine targeting HPV16-associated lesions has been authorized. We have developed an mRNA-based vaccine against the HPV16 late oncoproteins E6 and E7, which are abundantly and exclusively expressed in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), a stage of the cervical disease that precedes the progression to carcinoma. Our in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the translated mRNA is functional and elicits an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. Upon immunization with the vaccine, mice with HPV16+ lesions exhibited tumor growth inhibition, extension of lifespan, and development of a protective immune memory. In light of these results and the remarkable clinical success of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV2, we believe that our mRNA-based therapeutic vaccine has the potential to offer a non-invasive treatment alternative to the current standard of care for HPV16+ HSILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Olga Yuzhakov
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
| | | | - Dehua Wang
- R&D Department, Nanjing GeneLeap Biotechnology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lakshmi Bhagat
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Dafeng Chu
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Xinwei Cheng
- R&D Department, Nanjing GeneLeap Biotechnology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Xinyu Huang
- R&D Department, GeneLeap Biotechnology, Woburn, MA, United States
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2
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Lindgren G, Ols S, Liang F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Hellgren F, Bahl K, John S, Yuzhakov O, Hassett KJ, Brito LA, Salter H, Ciaramella G, Loré K. Corrigendum: Induction of Robust B Cell Responses After Influenza mRNA Vaccination Is Accompanied by Circulating Hemagglutinin-Specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T Follicular Helper Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:614. [PMID: 31001251 PMCID: PMC6454145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Liang
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kapil Bahl
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shinu John
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Luis A Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hugh Salter
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Meyer M, Huang E, Yuzhakov O, Ramanathan P, Ciaramella G, Bukreyev A. Modified mRNA-Based Vaccines Elicit Robust Immune Responses and Protect Guinea Pigs From Ebola Virus Disease. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:451-455. [PMID: 29281112 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most current Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine candidates are based on viral vectors, some of which cause side effects or require complex manufacturing. Modified mRNA vaccines are easily produced, safe, and are highly immunogenic. We developed 2 mRNA vaccines based on the EBOV envelope glycoprotein, which differed by the nature of signal peptide for improved glycoprotein post-translational translocation. The mRNAs were formulated with lipid nanoparticles to facilitate delivery. Vaccination of guinea pigs induced EBOV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody responses and 100% survival after EBOV infection. The efficacy of our mRNA vaccine combined with preclinical safety data supports testing in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Eric Huang
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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4
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Hassett KJ, Benenato KE, Jacquinet E, Lee A, Woods A, Yuzhakov O, Himansu S, Deterling J, Geilich BM, Ketova T, Mihai C, Lynn A, McFadyen I, Moore MJ, Senn JJ, Stanton MG, Almarsson Ö, Ciaramella G, Brito LA. Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticles for Intramuscular Administration of mRNA Vaccines. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2019; 15:1-11. [PMID: 30785039 PMCID: PMC6383180 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have the potential to tackle many unmet medical needs that are unable to be addressed with conventional vaccine technologies. A potent and well-tolerated delivery technology is integral to fully realizing the potential of mRNA vaccines. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that mRNA delivered intramuscularly (IM) with first-generation lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) generates robust immune responses. Despite progress made over the past several years, there remains significant opportunity for improvement, as the most advanced LNPs were designed for intravenous (IV) delivery of siRNA to the liver. Here, we screened a panel of proprietary biodegradable ionizable lipids for both expression and immunogenicity in a rodent model when administered IM. A subset of compounds was selected and further evaluated for tolerability, immunogenicity, and expression in rodents and non-human primates (NHPs). A lead formulation was identified that yielded a robust immune response with improved tolerability. More importantly for vaccines, increased innate immune stimulation driven by LNPs does not equate to increased immunogenicity, illustrating that mRNA vaccine tolerability can be improved without affecting potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerry E. Benenato
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Jacquinet
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aisha Lee
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela Woods
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Olga Yuzhakov
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sunny Himansu
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jessica Deterling
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Tatiana Ketova
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cosmin Mihai
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andy Lynn
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Iain McFadyen
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melissa J. Moore
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph J. Senn
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Örn Almarsson
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Luis A. Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author: Luis A. Brito, Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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John S, Yuzhakov O, Woods A, Deterling J, Hassett K, Shaw CA, Ciaramella G. Multi-antigenic human cytomegalovirus mRNA vaccines that elicit potent humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 2018; 36:1689-1699. [PMID: 29456015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine that is effective at preventing congenital infection and reducing CMV disease in transplant patients remains a high priority as no approved vaccines exist. While the precise correlates of protection are unknown, neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cells have been implicated in controlling infection. We demonstrate that the immunization of mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) with lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encapsulating modified mRNA encoding CMV glycoproteins gB and pentameric complex (PC) elicit potent and durable neutralizing antibody titers. Since the protective correlates in pregnant women and transplant recipients may differ, we developed an additional mRNA vaccine expressing the immunodominant CMV T cell antigen pp65. Administration of pp65 vaccine with PC and gB elicited robust multi-antigenic T cell responses in mice. Our data demonstrate that mRNA/LNP is a versatile platform that enables the development of vaccination strategies that could prevent CMV infection and consequent disease in different target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinu John
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Olga Yuzhakov
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela Woods
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jessica Deterling
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kimberly Hassett
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christine A Shaw
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giuseppe Ciaramella
- Infectious Disease Therapeutic Area, Moderna, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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6
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Lindgren G, Ols S, Liang F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Hellgren F, Bahl K, John S, Yuzhakov O, Hassett KJ, Brito LA, Salter H, Ciaramella G, Loré K. Induction of Robust B Cell Responses after Influenza mRNA Vaccination Is Accompanied by Circulating Hemagglutinin-Specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T Follicular Helper Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1539. [PMID: 29181005 PMCID: PMC5693886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified mRNA vaccines have developed into an effective and well-tolerated vaccine platform that offers scalable and precise antigen production. Nevertheless, the immunological events leading to strong antibody responses elicited by mRNA vaccines are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that protective levels of antibodies to hemagglutinin were induced after two immunizations of modified non-replicating mRNA encoding influenza H10 encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) in non-human primates. While both intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) administration induced protective titers, ID delivery generated this response more rapidly. Circulating H10-specific memory B cells expanded after each immunization, along with a transient appearance of plasmablasts. The memory B cell pool waned over time but remained detectable throughout the 25-week study. Following prime immunization, H10-specific plasma cells were found in the bone marrow and persisted over time. Germinal centers were formed in vaccine-draining lymph nodes along with an increase in circulating H10-specific ICOS+ PD-1+ CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells, a population shown to correlate with high avidity antibody responses after seasonal influenza vaccination in humans. Collectively, this study demonstrates that mRNA/LNP vaccines potently induce an immunological repertoire associated with the generation of high magnitude and quality antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Liang
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kapil Bahl
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shinu John
- Valera LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Luis A Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hugh Salter
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Bahl K, Senn JJ, Yuzhakov O, Bulychev A, Brito LA, Hassett KJ, Laska ME, Smith M, Almarsson Ö, Thompson J, Ribeiro AM, Watson M, Zaks T, Ciaramella G. Preclinical and Clinical Demonstration of Immunogenicity by mRNA Vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1316-1327. [PMID: 28457665 PMCID: PMC5475249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization confirmed 120 new human cases of avian H7N9 influenza in China resulting in 37 deaths, highlighting the concern for a potential pandemic and the need for an effective, safe, and high-speed vaccine production platform. Production speed and scale of mRNA-based vaccines make them ideally suited to impede potential pandemic threats. Here we show that lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated, modified mRNA vaccines, encoding hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of H10N8 (A/Jiangxi-Donghu/346/2013) or H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013), generated rapid and robust immune responses in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. A single dose of H7N9 mRNA protected mice from a lethal challenge and reduced lung viral titers in ferrets. Interim results from a first-in-human, escalating-dose, phase 1 H10N8 study show very high seroconversion rates, demonstrating robust prophylactic immunity in humans. Adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate with only a few severe and no serious events. These data show that LNP-formulated, modified mRNA vaccines can induce protective immunogenicity with acceptable tolerability profiles.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunization Schedule
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Protamines
- RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/pharmacokinetics
- RNA, Viral
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Bahl
- Valera, A Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joe J Senn
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Olga Yuzhakov
- Valera, A Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex Bulychev
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luis A Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hassett
- Valera, A Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael E Laska
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mike Smith
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Örn Almarsson
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James Thompson
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Mike Watson
- Valera, A Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tal Zaks
- Moderna Therapeutics, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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8
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Laganas VA, Dunn EF, McLaughlin RE, Tiong-Yip CL, Yuzhakov O, Isabella VM, Hill P, Yu Q. Characterization of novel respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors identified by high throughput screen. Antiviral Res 2014; 115:71-4. [PMID: 25542974 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections with no effective treatment available. Finding novel inhibitors of RSV is an important first step towards developing an efficacious RSV therapy. Here we report the characterization of three novel classes of RSV replication inhibitors identified through a high throughput RSV replicon screen of ∼1million compounds in the AstraZeneca compound collection. These inhibitors, cpd 1, 2, and 3, specifically targeted RSV and were not active against other viruses tested. Resistance selection in RSV A2 with cpd 1 identified escape viruses with mutations mapped to the RSV L protein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Y1631C and I1413T). Recombinant RSV containing the L Y1631C substitution conferred resistance towards cpd 1, suggesting that the RSV polymerase is the target of this inhibitor. Interestingly, cpd 3, a nucleoside analog, induced a single resistant mutation in the P protein (D231V), indicating a novel mode of action not previously reported. cpd 2 affected host cell cycle and no frequent mutation was isolated following resistance selection, suggesting its possible involvement of a host-targeted mechanism. Taken together, we have identified three novel RSV inhibitors with different modes of action, providing new chemistry starting points for the discovery and development of future RSV therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Laganas
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Ewan F Dunn
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Robert E McLaughlin
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Choi Lai Tiong-Yip
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Olga Yuzhakov
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Vincent M Isabella
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Pamela Hill
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Qin Yu
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States.
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