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Damstra HGJ, Mohar B, Eddison M, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC, Tillberg PW. Ten-fold Robust Expansion Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4698. [PMID: 37397797 PMCID: PMC10308184 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a powerful technique to overcome the diffraction limit of light microscopy that can be applied in both tissues and cells. In ExM, samples are embedded in a swellable polymer gel to physically expand the sample and isotropically increase resolution in x, y, and z. By systematic exploration of the ExM recipe space, we developed a novel ExM method termed Ten-fold Robust Expansion Microscopy (TREx) that, as the original ExM method, requires no specialized equipment or procedures. TREx enables ten-fold expansion of both thick mouse brain tissue sections and cultured human cells, can be handled easily, and enables high-resolution subcellular imaging with a single expansion step. Furthermore, TREx can provide ultrastructural context to subcellular protein localization by combining antibody-stained samples with off-the-shelf small molecule stains for both total protein and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G. J. Damstra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boaz Mohar
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang Y, Krabbe S, Eddison M, Henry FE, Fleishman G, Lemire AL, Wang L, Korff W, Tillberg PW, Lüthi A, Sternson SM. Multimodal mapping of cell types and projections in the central nucleus of the amygdala. eLife 2023; 12:84262. [PMID: 36661218 PMCID: PMC9977318 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is a brain region that integrates external and internal sensory information and executes innate and adaptive behaviors through distinct output pathways. Despite its complex functions, the diversity of molecularly defined neuronal types in the CEA and their contributions to major axonal projection targets have not been examined systematically. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to classify molecularly defined cell types in the CEA and identified marker genes to map the location of these neuronal types using expansion-assisted iterative fluorescence in situ hybridization (EASI-FISH). We developed new methods to integrate EASI-FISH with 5-plex retrograde axonal labeling to determine the spatial, morphological, and connectivity properties of ~30,000 molecularly defined CEA neurons. Our study revealed spatiomolecular organization of the CEA, with medial and lateral CEA associated with distinct molecularly defined cell families. We also found a long-range axon projection network from the CEA, where target regions receive inputs from multiple molecularly defined cell types. Axon collateralization was found primarily among projections to hindbrain targets, which are distinct from forebrain projections. This resource reports marker gene combinations for molecularly defined cell types and axon-projection types, which will be useful for selective interrogation of these neuronal populations to study their contributions to the diverse functions of the CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Sabine Krabbe
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Fredrick E Henry
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Greg Fleishman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Andrew L Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Lihua Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Paul W Tillberg
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute & Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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3
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Damstra HGJ, Mohar B, Eddison M, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC, Tillberg PW. Visualizing cellular and tissue ultrastructure using Ten-fold Robust Expansion Microscopy (TREx). eLife 2022; 11:73775. [PMID: 35179128 PMCID: PMC8887890 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a powerful technique to overcome the diffraction limit of light microscopy that can be applied in both tissues and cells. In ExM, samples are embedded in a swellable polymer gel to physically expand the sample and isotropically increase resolution in x, y, and z. The maximum resolution increase is limited by the expansion factor of the gel, which is four-fold for the original ExM protocol. Variations on the original ExM method have been reported that allow for greater expansion factors but at the cost of ease of adoption or versatility. Here, we systematically explore the ExM recipe space and present a novel method termed Ten-fold Robust Expansion Microscopy (TREx) that, like the original ExM method, requires no specialized equipment or procedures. We demonstrate that TREx gels expand 10-fold, can be handled easily, and can be applied to both thick mouse brain tissue sections and cultured human cells enabling high-resolution subcellular imaging with a single expansion step. Furthermore, we show that TREx can provide ultrastructural context to subcellular protein localization by combining antibody-stained samples with off-the-shelf small-molecule stains for both total protein and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G J Damstra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boaz Mohar
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, United States
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, United States
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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4
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Damstra HGJ, Mohar B, Eddison M, Akhmanova A, Kapitein LC, Tillberg PW. Correction: Visualizing cellular and tissue ultrastructure using Ten-fold Robust Expansion Microscopy (TREx). eLife 2022; 11:85169. [PMID: 36444779 PMCID: PMC9708063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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5
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Wang Y, Eddison M, Fleishman G, Weigert M, Xu S, Wang T, Rokicki K, Goina C, Henry FE, Lemire AL, Schmidt U, Yang H, Svoboda K, Myers EW, Saalfeld S, Korff W, Sternson SM, Tillberg PW. EASI-FISH for thick tissue defines lateral hypothalamus spatio-molecular organization. Cell 2021; 184:6361-6377.e24. [PMID: 34875226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Determining the spatial organization and morphological characteristics of molecularly defined cell types is a major bottleneck for characterizing the architecture underpinning brain function. We developed Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (EASI-FISH) to survey gene expression in brain tissue, as well as a turnkey computational pipeline to rapidly process large EASI-FISH image datasets. EASI-FISH was optimized for thick brain sections (300 μm) to facilitate reconstruction of spatio-molecular domains that generalize across brains. Using the EASI-FISH pipeline, we investigated the spatial distribution of dozens of molecularly defined cell types in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), a brain region with poorly defined anatomical organization. Mapping cell types in the LHA revealed nine spatially and molecularly defined subregions. EASI-FISH also facilitates iterative reanalysis of scRNA-seq datasets to determine marker-genes that further dissociated spatial and morphological heterogeneity. The EASI-FISH pipeline democratizes mapping molecularly defined cell types, enabling discoveries about brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Greg Fleishman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Martin Weigert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shengjin Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tim Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Konrad Rokicki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Cristian Goina
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Fredrick E Henry
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Andrew L Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Uwe Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hui Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eugene W Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Paul W Tillberg
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Prolonged periods of forced social isolation is detrimental to well-being, yet we know little about which genes regulate susceptibility to its effects. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, social isolation induces stark changes in behavior including increased aggression, locomotor activity, and resistance to ethanol sedation. To identify genes regulating sensitivity to isolation, I screened a collection of sixteen hundred P-element insertion lines for mutants with abnormal levels of all three isolation-induced behaviors. The screen identified three mutants whose affected genes are likely central to regulating the effects of isolation in flies. One mutant, sex pistol (sxp), became extremely aggressive and resistant to ethanol sedation when socially isolated. sxp also had a high level of male–male courtship. The mutation in sxp reduced the expression of two minor isoforms of the actin regulator hts (adducin), as well as mildly reducing expression of CalpA, a calcium-dependent protease. As a consequence, sxp also had increased expression of the insulin-like peptide, dILP5. Analysis of the social behavior of sxp suggests that these minor hts isoforms function to limit isolation-induced aggression, while chronically high levels of dILP5 increase male–male courtship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eddison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.
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Arshadi C, Günther U, Eddison M, Harrington KIS, Ferreira TA. SNT: a unifying toolbox for quantification of neuronal anatomy. Nat Methods 2021; 18:374-377. [PMID: 33795878 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SNT is an end-to-end framework for neuronal morphometry and whole-brain connectomics that supports tracing, proof-editing, visualization, quantification and modeling of neuroanatomy. With an open architecture, a large user base, community-based documentation, support for complex imagery and several model organisms, SNT is a flexible resource for the broad neuroscience community. SNT is both a desktop application and multi-language scripting library, and it is available through the Fiji distribution of ImageJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Arshadi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ulrik Günther
- CASUS-Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Görlitz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Kyle I S Harrington
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.,Virtual Technology and Design, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tiago A Ferreira
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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8
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Jacomin AC, Gohel R, Hussain Z, Varga A, Maruzs T, Eddison M, Sica M, Jain A, Moffat KG, Johansen T, Jenny A, Juhasz G, Nezis IP. Degradation of arouser by endosomal microautophagy is essential for adaptation to starvation in Drosophila. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 4:4/2/e202000965. [PMID: 33318080 PMCID: PMC7756965 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila EPS8-family protein Arouser is constitutively degraded by endosomal microautophagy; its stabilisation upon starvation is essential to the animal adaptation and survival. Hunger drives food-seeking behaviour and controls adaptation of organisms to nutrient availability and energy stores. Lipids constitute an essential source of energy in the cell that can be mobilised during fasting by autophagy. Selective degradation of proteins by autophagy is made possible essentially by the presence of LIR and KFERQ-like motifs. Using in silico screening of Drosophila proteins that contain KFERQ-like motifs, we identified and characterized the adaptor protein Arouser, which functions to regulate fat storage and mobilisation and is essential during periods of food deprivation. We show that hypomorphic arouser mutants are not satiated, are more sensitive to food deprivation, and are more aggressive, suggesting an essential role for Arouser in the coordination of metabolism and food-related behaviour. Our analysis shows that Arouser functions in the fat body through nutrient-related signalling pathways and is degraded by endosomal microautophagy. Arouser degradation occurs during feeding conditions, whereas its stabilisation during non-feeding periods is essential for resistance to starvation and survival. In summary, our data describe a novel role for endosomal microautophagy in energy homeostasis, by the degradation of the signalling regulatory protein Arouser.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raksha Gohel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Zunoon Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Agnes Varga
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Maruzs
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mark Eddison
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaux Sica
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin G Moffat
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabor Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ioannis P Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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9
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Eddison M, Weber SJ, Ariza-McNaughton L, Lewis J, Daudet N. Numb is not a critical regulator of Notch-mediated cell fate decisions in the developing chick inner ear. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:74. [PMID: 25814931 PMCID: PMC4357303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway controls differentiation of hair cells and supporting cells in the vertebrate inner ear. Here, we have investigated whether Numb, a known regulator of Notch activity in Drosophila, is involved in this process in the embryonic chick. The chicken homolog of Numb is expressed throughout the otocyst at early stages of development and is concentrated at the basal pole of the cells. It is asymmetrically allocated at some cell divisions, as in Drosophila, suggesting that it could act as a determinant inherited by one of the two daughter cells and favoring adoption of a hair-cell fate. To test the implication of Numb in hair cell fate decisions and the regulation of Notch signaling, we used different methods to overexpress Numb at different stages of inner ear development. We found that sustained or late Numb overexpression does not promote hair cell differentiation, and Numb does not prevent the reception of Notch signaling. Surprisingly, none of the Numb-overexpressing cells differentiated into hair cells, suggesting that high levels of Numb protein could interfere with intracellular processes essential for hair cell survival. However, when Numb was overexpressed early and more transiently during ear development, no effect on hair cell formation was seen. These results suggest that in the inner ear at least, Numb does not significantly repress Notch activity and that its asymmetric distribution in dividing precursor cells does not govern the choice between hair cell and supporting cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eddison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Sara J Weber
- Ear Institute, University College London London, UK
| | - Linda Ariza-McNaughton
- Haematopoietic Stem cell Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute London, UK
| | - Julian Lewis
- Formerly of Vertebrate Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London, UK
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10
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DeSalvo MK, Hindle SJ, Rusan ZM, Orng S, Eddison M, Halliwill K, Bainton RJ. The Drosophila surface glia transcriptome: evolutionary conserved blood-brain barrier processes. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:346. [PMID: 25426014 PMCID: PMC4224204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function is dependent on the stringent regulation of metabolites, drugs, cells, and pathogens exposed to the CNS space. Cellular blood-brain barrier (BBB) structures are highly specific checkpoints governing entry and exit of all small molecules to and from the brain interstitial space, but the precise mechanisms that regulate the BBB are not well understood. In addition, the BBB has long been a challenging obstacle to the pharmacologic treatment of CNS diseases; thus model systems that can parse the functions of the BBB are highly desirable. In this study, we sought to define the transcriptome of the adult Drosophila melanogaster BBB by isolating the BBB surface glia with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and profiling their gene expression with microarrays. By comparing the transcriptome of these surface glia to that of all brain glia, brain neurons, and whole brains, we present a catalog of transcripts that are selectively enriched at the Drosophila BBB. We found that the fly surface glia show high expression of many ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters, cell adhesion molecules, metabolic enzymes, signaling molecules, and components of xenobiotic metabolism pathways. Using gene sequence-based alignments, we compare the Drosophila and Murine BBB transcriptomes and discover many shared chemoprotective and small molecule control pathways, thus affirming the relevance of invertebrate models for studying evolutionary conserved BBB properties. The Drosophila BBB transcriptome is valuable to vertebrate and insect biologists alike as a resource for studying proteins underlying diffusion barrier development and maintenance, glial biology, and regulation of drug transport at tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K DeSalvo
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zeid M Rusan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Souvinh Orng
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Eddison
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Kyle Halliwill
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roland J Bainton
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Eddison M, Belay AT, Sokolowski MB, Heberlein U. A genetic screen for olfactory habituation mutations in Drosophila: analysis of novel foraging alleles and an underlying neural circuit. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51684. [PMID: 23284741 PMCID: PMC3524188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Habituation is a form of non-associative learning that enables animals to reduce their reaction to repeated harmless stimuli. When exposed to ethanol vapor, Drosophila show an olfactory-mediated startle response characterized by a transient increase in locomotor activity. Upon repeated exposures, this olfactory startle attenuates with the characteristics of habituation. Here we describe the results of a genetic screen to identify olfactory startle habituation (OSH) mutants. One mutation is a transcript specific allele of foraging (for) encoding a cGMP-dependent kinase. We show this allele of for reduces expression of a for-T1 isoform expressed in the head and functions normally to inhibit OSH. We localize for-T1 function to a limited set of neurons that include olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and the mushroom body (MB). Overexpression of for-T1 in ORNs inhibits OSH, an effect also seen upon synaptic silencing of the ORNs; for-T1 may therefore function in ORNs to decrease synaptic release upon repeated exposure to ethanol vapor. Overall, this work contributes to our understanding of the genes and neurons underlying olfactory habituation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eddison
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Eddison M, Guarnieri DJ, Cheng L, Liu CH, Moffat KG, Davis G, Heberlein U. arouser reveals a role for synapse number in the regulation of ethanol sensitivity. Neuron 2011; 70:979-90. [PMID: 21658589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A reduced sensitivity to the sedating effects of alcohol is a characteristic associated with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). A genetic screen for ethanol sedation mutants in Drosophila identified arouser (aru), which functions in developing neurons to reduce ethanol sensitivity. Genetic evidence suggests that aru regulates ethanol sensitivity through its activation by Egfr/Erk signaling and its inhibition by PI3K/Akt signaling. The aru mutant also has an increased number of synaptic terminals in the larva and adult fly. Both the increased ethanol sensitivity and synapse number of the aru mutant are restored upon adult social isolation, suggesting a causal relationship between synapse number and ethanol sensitivity. We thus show that a developmental abnormality affecting synapse number and ethanol sensitivity is not permanent and can be reversed by manipulating the environment of the adult fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eddison
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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13
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Devineni AV, McClure KD, Guarnieri DJ, Corl AB, Wolf FW, Eddison M, Heberlein U. The genetic relationships between ethanol preference, acute ethanol sensitivity, and ethanol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Fly (Austin) 2011; 5:191-9. [PMID: 21750412 DOI: 10.4161/fly.5.3.16987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between alcohol consumption, sensitivity, and tolerance is an important question that has been addressed in humans and rodent models. Studies have shown that alcohol consumption and risk of abuse may correlate with (1) increased sensitivity to the stimulant effects of alcohol, (2) decreased sensitivity to the depressant effects of alcohol, and (3) increased alcohol tolerance. However, many conflicting results have been observed. To complement these studies, we utilized a different organism and approach to analyze the relationship between ethanol consumption and other ethanol responses. Using a set of 20 Drosophila melanogaster mutants that were isolated for altered ethanol sensitivity, we measured ethanol-induced hyperactivity, ethanol sedation, sedation tolerance, and ethanol consumption preference. Ethanol preference showed a strong positive correlation with ethanol tolerance, consistent with some rodent and human studies, but not with ethanol hyperactivity or sedation. No pairwise correlations were observed between ethanol hyperactivity, sedation, and tolerance. The evolutionary conservation of the relationship between tolerance and ethanol consumption in flies, rodents, and humans indicates that there are fundamental biological mechanisms linking specific ethanol responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita V Devineni
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Habituation is a universal form of nonassociative learning that results in the devaluation of sensory inputs that have little information content. Although habituation is found throughout nature and has been studied in many organisms, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We performed a forward genetic screen in Drosophila to search for mutations that modified habituation of an olfactory-mediated locomotor startle response, and we isolated a mutation in the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) homolog Shaggy. Decreases in Shaggy levels blunted habituation, whereas increases promoted habituation. Additionally, habituation acutely regulated Shaggy by an inhibitory phosphorylation mechanism, suggesting that a signal transduction pathway that regulates Shaggy is engaged during habituation. Although shaggy mutations also affected circadian rhythm period, this requirement was genetically separable from its role in habituation. Thus, shaggy functions in different neuronal circuits to regulate behavioral plasticity to an olfactory startle and circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred W Wolf
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The sensory patches in the ear of a vertebrate can be compared with the mechanosensory bristles of a fly. This comparison has led to the discovery that lateral inhibition mediated by the Notch cell-cell signaling pathway, first characterized in Drosophila and crucial for bristle development, also has a key role in controlling the pattern of sensory hair cells and supporting cells in the ear. We review the arguments for considering the sensory patches of the vertebrate ear and bristles of the insect to be homologous structures, evolved from a common ancestral mechanosensory organ, and we examine more closely the role of Notch signaling in each system. Using viral vectors to misexpress components of the Notch pathway in the chick ear, we show that a simple lateral-inhibition model based on feedback regulation of the Notch ligand Delta is inadequate for the ear just as it is for the fly bristle. The Notch ligand Serrate1, expressed in supporting cells in the ear, is regulated by lateral induction, not lateral inhibition; commitment to become a hair cell is not simply controlled by levels of expression of the Notch ligands Delta1, Serrate1, and Serrate2 in the neighbors of the nascent hair cell; and at least one factor, Numb, capable of blocking reception of lateral inhibition is concentrated in hair cells. These findings reinforce the parallels between the vertebrate ear and the fly bristle and show how study of the insect system can help us understand the vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eddison
- Vertebrate Development Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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16
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Adam J, Myat A, Le Roux I, Eddison M, Henrique D, Ish-Horowicz D, Lewis J. Cell fate choices and the expression of Notch, Delta and Serrate homologues in the chick inner ear: parallels with Drosophila sense-organ development. Development 1998; 125:4645-54. [PMID: 9806914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.23.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sensory patches in the vertebrate inner ear are similar in function to the mechanosensory bristles of a fly, and consist of a similar set of cell types. If they are truly homologous structures, they should also develop by similar mechanisms. We examine the genesis of the neurons, hair cells and supporting cells that form the sensory patches in the inner ear of the chick. These all arise from the otic epithelium, and are produced normally even in otic epithelium cultured in isolation, confirming that their production is governed by mechanisms intrinsic to the epithelium. First, the neuronal sublineage becomes separate from the epithelial: between E2 and E3.5, neuroblasts delaminate from the otocyst. The neuroblasts then give rise to a mixture of neurons and neuroblasts, while the sensory epithelial cells diversify to form a mixture of hair cells and supporting cells. The epithelial patches where this occurs are marked from an early stage by uniform and maintained expression of the Notch ligand Serrate1. The Notch ligand Delta1 is also expressed, but transiently and in scattered cells: it is seen both early, during neuroblast segregation, where it appears to be in the nascent neuroblasts, and again later, in the ganglion and in differentiating sensory patches, where it appears to be in the nascent hair cells, disappearing as they mature. Delta-Notch-mediated lateral inhibition may thus act at each developmental branchpoint to drive neighbouring cells along different developmental pathways. Our findings indicate that the sensory patches of the vertebrate inner ear and the sensory bristles of a fly are generated by minor variations of the same basic developmental program, in which cell diversification driven by Delta-Notch and/or Serrate-Notch signalling plays a central part.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adam
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, PO Box 123, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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17
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Hirata D, Masuda H, Eddison M, Toda T. Essential role of tubulin-folding cofactor D in microtubule assembly and its association with microtubules in fission yeast. EMBO J 1998; 17:658-66. [PMID: 9450991 PMCID: PMC1170415 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.3.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main structural components of microtubules are alpha- and beta-tubulins. A group of proteins called cofactors are crucial in the formation of assembly-competent tubulin molecules in vitro. Whilst an in vitro role is emerging for these cofactors, their biological functions in vivo remain to be established. In order to understand the fundamental mechanisms that determine cell polarity, we have screened for fission yeast mutants with altered polarity. Here we show that alp1+ encodes a homologue of cofactor D and executes a function essential for cell viability. A temperature-sensitive alp1 mutant shows a variety of defects including abnormal mitoses, loss of microtubule structures, displacement of the nucleus, altered growth polarity and asymmetrical cell division. Overexpression of Alp1 is lethal in wild-type cells, resulting in altered cell shape, but is rescued by co-overexpression of beta-tubulin. Alp1 co-localizes with microtubules, both interphase arrays and mitotic spindles. Furthermore, Alp1 binds to and co-sediments with taxol (paclitaxel)-stabilized porcine microtubules. Our results suggest that, in addition to a function in the folding of beta-tubulin, cofactor D may play a vital role in microtubule-dependent processes as a microtubule-associated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hirata
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, PO Box 123, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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18
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Abstract
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant, ban5-4, displays aberrant mitochondrial distribution. Incubation of this conditional-lethal mutant at the nonpermissive temperature led to aggregated mitochondria that were distributed asymmetrically within the cell. Development of this mitochondrial asymmetry but not mitochondrial aggregation required progression through the cell division cycle. Genetic analysis revealed that ban5-4 is an allele of atb2 encoding alpha 2-tubulin. Consistent with this finding, cells with the cold-sensitive nda3 mutation in beta-tubulin displayed aggregated and asymmetrically distributed mitochondria after incubation at lowered temperatures. These results indicate that microtubules mediate mitochondrial distribution in fission yeast and provide the first genetic evidence for the role of microtubules in mitochondrial movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Yaffe
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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19
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Toda T, Niwa H, Nemoto T, Dhut S, Eddison M, Matsusaka T, Yanagida M, Hirata D. The fission yeast sts5+ gene is required for maintenance of growth polarity and functionally interacts with protein kinase C and an osmosensing MAP-kinase pathway. J Cell Sci 1996; 109 ( Pt 9):2331-42. [PMID: 8886983 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109.9.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell morphogenesis is a fundamental phenomenon that involves understanding a number of biological processes including the developmental program, polarity and cell division. Fission yeast sts5 mutant cells are round rather than cylindrical with cortical actin randomly dispersed. Genetic analyses demonstrate that the sts5+ gene is required for maintenance of cell shape during interphase when the cell normally exhibits polarised growth. The sts5 mutant is not defective in cell wall integrity. Deletion of ppe1+, which encodes a type 2A-like protein phosphatase, shows similar phenotypes to the sts5 mutant and these two mutations are synthetically lethal. Multicopy plasmids containing either the protein kinase C-like gene pck1+ or the protein tyrosine phosphatase pyp1+, an inhibitor of an osmosensing Sty1/Spc1 MAP-kinase, are capable of suppressing the sts5 mutation. Consistent with this, we have found that the wis1 mutation, which is defective in a MAP-kinase kinase of the pathway, suppresses the sts5 mutation. The predicted sts5+ gene product exhibits sequence similarity to two yeast proteins, Dis3 and Ssd1 and a nematode protein, F46E8.6, where the former two yeast proteins have been shown to be involved in cell cycle control and cell morphogenesis. The sts5+ gene is not essential for cell viability, but is absolutely required for polarised growth as the gene disruption showed the same phenotypes as those of the original mutants. Overexpression of the sts5+ gene resulted in altered cell morphology and, cortical actin in these overproducing cells was also abnormal, fainter and often dispersed. Anti-Sts5 antibody specifically detected a 130 kDa protein by western blotting. A green fluorescent protein-Sts5 fusion protein localised in the cytoplasm with a discrete punctate pattern, suggesting that the Sts5 protein is a component of a novel structure. These results have indicated that the Sts5 protein is a crucial determinant of polarised growth and that it functionally interacts with the serine/threonine phosphatase, protein kinase C, and an osmosensing MAP-kinase to maintain cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toda
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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20
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Eddison M, Reynolds C. Minimising the risk of surgery for cerebral ischaemia. Prof Nurse 1986; 1:185-8. [PMID: 3644328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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