Association of palliative care management and survival after chemotherapy discontinuation in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A retrospective single-centre observational study

BACKGROUND

Palliative care (PC) is integrated into standard oncology care. However, its clinical impact at the end of life remains unclear in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA). We aimed to describe the end-of-life care pathway and to assess whether PC referral influences survival after chemotherapy discontinuation (CD) among advanced PA patients.

METHODS

This retrospective single-centre observational study was conducted among deceased patients with advanced PA who had received chemotherapy between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2021. Baseline characteristics, the timing of PC referral and events after CD were collected. The primary outcome was time from CD to death.

RESULTS

Among the 148 included patients, 53.4% (n = 79) received PC, mostly late after the CD (n = 133, 89.9%), 16.9% (n = 25) received chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life and 75.6% died at the hospital. None received PC in the 8 weeks following the diagnosis. PC referral significantly increased PC department admissions (p < 0.001) and decreased medical unit admissions (p < 0.001). The median survival after the CD was 35 days (IQR: 19-64.5). PC referral was associated with increased survival after CD (HR: 0.65 [0.47-0.90], p = 0.010, Cox) and after adjusting (HR: 0.65 [0.42-0.99], p = 0.045, Cox).

CONCLUSION

The study suggests that PC may be associated with longer survival after CD in advanced PA patients. However, PC is underused, and patients are referred late in their care pathway.

A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging

We recently proposed a new approach for the real-time monitoring of particle therapy treatments with the goal of achieving high sensitivities on the particle range measurement already at limited counting statistics. This method extends the Prompt Gamma (PG) timing technique to obtain the PG vertex distribution from the exclusive measurement of particle Time-Of-Flight (TOF). It was previously shown, through Monte Carlo simulation, that an original data reconstruction algorithm (Prompt Gamma Time Imaging) allows to combine the response of multiple detectors placed around the target. The sensitivity of this technique depends on both the system time resolution and the beam intensity. At reduced intensities (Single Proton Regime-SPR), a millimetric proton range sensitivity can be achieved, provided the overall PG plus proton TOF can be measured with a 235 ps (FWHM) time resolution. At nominal beam intensities, a sensitivity of a few mm can still be obtained by increasing the number of incident protons included in the monitoring procedure. In this work we focus on the experimental feasibility of PGTI in SPR through the development of a multi-channel, Cherenkov-based PG detector with a targeted time resolution of 235 ps (FWHM): the TOF Imaging ARrAy (TIARA). Since PG emission is a rare phenomenon, TIARA design is led by the concomitant optimisation of its detection efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The PG module that we developed is composed of a small PbF[Formula: see text] crystal coupled to a silicon photoMultiplier to provide the time stamp of the PG. This module is currently read in time coincidence with a diamond-based beam monitor placed upstream the target/patient to measure the proton time of arrival. TIARA will be eventually composed of 30 identical modules uniformly arranged around the target. The absence of a collimation system and the use of Cherenkov radiators are both crucial to increase the detection efficiency and the SNR, respectively. A first prototype of the TIARA block detector was tested with 63 MeV protons delivered from a cyclotron: a time resolution of 276 ps (FWHM) was obtained, resulting in a proton range sensitivity of 4 mm at 2[Formula: see text] with the acquisition of only 600 PGs. A second prototype was also evaluated with 148 MeV protons delivered from a synchro-cyclotron obtaining a time resolution below 167 ps (FWHM) for the gamma detector. Moreover, using two identical PG modules, it was shown that a uniform sensitivity on the PG profiles would be achievable by combining the response of gamma detectors uniformly distributed around the target. This work provides the experimental proof-of-concept for the development of a high sensitivity detector that can be used to monitor particle therapy treatments and potentially act in real-time if the irradiation does not comply to treatment plan.

Incidence and associated factors of cetuximab-induced hypersensitivity infusion reactions in 1392 cancer patients treated in four French areas: a possible association with Lyme disease?

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have observed an increased incidence of Cetuximab-induced hypersensitivity infusion reactions (CI-IRs) in the southeastern states of the USA. Tick's bites were suspected of generating cross-reactions between cetuximab and alpha-gal. This study aims was to describe the incidence and associated risk factors of CI-IRs, in the French areas chosen according to their Lyme disease incidence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients that received cetuximab infusion from January 2010 to June 2019 in 4 French areas with different Lyme disease incidence rates.

RESULTS

Of 1392 patients, 117 (8.4%) experienced a CI-IR, including 68 severe (grade 3 or 4) reactions (4.9%). This CI-IR incidence was significantly higher in the Lyme disease high-risk area than in the other areas (13.2% versus 7.1%, 8.1% and 6.4%; P = 0.016). Sex (P = 0.53), premedication (P = 0.91), primary cancer location (P = 0.46) and chemotherapy regimen type (P = 0.78) had no impact on CI-IR incidence in the overall population. In the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient subgroup, CI-IRs were significantly more frequent in the high-risk area (16.4% versus 6.7%, 7.1% and 7.0%; P = 0.0015).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that patients treated in the French area with the highest incidence of Lyme disease are at a higher risk of CI-IRs.

Activation of the HeartLogic algorithm on top of heart failure care: a multicenter propensity-matched cohort analysis

Background

Hospitalization for decompensated heart failure may be prevented by early detection of fluid retention. The multisensory HeartLogic™ algorithm, incorporated in a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) aims to detect impending fluid retention and thereby enables timely adjustment of medical therapy. However, it is to be investigated whether HeartLogic™ provides clinical benefit compared to heart failure care with conventional telemonitoring. This analysis investigates the effects of activating HeartLogic™ on top of heart failure care with telemonitoring on the number of episodes with fluid retention and heart failure related hospitalizations.

Methods

Heart failure patients with a CIED were recruited from the outpatient clinics of four European cardiology departments. All patients were included from January 2017 until December 2020, and followed-up for 365 days. Patients with a CIED and an activated HeartLogic™ algorithm were compared to a 1:1 propensity score-based matched control group consisting of patients with CIED on routine telemonitoring. Data of all episodes of (impending) fluid retention with ≥2 signs and symptoms of congestion were included for analyses.

Results

Data of 127 patients with an activated HeartLogic™ algorithm were adequately matched with 127 heart failure patients with a CIED on routine telemonitoring. Median age was 68 [59–75], majority of patients were male (80%), 46% had an ischemic etiology of heart failure. Total follow-up consisted of 254 patient years. During follow up, 77 (61%) individual patients with HeartLogic™ experienced an episode of fluid retention, compared to 85 (67%) induvial patients on routine telemonitoring. Patients with an activated HeartLogic™ algorithm had 1.62±1.78 events of fluid retention per patient year (PPY) compared to 2.61±3.71 events PPY in patients on routine telemonitoring, p&lt;0.01 (Figure 1). Hospitalization for fluid retention occurred in 7 (6%) HeartLogic™ patients (0.06±0.27 hospitalizations PPY) compared to 13 (10%) patients on routine telemonitoring (0.15±0.45 PPY), p=0.07 (Figure 2A). Mean length of hospitalization in days PPY was 0.29±1.46 in patients with HeartLogic™ and 1.59±6.30 in patients on routine telemonitoring, p=0.02 (Figure 2B).

Conclusion

In a real-world multicenter heart failure population, activation of the HeartLogic™ algorithm was associated with a lower number of episodes of fluid retention per patient and a shorter duration of hospitalization for congestive heart failure.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

The effect of fluid bolus administration on cerebral tissue oxygenation in post-cardiac arrest patients

PURPOSE

Fluid boluses (FB) are often used in post-cardiac arrest (CA) patients with haemodynamic instability. Although FB may improve cardiac output (CO) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), FB may also increase central venous pressure (CVP), reduce arterial PaO₂, dilute haemoglobin and cause interstitial oedema. The aim of the present study was to investigate the net effect of FB administration on cerebral tissue oxygenation saturation (SctO₂) in post-CA patients.

METHODS

Pre-planned sub-study of the Neuroprotect post-CA trial (NCT02541591). Patients with anticipated fluid responsiveness based on stroke volume variation (SVV) or passive leg raising test were administered a FB of 500 ml plasma-lyte A (Baxter Healthcare) and underwent pre- and post-FB assessments of stroke volume, CO, MAP, CVP, haemoglobin, PaO₂ and SctO₂.

RESULTS

52 patients (mean age 64 ± 12 years, 75% male) received a total of 115 FB. Although administration of a FB resulted in a significant increase of stroke volume (63 ± 22 vs 67 ± 23 mL, p = 0.001), CO (4,2 ± 1,6 vs 4,4 ± 1,7 L/min, p = 0.001) and MAP (74,8 ± 13,2 vs 79,2 ± 12,9 mmHg, p = 0.004), it did not improve SctO₂ (68.54 ± 6.99 vs 68.70 ± 6.80%, p = 0.49). Fluid bolus administration also resulted in a significant increase of CVP (10,0 ± 4,5 vs 10,7 ± 4,9 mmHg, p = 0.02), but did not affect PaO₂ (99 ± 31 vs 94 ± 31 mmHg, p = 0.15) or haemoglobin concentrations (12,9 ± 2,1 vs 12,8 ± 2,2 g/dL, p = 0.10). In a multivariate model, FB-induced changes in CO (beta 0,77; p = 0.004) and in CVP (beta -0,23; p = 0.02) but not in MAP (beta 0,02; p = 0.18) predicted post-FB ΔSctO₂.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite improvements in CO and MAP, FB administration did not improve SctO₂ in post-cardiac arrest patients.

Monolayer CrCl_{3} as an Ideal Test Bed for the Universality Classes of 2D Magnetism

The monolayer halides CrX_{3} (X=Cl, Br, I) attract significant attention for realizing 2D magnets with genuine long-range order (LRO), challenging the Mermin-Wagner theorem. Here, we show that monolayer CrCl_{3} has the unique benefit of exhibiting tunable magnetic anisotropy upon applying a compressive strain. This opens the possibility to use CrCl_{3} for producing and studying both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic 2D Ising-type LRO as well as the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) regime of 2D magnetism with quasi-LRO. Using state-of-the-art density functional theory, we explain how realistic compressive strain could be used to tune the monolayer's magnetic properties so that it could exhibit any of these phases. Building on large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we compute the phase diagram of strained CrCl_{3}, as well as the magnon spectrum with spin-wave theory. Our results highlight the eminent suitability of monolayer CrCl_{3} to achieve very high BKT transition temperatures, around 50 K, due to their singular dependence on the weak easy-plane anisotropy of the material.

A time-of-flight-based reconstruction for real-time prompt-gamma imaging in proton therapy

We propose a novel prompt-gamma (PG) imaging modality for real-time monitoring in proton therapy: PG time imaging (PGTI). By measuring the time-of-flight (TOF) between a beam monitor and a PG detector, our goal is to reconstruct the PG vertex distribution in 3D. In this paper, a dedicated, non-iterative reconstruction strategy is proposed (PGTI reconstruction). Here, it was resolved under a 1D approximation to measure a proton range shift along the beam direction. In order to show the potential of PGTI in the transverse plane, a second method, based on the calculation of the centre of gravity (COG) of the TIARA pixel detectors' counts was also explored. The feasibility of PGTI was evaluated in two different scenarios. Under the assumption of a 100 ps (rms) time resolution (achievable in single proton regime), MC simulations showed that a millimetric proton range shift is detectable at 2σwith 10⁸incident protons in simplified simulation settings. With the same proton statistics, a potential 2 mm sensitivity (at 2σwith 10⁸incident protons) to beam displacements in the transverse plane was found using the COG method. This level of precision would allow to act in real-time if the treatment does not conform to the treatment plan. A worst case scenario of a 1 ns (rms) TOF resolution was also considered to demonstrate that a degraded timing information can be compensated by increasing the acquisition statistics: in this case, a 2 mm range shift would be detectable at 2σwith 10⁹incident protons. By showing the feasibility of a time-based algorithm for the reconstruction of the PG vertex distribution for a simplified anatomy, this work poses a theoretical basis for the future development of a PG imaging detector based on the measurement of particle TOF.

Advanced Monte Carlo simulations of emission tomography imaging systems with GATE

Built on top of the Geant4 toolkit, GATE is collaboratively developed for more than 15 years to design Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear-based imaging systems. It is, in particular, used by researchers and industrials to design, optimize, understand and create innovative emission tomography systems. In this paper, we reviewed the recent developments that have been proposed to simulate modern detectors and provide a comprehensive report on imaging systems that have been simulated and evaluated in GATE. Additionally, some methodological developments that are not specific for imaging but that can improve detector modeling and provide computation time gains, such as Variance Reduction Techniques and Artificial Intelligence integration, are described and discussed.

Microelimination or Not? The Changing Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in France 2012–2018

Background

The arrival of highly effective, well-tolerated, direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) led to a dramatic decrease in hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HCV–coinfected patients are deemed a priority population for HCV elimination, while a rise in recently acquired HCV infections in men who have sex with men (MSM) has been described. We describe the variations in HIV-HCV epidemiology in the French Dat’AIDS cohort.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of persons living with HIV (PLWH) from 2012 to 2018. We determined HCV prevalence, HCV incidence, proportion of viremic patients, treatment uptake, and mortality rate in the full cohort and by HIV risk factors.

Results

From 2012 to 2018, 50 861 PLWH with a known HCV status were followed up. During the period, HCV prevalence decreased from 15.4% to 13.5%. HCV prevalence among new HIV cases increased from 1.9% to 3.5% in MSM but remained stable in other groups. Recently acquired HCV incidence increased from 0.36/100 person-years to 1.25/100 person-years in MSM. The proportion of viremic patients decreased from 67.0% to 8.9%. MSM became the first group of viremic patients in 2018 (37.9%). Recently acquired hepatitis represented 59.2% of viremic MSM in 2018. DAA treatment uptake increased from 11.4% to 61.5%. More treatments were initiated in MSM in 2018 (41.2%) than in intravenous drug users (35.6%). In MSM, treatment at the acute phase represented 30.0% of treatments in 2018.

Conclusions

A major shift in HCV epidemiology was observed in PLWH in France from 2012 to 2018, leading to a unique situation in which the major group of HCV transmission in 2018 was MSM.

Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02898987.

Effects of a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on embryo production in dairy cows

Beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on dairy cow reproduction have been previously reported. The objectives of the present study were to assess whether n-3 PUFA supplementation would affect in vitro embryo production (IVP) after ovarian stimulation. Holstein cows received a diet with 1% dry matter supplementation of either n-3 PUFA (n = 18, microencapsulated fish oil) or a control, n-6 PUFA (n = 19, microencapsulated soy oil). Both plasma and follicular fluid FA composition showed integration of total PUFA through the diet. All cows underwent an IVP protocol consisting of ovarian stimulation, ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval (ovum pick-up, OPU, five per cow) followed by in vitro maturation, fertilisation and 7 days of embryo development. A tendency toward an increase in the blastocyst rate (diet effect, P = 0.0865) was observed in n-3 cows, with 49.6 ± 5.5% vs 42.3 ± 5.5% in control n-6 cows. A significant increase (diet effect, P = 0.0217) in the good-quality blastocyst rate (freezable blastocysts) was reported in n-3 cows (42.2 ± 7.7%) compared to control n-6 cows (32.7 ± 7.7%). A significant difference in lipid composition was shown in the oocytes recovered by OPU from n-3 and n-6 treated cows, by intact single-oocyte MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The 42 differentially abundant identified lipids were mainly involved in cell membrane structure. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA supplementation enhanced oocyte quality and modified their lipid composition. Further studies are necessary to investigate the potential link of these lipid modifications with enhanced oocyte quality.

Incidence, characteristics, and mortality of infective endocarditis in France in 2011

Objectives

We assessed the determinants of mortality in infective endocarditis (IE), using the national hospital discharge databases (HDD) in 2011.

Methods

IE stays were extracted from the national HDD, with a definition based on IE-related diagnosis codes. This definition has been assessed according to Duke criteria by checking a sample of medical charts of IE giving a predictive positive value of 86.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 82.7% - 89.5%). The impact of heart valve surgery on survival has been studied if performed during the initial stay, and over the year of follow-up. Risk factors of in-hospital mortality were identified using logistic regression model for the initial stay and Cox Time-dependent model for the 1-year mortality.

Results

The analysis included 6,235 patients. The annual incidence of definite IEs was 63 cases/million residents. Staphylococci and Streptococci were the most common bacteria (44% and 45%, respectively). A valvular surgery was performed in 20% of cases, but substantial variations existed between hospitals. The in-hospital mortality was 21% (ranging 12% to 27% according to the region of patients), associated with age>70, chronic liver disease, renal failure, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa or candida infection and strokes whereas valvular surgery, a native valve IE or intraveinous drug use (right heart IE) were significantly protective for an initial death. The same factors were associated with the one-year mortality, except for valvular surgery which was associated with a 1.4-fold higher risk of death during the year post IE.

Conclusion

We reported a high IE incidence rate. Valvular surgery was considerably less frequent in this study than in the previous published data (near 50%) whereas mortality was similar. Surgery was associated with higher survival if undergone within the initial stay. There were significant regional differences in frequency of surgery but it did not impact mortality.

Moxifloxacin-rifampicin combination for the treatment of non-staphylococcal Gram-positive orthopedic implant-related infections

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to describe the effectiveness and safety of the moxifloxacin-rifampicin combination in non-staphylococcal Gram-positive orthopedic implant-related infections.

METHODS

Patients treated with the moxifloxacin-rifampicin combination for an implant-related infection from November 2014 to November 2016 were retrospectively identified from the database of the referral centers for bone and joint infections in Western France.

RESULTS

Twenty-three cases of infection due to Streptococcus spp. (n=12), Cutibacteriumacnes (n=6), and Enterococcus faecalis (n=5) were included. Ten patients with hip prosthesis were included. Infection was polymicrobial in 11 cases. According to the MIC, moxifloxacin was 1.5 to 11.7 times as active as levofloxacin against non-staphylococcal Gram-positive bacteria. We reported an 81.8% success rate, and no severe adverse effect.

CONCLUSION

The moxifloxacin-rifampicin combination is a valuable alternative for the treatment of non-staphylococcal Gram-positive implant-related infections because of the good activity of moxifloxacin against these bacteria and the potential activity on the biofilm.

Detection of a Disorder-Induced Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Quantum Spin Material at High Magnetic Fields

The coupled spin-1 chains material NiCl_{2}-4SC(NH_{2})_{2} (DTN) doped with Br impurities is expected to be a perfect candidate for observing many-body localization at high magnetic field: the so-called "Bose glass," a zero-temperature bosonic fluid, compressible, gapless, incoherent, and short-range correlated. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, we critically address the stability of the Bose glass in doped DTN, and find that it hosts a novel disorder-induced ordered state of matter, where many-body physics leads to an unexpected resurgence of quantum coherence emerging from localized impurity states. An experimental phase diagram of this new "order-from-disorder" phase, established from nuclear magnetic resonance T_{1}^{-1} relaxation rate data in the 13±1% Br-doped DTN, is found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction from large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations.

Low hemoglobin levels are associated with lower cerebral saturations and poor outcome after cardiac arrest

PURPOSE

Post-cardiac arrest (CA) patients have a large cerebral penumbra at risk for secondary ischemic damage in case of suboptimal brain oxygenation during ICU stay. The aims of this study were to investigate the association between hemoglobin, cerebral oxygenation (SctO2) and outcome in post-CA patients.

METHODS

Prospective observational study in 82 post-CA patients. Hemoglobin, a corresponding SctO2 measured by NIRS and SVO2 in patients with a pulmonary artery catheter (n=62) were determined hourly during hypothermia in the first 24h of ICU stay.

RESULTS

We found a strong linear relationship between hemoglobin and mean SctO2 (SctO2=0.70×hemoglobin+56 (R(2) 0.84, p=10(-6))). Hemoglobin levels below 10g/dl generally resulted in lower brain oxygenation. There was a significant association between good neurological outcome (43/82 patients in CPC 1-2 at 180 days post-CA) and admission hemoglobin above 13g/dl (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.09:7.00, p=0.03) or mean hemoglobin above 12.3g/dl (OR 2.88, 95%CI 1.02:8.16, p=0.04). This association was entirely driven by results obtained in patients with a mean SVO2 below 70% (OR 6.25, 95%CI 1.33:29.43, p=0.01) and a mean SctO2 below 62.5% (OR 5.87, 95%CI 1.08:32.00, p=0.03).

CONCLUSION

Hemoglobin levels below 10g/dl generally resulted in lower cerebral oxygenation. Average hemoglobin levels below 12.3g/dl were associated with worse outcome in patients with suboptimal SVO2 or SctO2. The safety of a universal restrictive transfusion threshold of 7g/dl can be questioned in post-CA patients.

K-edge imaging with the XPAD3 hybrid pixel detector, direct comparison of CdTe and Si sensors

We investigate the improvement from the use of high-Z CdTe sensors for pre-clinical K-edge imaging with the hybrid pixel detectors XPAD3. We compare XPAD3 chips bump bonded to Si or CdTe sensors in identical experimental conditions. Image performance for narrow energy bin acquisitions and contrast-to-noise ratios of K-edge images are presented and compared. CdTe sensors achieve signal-to-noise ratios at least three times higher than Si sensors within narrow energy bins, thanks to their much higher detection efficiency. Nevertheless Si sensors provide better contrast-to-noise ratios in K-edge imaging when working at equivalent counting statistics, due to their better estimation of the attenuation coefficient of the contrast agent. Results are compared to simulated data in the case of the XPAD3/Si detector. Good agreement is observed when including charge sharing between pixels, which have a strong impact on contrast-to-noise ratios in K-edge images.

The rationale for performing MR imaging before surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for the preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.

DESIGN

Prospective study of 58 consecutive patients with biochemically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent preoperative MRI.

SETTING

The setting is a referral centre.

PATIENTS

Fifty-six of the 58 consecutive patients (41 women, 17 men) were studied by both preoperative MRI and 99mTC MIBI scintigraphy, and two by MRI alone. The same surgeon, using the information from both MRI and 99mTC MIBI, performed surgery in 58 patients, including 19 with a history of neck surgery. Initial interpretation of each MR study was done independently by one radiologist and the surgeon and then results were compared. At surgery, the operative duration, the precise anatomical location, weight, and dimensions as well as complete histopathological evaluations of all excised glands were recorded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

In addition to the prospective assessment of MRI, this study compared performance of MRI with double-phase 99mTC MIBI scintigraphy for preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.

RESULTS

All patients became normocalcaemic after surgery. MRI and 99mTC MIBI imaging revealed 53 of 58 (91%) and 47 of 56 (84%) of abnormal glands, respectively. Sensitivities of MRI and 99mTC MIBI were respectively 94.3 and 88.0. Positive predictive values were 96.15 and 93.60. When MRI and 99mTC MIBI were interpreted together, the sensitivity and positive predictive values both raised to 98.10. Median operative duration was 30 minutes (ranges 20-300 minutes, mean 65).

CONCLUSION

MRI has better sensitivity and positive predictive value than 99mTC MIBI scintigraphy for the detection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. The combination of the two studies provides an additional increase in sensitivity and positive predictive value leading to a more precise anatomical localization of the abnormal parathyroid glands reducing both the extent of the surgical dissection and the operative duration.

Analysis of in vivo oocyte maturation, in vitro embryo development and gene expression in cumulus cells of dairy cows and heifers selected for one fertility quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on BTA3

We have previously shown that Holstein cows selected for their homozygous favorable ("fertil+") or unfavorable ("fertil-") haplotype at one quantitative trait loci (QTL) of female fertility located on chromosome 3 (QTL-F-Fert-BTA3) had a different success rate 35 and 90 days after the first artificial insemination. To determine whether the lower fertility in "fertil-" animals could be related to oocyte quality, we analyzed the embryo development rate in vitro and the oocyte meiotic maturation in vivo in "fertil+" and "fertil-" heifers. In vitro maturation and fertilization of immature oocytes recovered by ovum pick-up from "fertil+" and "fertil-" heifers resulted in similar cleavage and blastocyst rates in the two haplotypes. However the percentage of expanded blastocysts and the number of cells per blastocyst were significantly higher in "fertil+". Oocytes from presumptive preovulatory follicles were analyzed after ovarian stimulation. A similar rate of immature (from prophase to metaphase-I) and mature oocytes (metaphase-II) was obtained in the two haplotypes, whereas a significantly higher percentage of oocytes from metaphase-I to metaphase-II was observed in "fertil+" compared to "fertil-" heifers. Since cumulus cells (CCs) could reflect the developmental competence of oocytes, we analyzed the expression of seven genes included in the QTL-F-Fert-BTA3 using real-time PCR in bovine CCs after in vivo or in vitro maturation, as a model of higher and lower competence, respectively. Transcript levels of TAGLN2, EEF1A1 and PIGM were higher in CCs after in vitro maturation (IVM) compared to in vivo maturation, whereas no difference was observed for IFI16, KIRREL, SPTA1 and PEX19 expression. The expression levels of all these genes in in preovulatory CCs were not significantly different between "fertil+" and "fertil-" heifers. In conclusion, the lower fertility of "fertil-" females could be partially due to a lowest quality of the oocytes and consequently of preimplantation embryo development.

Lack of involvement of type 7 phosphodiesterase in an experimental model of asthma

Type 7 phosphodiesterases (PDE7) are responsible for the decrease of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in many cells involved in allergic asthma by suppressing their potential to respond to many activating stimuli. The elevation of intracellular cAMP has been associated with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities and represents a potential treatment of asthma. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the deletion of the murine phosphodiesterase (PDE)7B gene and then to evaluate the efficacy of a newly described selective PDE7A and -B inhibitor on an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) model in mice. Inflammation was determined 72 h after single OVA challenge or 24 h after multiple challenges by the relative cell influx and cytokine content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. AHR and immunoglobulin E levels in serum were determined after multiple challenges. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the deletion of the PDE7B gene or the pharmacological inhibition of PDE7A and -B had no effect on all the parameters looked at in this model. These results highlight the absence of any implication of the PDE7 enzyme in our model.

Guidelines for sedation and/or analgesia by non-anaesthesiology doctors

The still ever increasing demand for sedation and/or analgesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures puts high pressure on anaesthesia care providers all over Europe. Since the capacity to provide that service by anaesthetists is limited in most European countries, guidelines for non-anaesthetist doctors who want to sedate patients on a high-quality level and especially in a safe way are mandatory. This paper, produced by a working party of the European Board of Anaesthesiology of the European Union of Medical Specialists (EUMS/UEMS), gives direction to those practitioners who feel responsibilities in this area of medicine. Close cooperation with anaesthesiologists seems mandatory to achieve and sustain a high-quality standard for our patients undergoing medical or surgical procedures under sedation.

[Systemic analysis using ALARM process of two consecutive incidents during anaesthesia]

Compulsory professional practice evaluation will require holding frequent morbidity mortality staffs. Those staffs must follow strict methodology. We report successive steps of systemic analysis according to ALARM process of two successive non lethal anaesthetic incidents. Such analysis helped identifying care management problems and their systemic causes. Thus it leaded to corrective measures in order to prevent such events recurrence. Moreover, it allowed systemic defaults correction that prevent future other accidents.

[Revelation of an acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the delivery room]

Acute leukemia is uncommon in neonates and has a much poorer prognosis than in older children. We report on a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia observed in a neonate who had bleeding and hepatosplenomegaly at birth, which justified intensive care during the first postnatal week. Despite early appropriate treatment, the patient died at 7 months of age. We present here physical and laboratory findings, which indicate a grim prognosis. These criteria should be considered carefully in order to ensure a realistic information for the parents and appropriate decisions.

Cutting edge: chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells plays a restricting role on IL-5 production and eosinophil recruitment

PGs play key regulatory roles in inflammation and immunity. PGD2, released from mast cells and Th2 cells during allergic responses, has recently been shown to target a novel receptor, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed TH2 cells (CRTH2), in addition to the classic PGD (DP) receptor. CRTH2 is expressed on Th2 cells and eosinophils and mediates chemotaxis of these cells to PGD2. Thus, CRTH2 is thought to be a key receptor mediating eosinophil and Th2 cell recruitment during allergic responses. To examine the role of CRTH2 in this context in vivo, we generated CRTH2 knockout mice. Surprisingly, in an allergic inflammatory model of asthma, CRTH2 knockout mice showed enhanced eosinophil recruitment into the lung compared with wild-type littermate mice. This is consistent with our observation that CRTH2 knockout cells produce significantly higher amounts of IL-5 and IL-3 in vitro. These results suggest a nonredundant role of CRTH2 in restricting eosinophilia and allergic response in vivo.

[CSF levels and diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid beta2-microglobulin]

CSF levels of beta2-microglobulin reflect immune activation and lymphoid cell turnover in CNS. There were proposed as a reliable marker of lymphoproliferative disorders in central nervous system in viral infections, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. The aims of this study were to measure beta2-microglobulin on the automate Vidas of bioMérieux in 122 paired CSF and serum from control patients. We evaluated whether or not the elevated levels beta2-microglobulin in CSF can be a useful marker for diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders in 108 patients with neurological diseases. The concentrations of beta2-microglobulin in the CSF and sera from control patients were respectively 1.3 +/- 0.5 mg/L and 2 +/- 0.6 mg/L. The normal CSF to serum beta2-microglobulin ratio was 0.6 +/- 0.19. A CSF to serum beta2-microglobulin ratio greater than 1 was closely associated with intrathecal synthesis beta2-microglobulin in CNS lymphoproliferative disorders. Elevation of CSF beta2-microglobulin ratio is a sensitive marker of central nervous system disease activity by infiltrating lymphocytes in intracranial lymphomas (10/10) and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (2/3).