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Carlson DA, Hirano I, Gonsalves N, Kahrilas PJ, Araujo IK, Yang M, Tetreault MP, Pandolfino JE. Composite score of physiomechanical esophageal function using functional lumen imaging probe panometry in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2024; 99:499-510.e1. [PMID: 37890596 PMCID: PMC11090643 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The evaluation provided by functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) panometry includes esophageal distensibility/compliance (mechanics) of the esophageal body and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) and esophageal motility (secondary peristalsis). We developed a composite score using these parameters to characterize physiomechanical function in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). METHODS Two hundred fifteen adult patients with EoE who completed FLIP panometry during sedated endoscopy with esophageal biopsy sampling were included. FLIP metrics of esophageal body Compliance, Contractile response, Distensibility plateau, and maximum EGJ Diameter (C2D2) were scored as 0 for normal versus 1 or 2 for increasing degree of abnormality. Scores were summed to calculate the composite C2D2 score. RESULTS The C2D2 score had a significant positive correlation with mucosal eosinophil count (ρ = .241) and total Endoscopic EoE Reference Score (ρ = .467). Among 46 patients off treatment at the baseline evaluation, future proton pump inhibitor (PPI) responders (ie, achieved mucosal eosinophil count <15 per high-powered field after PPI treatment) had lower C2D2 scores than PPI nonresponders (median, 2 [interquartile range, 1-3] vs 4 [interquartile range, 2-6], respectively; P = .003). A regression model (that controlled for age, sex, and baseline eosinophil count) showed a C2D2 score ≤3 had an odds ratio of 14.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.6-85) to predict future PPI response. However, total Endoscopic EoE Reference Scores (P = .142) and baseline eosinophil count (P = .480) did not differ between PPI responders and PPI nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS This composite score of FLIP panometry metrics, the C2D2 score, may facilitate characterizing physiomechanical function in EoE and serve as an objective outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Carlson
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nirmala Gonsalves
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J Kahrilas
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Isis K Araujo
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mira Yang
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Kenneth C. Griffin Esophageal Center of Northwestern Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Araujo IK, Shehata C, Hirano I, Gonsalves N, Kahrilas PJ, Tetreault MP, Schauer JM, Farina D, Peterson S, Kou W, Pandolfino JE, Carlson DA. The Severity of Reduced Esophageal Distensibility Parallels Eosinophilic Esophagitis Disease Duration. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 22:513-522.e1. [PMID: 37164112 PMCID: PMC10630533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) results in progressive, fibrostenotic remodeling of the esophageal wall. This study aimed to demonstrate objective changes in esophageal distensibility relative to duration of EoE disease using a functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP). METHODS Adult patients with EoE who completed a 16-cm FLIP protocol during endoscopy were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. FLIP analysis focused on distensibility plateau (DP) of the esophageal body. The time from onset of symptoms to time of endoscopy with FLIP was assessed, as was time from symptom onset to EoE diagnosis (ie, diagnostic delay). RESULTS A total of 171 patients (mean age 38 ± 12 years; 31% female) were included; the median symptom duration was 8 (interquartile range, 3-15) years and diagnostic delay was 4 (interquartile range, 1-12) years. At the time of endoscopy with FLIP, there were 54 patients (39%) in histologic remission (<15 eosinophils per high-power field [eos/hpf]). Symptom duration and diagnostic delay were negatively correlated with DP (rho = -0.326 and -0.309; P values < .001). Abnormal esophageal distensibility (DP ≤17 mm) was more prevalent with increased duration of symptoms (P < .004): 23% at <5 years to 64% at ≥25 years. When stratifying the cohort based on mucosal eosinophil density, patients with ≥15 eos/hpf had significantly lower DP with greater symptom duration (P = .004), while there was not a significant difference among patients with <15 eos/hpf (P = .060). CONCLUSIONS Esophageal distensibility objectively measured with FLIP was reduced in EoE patients with greater symptom duration and diagnostic delay. This supports that EoE is a progressive, fibrostenotic disease and that FLIP may be a useful tool to monitor disease progression in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis K Araujo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Shehata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nimala Gonsalves
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter J Kahrilas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob M Schauer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Domenico Farina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie Peterson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wenjun Kou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dustin A Carlson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Pandey S, Cholak ME, Yadali R, Sosman JA, Tetreault MP, Fang D, Pollack SM, Gnjatic S, Obeng RC, Lyerly HK, Sonabend AM, Guevara-Patiño JA, Butterfield LH, Zhang B, Maecker HT, Le Poole IC. Immune Assessment Today: Optimizing and Standardizing Efforts to Monitor Immune Responses in Cancer and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:475. [PMID: 38339227 PMCID: PMC10854499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As part of a symposium, current and former directors of Immune Monitoring cores and investigative oncologists presented insights into the past, present and future of immune assessment. Dr. Gnjatic presented a classification of immune monitoring technologies ranging from universally applicable to experimental protocols, while emphasizing the need for assay harmonization. Dr. Obeng discussed physiologic differences among CD8 T cells that align with anti-tumor responses. Dr. Lyerly presented the Soldano Ferrone lecture, commemorating the passionate tumor immunologist who inspired many, and covered a timeline of monitoring technology development and its importance to immuno-oncology. Dr. Sonabend presented recent achievements in glioblastoma treatment, accentuating the range of monitoring techniques that allowed him to refine patient selection for clinical trials. Dr. Guevara-Patiño focused on hypoxia within the tumor environment and stressed that T cell viability is not to be confused with functionality. Dr. Butterfield accentuated monitoring of dendritic cell metabolic (dys)function as a determinant for tumor vaccine success. Lectures were interspersed with select abstract presentations. To summarize the concepts, Dr. Maecker from Stanford led an informative forum discussion, pointing towards the future of immune monitoring. Immune monitoring continues to be a guiding light towards effective immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Pandey
- Immunotherapy Assessment Core, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.P.); (M.E.C.); (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Meghan E. Cholak
- Immunotherapy Assessment Core, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.P.); (M.E.C.); (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rishita Yadali
- Immunotherapy Assessment Core, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.P.); (M.E.C.); (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Deyu Fang
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Seth M. Pollack
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Rebecca C. Obeng
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - H. Kim Lyerly
- Center for Applied Therapeutics, Duke Cancer Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Adam M. Sonabend
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
| | | | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Immunotherapy Assessment Core, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.P.); (M.E.C.); (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- Immunotherapy Assessment Core, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.P.); (M.E.C.); (R.Y.); (B.Z.)
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.A.S.); (M.-P.T.); (D.F.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.S.)
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Carlson DA, Hirano I, Gonsalves N, Kahrilas PJ, Araujo IK, Yang M, Tetreault MP, Pandolfino JE. A PhysioMechanical Model of Esophageal Function in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:552-563.e4. [PMID: 37263308 PMCID: PMC10527622 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, but also heterogeneous presentations involving fibrostenotic esophageal remodeling and esophageal dysmotility. We aimed to define and evaluate phenotypes of EoE using functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) panometry (ie, a PhysioMechanical classification of EoE). METHODS Patients with EoE who completed FLIP during endoscopy were included in a cross-sectional study. FLIP studies were analyzed for distensibility plateau and compliance of the esophageal body, maximum esophagogastric junction diameter, and contractile response pattern. These FLIP features were then applied to define PhysioMechanical classifications. RESULTS A total of 215 patients with EoE (mean [standard deviation] age 38 [12] years; 31% female) were included. Seven PhysioMechanical classifications were identified that differed by various clinical characteristics, including symptom duration (P < .001) and Endoscopic EoE Reference Scores (EREFS) (P < .001). In particular, patients with "nonreactive fibrostenosis" (n = 14), had greater symptom duration (median [interquartile range] 20 [10-30] years) and more frequently had EREFS grade 2 or 3 ring scores (14 of 14 patients) than patients with a "normal" PhysioMechanical classification (symptom duration: 3 [1-8] years; 4 of 50 [8%] had EREFS grade 2 or 3 rings). In addition, among patients off treatment at cross-sectional evaluation (n = 46), there was a difference between PhysioMechanical classifications in future proton pump inhibitor (PPI) response rates (ie, achieving peak mucosal eosinophil count <15 per high-powered field after PPI treatment); P = .009. PPI response ranged from 87% (13 of 15 patients) with "isolated esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction" to 11% (1 of 9 patients) with "spastic-reactive fibrostenosis." CONCLUSIONS Classifying PhysioMechanical esophageal function in EoE based on FLIP panometry features may facilitate defining disease severity and directing management in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nirmala Gonsalves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter J Kahrilas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Isis K Araujo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mira Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Stoeger T, Grant RA, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Anekalla KR, Liu SS, Tejedor-Navarro H, Singer BD, Abdala-Valencia H, Schwake M, Tetreault MP, Perlman H, Balch WE, Chandel NS, Ridge KM, Sznajder JI, Morimoto RI, Misharin AV, Budinger GRS, Nunes Amaral LA. Aging is associated with a systemic length-associated transcriptome imbalance. Nat Aging 2022; 2:1191-1206. [PMID: 37118543 PMCID: PMC10154227 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is among the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality. To contribute toward a molecular understanding of aging, we analyzed age-resolved transcriptomic data from multiple studies. Here, we show that transcript length alone explains most transcriptional changes observed with aging in mice and humans. We present three lines of evidence supporting the biological importance of the uncovered transcriptome imbalance. First, in vertebrates the length association primarily displays a lower relative abundance of long transcripts in aging. Second, eight antiaging interventions of the Interventions Testing Program of the National Institute on Aging can counter this length association. Third, we find that in humans and mice the genes with the longest transcripts enrich for genes reported to extend lifespan, whereas those with the shortest transcripts enrich for genes reported to shorten lifespan. Our study opens fundamental questions on aging and the organization of transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stoeger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Rogan A Grant
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Kishore R Anekalla
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sophia S Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Luis A Nunes Amaral
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Carlson DA, Prescott JE, Germond E, Brenner D, Carns M, Correia CS, Tetreault MP, McMahan ZH, Hinchcliff M, Kou W, Kahrilas PJ, Perlman HR, Pandolfino JE. Heterogeneity of primary and secondary peristalsis in systemic sclerosis: A new model of "scleroderma esophagus". Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14284. [PMID: 34709690 PMCID: PMC9046463 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although esophageal dysmotility is common in systemic sclerosis (SSc)/scleroderma, little is known regarding the pathophysiology of motor abnormalities driving reflux severity and dysphagia. This study aimed to assess primary and secondary peristalsis in SSc using a comprehensive esophageal motility assessment applying high-resolution manometry (HRM) and functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) Panometry. METHODS A total of 32 patients with scleroderma (28 female; ages 38-77; 20 limited SSc, 12 diffuse SSc) completed FLIP Panometry and HRM. Secondary peristalsis, i.e., contractile responses (CR), was classified on FLIP Panometry by pattern of contractility as normal (NCR), borderline (BCR), impaired/disordered (IDCR), or absent (ACR). Primary peristalsis on HRM was assessed according to the Chicago classification. RESULTS The manometric diagnoses were 56% (n = 18) absent contractility, 22% (n = 7) ineffective esophageal motility (IEM), and 22% (n = 7) normal motility. Secondary peristalsis (CRs) included 38% (n = 12) ACR, 38% (n = 12) IDCR, 19% (n = 6) BCR, and 15% (n = 5) NCR. The median (IQR) esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility index (DI) was 5.8 mm2 /mmHg (4.8-10.1) mm2 /mmHg; EGJ-DI was >8.0 mm2 /mmHg in 31%, and >2.0 mm2 /mmHg in 100% of patients. Among 18 patients with absent contractility on HRM, 11 had ACR, 5 had IDCR, and 2 had BCR. Among 7 patients with IEM, 1 had ACR, 5 had IDCR, and 1 NCR. All of the patients with normal peristalsis had NCR or BCR. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study assessing combined HRM and FLIP Panometry in a cohort of SSc patients, which demonstrated heterogeneity in primary and secondary peristalsis. This complementary approach facilitates characterizing esophageal function in SSc, although future study to examine clinical outcomes remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A. Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Prescott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emma Germond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Darren Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Carns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chase S. Correia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna H. McMahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenjun Kou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter J Kahrilas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harris R. Perlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John E. Pandolfino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Rosenberg AJ, Wainwright DA, Rademaker A, Galvez C, Genet M, Zhai L, Lauing KL, Mulcahy MF, Hayes JP, Odell DD, Horbinski C, Komanduri S, Tetreault MP, Kim KYA, Villaflor VM. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and overall survival of patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23482-23493. [PMID: 29805749 PMCID: PMC5955099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme with immunomodulatory properties that has emerged as a potential immunotherapeutic target in human cancer. However, the role, expression pattern, and relevance of IDO1 in esophageal cancer (EC) are poorly understood. Here, we utilize gene expression analysis of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to better understand the role and prognostic significance of IDO1 in EC. RESULTS High IDO1 mRNA levels were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in both esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P = 0.02) and adenocarcinoma (AC) (P = 0.036). High co-expression of IDO1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was associated with worse OS in SCC (P = 0.0031) and AC (P = 0.0186). IHC for IDO1 in SCC showed a significant correlation with PD-L1 (P < 0.0001) and CD3ε (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS EC with high IDO1 and PD-L1 expression is significantly correlated with decreased patient survival, and may correlate with increased T-cells. These data suggest that simultaneous inhibition of IDO1 and PD-(L)1 may overcome important barriers to T-cell mediated immune rejection of EC. MATERIALS AND METHODS mRNA expression data from TCGA (SCC N = 87; AC N = 97). IHC in a second cohort of EC (N = 93) were stained for IDO1, PD-L1, and CD3ε, followed by light microscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari J. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Alfred Rademaker
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Carlos Galvez
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Matthew Genet
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Mary F. Mulcahy
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - John P. Hayes
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - David D. Odell
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Srinadh Komanduri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | | | - Kwang-Youn A. Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
| | - Victoria M. Villaflor
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
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8
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Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with diverse and essential functions in a multitude of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, inflammation and pluripotency. In this Review, we discuss the roles and regulation of the 17 known KLFs in various cancer-relevant processes. Importantly, the functions of KLFs are context dependent, with some KLFs having different roles in normal cells and cancer, during cancer development and progression and in different cancer types. We also identify key questions for the field that are likely to lead to important new translational research and discoveries in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 913 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104-6144, USA
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9
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Yang Y, Tarapore RS, Jarmel MH, Tetreault MP, Katz JP. p53 mutation alters the effect of the esophageal tumor suppressor KLF5 on keratinocyte proliferation. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4033-9. [PMID: 22990386 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a key transcriptional regulator that is typically pro-proliferative in non-transformed epithelial cells but inhibits proliferation in transformed epithelial cells. However, the underlying mechanisms for this context-dependent function are not known. KLF5 is epigenetically silenced and exhibits a tumor suppressive function in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). Since p53 mutation is the most common genetic alteration in ESCC, as in other human epithelial cancers, we hypothesized that the context-dependent functions of KLF5 in cell proliferation were dependent on p53 status. In fact, in non-transformed human primary esophageal keratinocytes, when p53 was wild-type, KLF5 was pro-proliferative; however, KLF5 became anti-proliferative when p53 was mutated. KLF5 loss in human primary keratinocytes harboring p53 mutation accelerated the cell cycle and decreased expression of p21Waf1/Cip1; similar effects were also seen in ESCC cells with established p53 mutations. Further, p21Waf1/Cip1 was directly and differentially bound and regulated by KLF5 in the presence or absence of mutant p53, and suppression of p21Waf1/Cip1 reversed the antiproliferative effects of KLF5 in the presence of p53 mutation. Thus, KLF5 is a critical brake on an aberrant cell cycle, with important tumor suppressive functions in esophageal squamous cell and potentially other epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Tetreault MP, Alrabaa R, McGeehan M, Katz JP. Krüppel-like factor 5 protects against murine colitis and activates JAK-STAT signaling in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38338. [PMID: 22675454 PMCID: PMC3364979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is characterized by chronic or recurring inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, affects 1.4 million persons in the United States alone. KLF5, a Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family member, is expressed within the epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract and has been implicated in rapid cell proliferation, migration, and remodeling in a number of tissues. Given these functions, we hypothesized that constitutive Klf5 expression would protect against the development of colitis in vivo. To examine the role of KLF5 in vivo, we used the Villin promoter to target Klf5 to the entire horizontal axis of the small intestine and colon. Villin-Klf5 transgenic mice were born at normal Mendelian ratios and appeared grossly normal to at least 1 year of age. Surprisingly, there were no significant changes in cell proliferation or in the differentiation of any of the intestinal lineages within the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of Villin-Klf5 mice, compared to littermate controls. However, when Villin-Klf5 mice were treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis, they developed less colonic injury and significantly reduced disease activity scores than littermate controls. The mechanism for this decreased injury may come via JAK-STAT signaling, the activation of which was increased in colonic mucosa of DSS treated Villin-Klf5 mice compared to controls. Thus, KLF5 and its downstream mediators may provide therapeutic targets and disease markers for IBD or other diseases characterized by injury and disruption of intestinal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rami Alrabaa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan McGeehan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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11
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Yang Y, Lai D, Tetreault MP, Katz JP. Abstract 2035: The effect of KLF5 on cell cycle progression depends upon p53 status. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: p53 mutation is one of the most common genetic events in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC), and loss of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in the context of p53 mutation transforms primary esophageal squamous epithelial cells. Interestingly, while KLF5 promotes proliferation in non-transformed esophageal squamous epithelial cells, KLF5 is growth inhibitory in ESCC. The mechanisms of this context dependent effect of KLF5 on cell Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the effect of KLF5 on cell cycle progression is dependent on p53 status. Methods: Human primary esophageal keratinocytes with or without either wild type or mutant p53R175H were transduced with lentivirus expressing inducible KLF5 shRNA or control. We investigated cell proliferation by MTT assay and cell cycle progression by flow cytometry. The expression of the cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases were assessed by quantitave PCR. p21waf/cip1 activity was determined using a luciferase reporter. Results: In the context of wild-type p53, KLF5 suppression decreased cell proliferation and produced growth arrest at G2/M, with decreases in cyclin A2 and cyclin E1expression. In contrast, KLF5 loss in human primary keratinocytes harboring the common human p53 mutation p53R175H accelerated the cell cycle with more cells in G1/S and increased cyclin D1 expression. Interestingly, KLF5 directly bound within the p53 response elements in the regulatory region of p21waf/cip1 and activated its promoter activity only in cell with mutant p53. In addition, KLF5 suppression diminished p21waf/cip1 responsiveness to UV irradiation and growth factor depletion only in p53 mutant cells. Conclusions: Here, we identify a novel mechanism for context dependent effects of KLF5 on cell cycle via p53. These findings, in combination with the previously-established effects of KLF5 and p53 loss on cellular transformation, suggest that KLF5 is an important brake on the cell cycle and may function as a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell cancer.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2035. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2035
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Yang
- 1University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dongming Lai
- 2Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guabgzhou, China
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12
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Yang Y, Nakagawa H, Tetreault MP, Billig J, Victor N, Goyal A, Sepulveda AR, Katz JP. Loss of transcription factor KLF5 in the context of p53 ablation drives invasive progression of human squamous cell cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6475-84. [PMID: 21868761 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell cancers account for more than half of all human cancers, and esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The majority of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas have identifiable p53 mutations, yet the same p53 mutations are found at comparable frequencies in precancerous dysplasia, indicating that transformation requires additional somatic changes yet to be defined. Here, we show that the zinc finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) transactivates NOTCH1 in the context of p53 mutation or loss. KLF5 loss limited NOTCH1 activity and was sufficient on its own to transform primary human keratinocytes harboring mutant p53, leading to the formation of invasive tumors. Restoration of NOTCH1 blocked transformation of KLF5-deficient and p53-mutant keratinocytes. Although human dysplastic epithelia accumulated KLF5, KLF5 expression was lost concurrently with NOTCH1 in squamous cell cancers. Taken together, these results define KLF5 loss as a critical event in squamous cell transformation and invasion. Our findings suggest that KLF5 may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic target in esophageal squamous carcinomas and possibly more generally in other cancers associated with p53 loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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13
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Tetreault MP, Yang Y, Travis J, Yu QC, Klein-Szanto A, Tobias JW, Katz JP. Esophageal squamous cell dysplasia and delayed differentiation with deletion of krüppel-like factor 4 in murine esophagus. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:171-81.e9. [PMID: 20347813 PMCID: PMC3265336 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf; previously known a gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor) is a DNA-binding transcriptional regulator highly expressed in skin and gastrointestinal epithelia, specifically in regions of cellular differentiation. Homozygous null mice for Klf4 die shortly after birth from skin defects, precluding their analysis at later stages. The aim of this study was to analyze the function of Klf4 in keratinocyte biology and epithelial homeostasis in the adult by focusing on the squamous lined esophagus. METHODS By using the ED-L2 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus to drive Cre, we obtained tissue-specific ablation of Klf4 in the squamous epithelia of the tongue, esophagus, and forestomach. RESULTS Mice with loss of Klf4 in esophageal epithelia survived to adulthood, bypassing the early lethality. Tissue-specific Klf4 knockout mice had increased basal cell proliferation and a delay in cellular maturation; these mice developed epithelial hypertrophy and subsequent dysplasia by 6 months of age. Moreover, loss of Klf4 in vivo was associated with increased expression of the pro-proliferative Klf5, and Klf4 down-regulated Klf5 both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. By using gene expression profiling, we also showed decreased expression of critical late-stage differentiation factors and identified alterations of several genes important in cellular differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Klf4 is essential for squamous epithelial differentiation in vivo and interacts with Klf5 to maintain normal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yizeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jenna Travis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qian-Chun Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Bioinformatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Correspondence: Jonathan P. Katz, M.D., Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 600 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6144 USA; Tel.: 215-746-7780; Fax: 215-573-2024;
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14
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Yang Y, Tetreault MP, Yermolina YA, Goldstein BG, Katz JP. Krüppel-like factor 5 controls keratinocyte migration via the integrin-linked kinase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18812-20. [PMID: 18450752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801384200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of epithelial cells is critical for normal homeostasis in gut and skin, but the factors regulating this process are not completely understood. The zinc finger transcription factor Klf5 (IKLF; BTEB2) is highly expressed in proliferating cells of esophagus, skin, and other organs. We hypothesized that Klf5 regulates keratinocyte migration via the integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which, like Klf5, is localized to basal keratinocytes. We stably transduced mouse primary esophageal keratinocytes to overexpress Klf5 or small interfering RNA against Klf5. Klf5 overexpression in keratinocytes increased migration and correlated directly with ILK expression and activation. ILK expression restored migratory capacity in keratinocytes with suppression of Klf5, whereas ILK small interfering RNA blocked the increased migration resulting from Klf5 overexpression. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, electromobility shift assay, and luciferase reporter assays, we confirmed that ILK was a direct target for Klf5. In addition, Klf5 induced the activation of the ILK targets Cdc42 and myosin light chain, which are critical for cell migration and motility but not Rac1, AKT, or GSK3beta. Overall, these results demonstrate that Klf5 is a key regulator of cell migration via ILK and provide new insight into the regulation of epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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