1
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Pečenková T, Potocký M, Stegmann M. More Than Meets The Eye: Knowns And Unknowns Of The Trafficking Of Small Secreted Proteins In Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2024:erae172. [PMID: 38693754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Small proteins represent a significant portion of the cargo transported through plant secretory pathways, playing crucial roles in developmental processes, fertilization, and responses to environmental stresses. Despite their importance, substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding the regulatory mechanisms governing their trafficking along the secretory pathway, and ultimate localization/destination. To address these gaps, we conducted a comprehensive literature review, focusing particularly on trafficking and localization of small secreted proteins with potential biochemical and/or signaling roles in the extracellular space, typically within the size range of 101-200 amino acids. Our investigation reveals that while at least 6 members of the 21 mentioned families confirm extracellular localization, 8 of them exhibit intracellular localization (including cytoplasmic, nuclear, and chloroplastic locations, despite the presence of N-terminal signal peptides). Further investigation into the trafficking and secretion mechanisms of small protein cargo could not only deepen our understanding of plant cell biology and physiology but also provide a foundation for manipulation strategies leading to more efficient plant cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Sciences, Phytopathology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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2
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Leicher H, Stegmann M. A Seedling Growth Inhibition Assay to Measure Phytocytokine Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:105-113. [PMID: 38019429 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of immunomodulatory peptides, both of exogenous and endogenous origin, attracted increasing attention over the last years. Numerous methods are widely used to study the sensitivity of plants to peptide elicitation, ranging from measuring early to late induced responses. Seedling growth inhibition is a prominent and easy-to-measure output induced by prolonged peptide treatment. Here, we describe a robust Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth inhibition experiment that can be used to measure the direct growth-inhibitory effect of peptides, exemplified by RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 23 (RALF23) treatment. We also show how the assay can be used to assess the modulatory effect of peptide co-treatment on microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered seedling growth inhibition, exemplified by GOLVEN 2 (GLV2)`s effect on flagellin (flg22)-induced seedling growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Leicher
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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3
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George J, Stegmann M, Monaghan J, Bailey-Serres J, Zipfel C. Arabidopsis translation initiation factor binding protein CBE1 negatively regulates accumulation of the NADPH oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog D. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105018. [PMID: 37423301 PMCID: PMC10432800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface pattern recognition receptors sense invading pathogens by binding microbial or endogenous elicitors to activate plant immunity. These responses are under tight control to avoid excessive or untimely activation of cellular responses, which may otherwise be detrimental to host cells. How this fine-tuning is accomplished is an area of active study. We previously described a suppressor screen that identified Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with regained immune signaling in the immunodeficient genetic background bak1-5, which we named modifier of bak1-5 (mob) mutants. Here, we report that bak1-5 mob7 mutant restores elicitor-induced signaling. Using a combination of map-based cloning and whole-genome resequencing, we identified MOB7 as conserved binding of eIF4E1 (CBE1), a plant-specific protein that interacts with the highly conserved eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E1. Our data demonstrate that CBE1 regulates the accumulation of respiratory burst oxidase homolog D, the NADPH oxidase responsible for elicitor-induced apoplastic reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, several mRNA decapping and translation initiation factors colocalize with CBE1 and similarly regulate immune signaling. This study thus identifies a novel regulator of immune signaling and provides new insights into reactive oxygen species regulation, potentially through translational control, during plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeoffrey George
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Rzemieniewski J, Stegmann M. SIRK1-QSK1 as a novel receptor complex perceiving endogenous PEP7 peptides. Mol Plant 2023; 16:298-300. [PMID: 36307978 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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5
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Noble JA, Bielski NV, Liu MCJ, DeFalco TA, Stegmann M, Nelson ADL, McNamara K, Sullivan B, Dinh KK, Khuu N, Hancock S, Shiu SH, Zipfel C, Cheung AY, Beilstein MA, Palanivelu R. Evolutionary analysis of the LORELEI gene family in plants reveals regulatory subfunctionalization. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:2539-2556. [PMID: 36156105 PMCID: PMC9706458 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A signaling complex comprising members of the LORELEI (LRE)-LIKE GPI-anchored protein (LLG) and Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) families perceive RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides and regulate growth, reproduction, immunity, and stress responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Genes encoding these proteins are members of multigene families in most angiosperms and could generate thousands of signaling complex variants. However, the links between expansion of these gene families and the functional diversification of this critical signaling complex as well as the evolutionary factors underlying the maintenance of gene duplicates remain unknown. Here, we investigated LLG gene family evolution by sampling land plant genomes and explored the function and expression of angiosperm LLGs. We found that LLG diversity within major land plant lineages is primarily due to lineage-specific duplication events, and that these duplications occurred both early in the history of these lineages and more recently. Our complementation and expression analyses showed that expression divergence (i.e. regulatory subfunctionalization), rather than functional divergence, explains the retention of LLG paralogs. Interestingly, all but one monocot and all eudicot species examined had an LLG copy with preferential expression in male reproductive tissues, while the other duplicate copies showed highest levels of expression in female or vegetative tissues. The single LLG copy in Amborella trichopoda is expressed vastly higher in male compared to in female reproductive or vegetative tissues. We propose that expression divergence plays an important role in retention of LLG duplicates in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Nicholas V Bielski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Ming-Che James Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrew D L Nelson
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kara McNamara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Brooke Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Khanhlinh K Dinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nicholas Khuu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Hancock
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Mark A Beilstein
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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6
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Rzemieniewski J, Stegmann M. Regulation of pattern-triggered immunity and growth by phytocytokines. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 68:102230. [PMID: 35588597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous signalling peptides play diverse roles during plant growth, development and stress responses. Research in recent years has unravelled peptides with previously known growth-regulatory function as immune-modulatory agents that fine-tune pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Moreover, peptides that are long known as endogenous danger signals were recently implicated in growth and development. In analogy to metazoan systems these peptides are referred to as phytocytokines. In this review we will highlight recent progress made on our understanding of phytocytokines simultaneously regulating growth and PTI which shows the complex interplay of peptide signalling pathways regulating multiple aspects of a plant's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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7
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 PMCID: PMC9066070 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth‐related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine‐mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand‐induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2‐RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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8
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.29.428839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth-related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine-mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand-induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2-RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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9
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Gronnier J, Franck CM, Stegmann M, DeFalco TA, Abarca A, von Arx M, Dünser K, Lin W, Yang Z, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C, Zipfel C. Regulation of immune receptor kinase plasma membrane nanoscale organization by a plant peptide hormone and its receptors. eLife 2022; 11:74162. [PMID: 34989334 PMCID: PMC8791635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial partitioning is a propensity of biological systems orchestrating cell activities in space and time. The dynamic regulation of plasma membrane nano-environments has recently emerged as a key fundamental aspect of plant signaling, but the molecular components governing it are still mostly unclear. The receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) controls ligand-induced complex formation of the immune receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) with its co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and perception of the endogenous peptide hormone RAPID ALKALANIZATION FACTOR 23 (RALF23) by FER inhibits immunity. Here, we show that FER regulates the plasma membrane nanoscale organization of FLS2 and BAK1. Our study demonstrates that akin to FER, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extensin proteins (LRXs) contribute to RALF23 responsiveness and regulate BAK1 nanoscale organization and immune signaling. Furthermore, RALF23 perception leads to rapid modification of FLS2 and BAK1 nanoscale organization, and its inhibitory activity on immune signaling relies on FER kinase activity. Our results suggest that perception of RALF peptides by FER and LRXs actively modulates plasma membrane nanoscale organization to regulate cell surface signaling by other ligand-binding receptor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gronnier
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Franck
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Abarca
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle von Arx
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenwei Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
Controlling organ growth and development is crucial for all multicellular organisms and is controlled by plasma membrane localized receptor kinases (RKs) across kingdoms, including animals and plants. A central RK in plants is FERONIA (FER), which perceives endogenous rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides to regulate a plethora of biological responses, including growth and development. However, it remained largely unknown how RALF sensing by FER at the plasma membrane is translated into a nuclear response. A key step forward is presented by Li and colleagues, who show that FER increases ERBB3 binding protein 1 (EBP1) mRNA translation and directly phosphorylates EBP1 to shift its subcellular localization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it controls growth and development through its regulation of transcription. Importantly, EBP1 is described as a transcriptional and translational regulator in mammals by acting downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, suggesting that animals and plants use similar conserved pathways to fine-tune growth and development. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of protein translation as a direct output of RK signaling, a mechanism that is largely unknown in plants. This Primer discusses the recent demonstration that EBP1 is a major transcriptional and translational regulator across kingdoms, acting downstream of EGFR signalling in animals and the central receptor kinase FERONIA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Smakowska-Luzan E, Mott GA, Parys K, Stegmann M, Howton TC, Layeghifard M, Neuhold J, Lehner A, Kong J, Grünwald K, Weinberger N, Satbhai SB, Mayer D, Busch W, Madalinski M, Stolt-Bergner P, Provart NJ, Mukhtar MS, Zipfel C, Desveaux D, Guttman DS, Belkhadir Y. Publisher Correction: An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. Nature 2018; 561:E8. [PMID: 29973716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this Letter, an incorrect version of the Supplementary Information file was inadvertently used, which contained several errors. The details of references 59-65 were missing from the end of the Supplementary Discussion section on page 4. In addition, the section 'Text 3. Y2H on ICD interactions' incorrectly referred to 'Extended Data Fig. 4d' instead of 'Extended Data Fig. 3d' on page 3. Finally, the section 'Text 4. Interaction network analysis' incorrectly referred to 'Fig. 1b and Extended Data Fig. 6' instead of 'Fig. 2b and Extended Data Fig. 7' on page 3. These errors have all been corrected in the Supplementary Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Adam Mott
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Parys
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Timothy C Howton
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mehdi Layeghifard
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jana Neuhold
- Protein Technologies Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Lehner
- Protein Technologies Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jixiang Kong
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Grünwald
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natascha Weinberger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Dominik Mayer
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Madalinski
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peggy Stolt-Bergner
- Protein Technologies Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, 25 Willcocks St., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, 25 Willcocks St., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, 25 Willcocks St., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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13
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Stegmann M, Monaghan J, Smakowska-Luzan E, Rovenich H, Lehner A, Holton N, Belkhadir Y, Zipfel C. The receptor kinase FER is a RALF-regulated scaffold controlling plant immune signaling. Science 2017; 355:287-289. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Johana C Misas Villamil
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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15
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Stegmann M, Anderson RG, Westphal L, Rosahl S, McDowell JM, Trujillo M. The exocyst subunit Exo70B1 is involved in the immune response of Arabidopsis thaliana to different pathogens and cell death. Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:e27421. [PMID: 24389869 PMCID: PMC4091220 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Components of the vesicle trafficking machinery are central to the immune response in plants. The role of vesicle trafficking during pre-invasive penetration resistance has been well documented. However, emerging evidence also implicates vesicle trafficking in early immune signaling. Here we report that Exo70B1, a subunit of the exocyst complex which mediates early tethering during exocytosis is involved in resistance. We show that exo70B1 mutants display pathogen-specific immuno-compromised phenotypes. We also show that exo70B1 mutants display lesion-mimic cell death, which in combination with the reduced responsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) results in complex immunity-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, (Saale) Germany
| | - Ryan G Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, & Weed Science; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Lore Westphal
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, (Saale) Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, (Saale) Germany
| | - John M McDowell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, & Weed Science; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle, (Saale) Germany
- Correspondence to: Marco Trujillo,
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16
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Stegmann M, Anderson RG, Ichimura K, Pecenkova T, Reuter P, Žárský V, McDowell JM, Shirasu K, Trujillo M. The ubiquitin ligase PUB22 targets a subunit of the exocyst complex required for PAMP-triggered responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2012; 24:4703-16. [PMID: 23170036 PMCID: PMC3531861 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are perceived by pattern recognition receptors, which are activated upon binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Ubiquitination and vesicle trafficking have been linked to the regulation of immune signaling. However, little information exists about components of vesicle trafficking involved in immune signaling and the mechanisms that regulate them. In this study, we identified Arabidopsis thaliana Exo70B2, a subunit of the exocyst complex that mediates vesicle tethering during exocytosis, as a target of the plant U-box-type ubiquitin ligase 22 (PUB22), which acts in concert with PUB23 and PUB24 as a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered responses. We show that Exo70B2 is required for both immediate and later responses triggered by all tested PAMPs, suggestive of a role in signaling. Exo70B2 is also necessary for the immune response against different pathogens. Our data demonstrate that PUB22 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of Exo70B2 via the 26S Proteasome. Furthermore, degradation is regulated by the autocatalytic turnover of PUB22, which is stabilized upon PAMP perception. We therefore propose a mechanism by which PUB22-mediated degradation of Exo70B2 contributes to the attenuation of PAMP-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ryan G. Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0329, USA
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Tamara Pecenkova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova 263, Prague 6, CZ-165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Reuter
- Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - John M. McDowell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0329, USA
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Address correspondence to
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17
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Peer M, Stegmann M, Mueller MJ, Waller F. Pseudomonas syringaeinfection triggers de novo synthesis of phytosphingosine from sphinganine inArabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4053-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Sohan K, Cahill D, Stegmann M. Local reaction to s.c. injections of a recombinant gonadotrophin preparation possibly related to the osmolality of the reconstituted solution. Hum Reprod 1999; 14:1921. [PMID: 10402420 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/14.7.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Schmid R, Schulte-Frohlinde E, Schusdziarra V, Neubauer J, Stegmann M, Maier V, Classen M. Contribution of postprandial amino acid levels to stimulation of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide in humans. Pancreas 1992; 7:698-704. [PMID: 1448457 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-199211000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the contribution of the postprandial increase of plasma amino acids after ingestion of a protein-rich meal to the rise of the three pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). A mixed amino acid solution was designed, which permitted a fairly close imitation of the arterial plasma pattern of the 21 amino acids that rise after ingestion of a 200-g porcine steak meal. In 10 healthy subjects the intravenous infusion of this mixed amino acid solution at a rate of 10 g/h elicited a rise of the 21 amino acids examined that correlated well with the postprandial increase (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The maximal rise of plasma insulin (64 +/- 5 pmol/L) and glucagon (630 +/- 21 ng/L) was not significantly different from the postprandial increase of these two hormones (49 +/- 4 pmol/L and 780 +/- 28 ng/L, respectively). PP levels rose by 316 +/- 33 ng/L postprandially, which was clearly above the increase of 112 +/- 13 ng/L during intravenous amino acids (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that the postprandial rise of amino acid levels in arterialized venous plasma can account for most if not all of the postprandial increase of insulin and glucagon during the ingestion of a protein-rich meal. In contrast, only 35% of postprandial PP levels can be ascribed to the rise of plasma amino acids. In contrast to the effect of carbohydrate-rich meals, an enteric augmentation of insulin release seems to be of minor and possibly of no importance during ingestion of protein-rich meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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