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Cho W, Shields JR, Dubrulle L, Wakeman K, Bhattarai A, Zammarano M, Fox DM. Ion – complexed chitosan formulations as effective fire-retardant coatings for wood substrates. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thompson AL, Kim I, Hamins A, Bundy M, Zammarano M. Performance and Failure Mechanism of Fire Barriers in Full-Scale Chair Mock-ups. Fire Mater 2021; 46:10.1002/fam.3007. [PMID: 35002025 PMCID: PMC8739864 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and the failure mechanism of fire barriers in residential upholstered furniture were investigated by full-scale flaming tests on upholstered chair mock-ups. Six commercial fire barriers were tested in this study. Fire barriers were screened for (1) the presence of elements that are typically used in fire retardants and, (2) the presence of targeted fire retardants. For each fire barrier, triplicate flammability tests were run on chair mock-ups where polyurethane foam and polyester fiber fill were used as the padding materials, and each chair component was fully wrapped with the fire barrier of choice and a polypropylene cover fabric. The ignition source was an 18 kW square propane burner, impinging on the top surface of the seat cushion for 80 s. Results showed all six fire barriers reduced the peak heat release rate (as much as ≈ 64 %) and delayed its occurrence (up to ≈ 19 min) as compared to the control chair mock-ups. The heat release rate remained at a relatively low plateau level until liquid products (generated by either melting or pyrolysis of the padding material) percolated through the fire barrier at the bottom of the seat cushion and ignited, while the fire barrier was presumably intact. The flaming liquid products dripped and quickly formed a pool fire under the chair and the peak heat release rate occurred shortly thereafter. Ultimately, the ignition of the percolating liquid products at the bottom of the seat cushion was identified as the mechanism triggering the failure of the fire barrier.
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Esposito Corcione C, Ferrari F, Striani R, Dubrulle L, Visconti P, Zammarano M, Greco A. Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050712. [PMID: 33652841 PMCID: PMC7956370 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, an innovative method for sterilization, inertization, and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), to be recycled in the production of composite panels, was developed. In this follow-up work, the effects of fire retardants on fire performance, durability, and the mechanical properties of the composite panels based on OFMSW and melamine-formaldehyde resin were investigated. The performance of panels without fire retardants (control panels) was compared to panels containing either mono-ammonium phosphate (PFR) or aluminium trihydrate (ATH) at a mass fraction of 1% and 10% (modified panels). As shown by cone calorimetry, the total heat released was already low (about 31 MJ/m2 at 50 kW/m2) in the control panels, further decreased in the modified panels with the addition of fire retardants, and reached the lowest value (about 1.4 MJ/m2) with 10% mass fraction of PFR. Hence, the addition of fire retardants had a beneficial effect on the response to fire of the panels; however, it also reduced the mechanical properties of the panels as measured by flexural tests. The deterioration of the mechanical properties was particularly obvious in panels containing 10% mass fraction of fire retardants, and they were further degraded by artificial accelerated weathering, carried out by boiling tests. Ultimately, the panels containing PFR at a mass fraction of 1% offered the best balance of fire resistance, durability, and mechanical performance within the formulations investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.F.); (R.S.); (P.V.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-297326
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.F.); (R.S.); (P.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Raffaella Striani
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.F.); (R.S.); (P.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Laura Dubrulle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Paolo Visconti
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.F.); (R.S.); (P.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Mauro Zammarano
- National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.F.); (R.S.); (P.V.); (A.G.)
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Wang W, Zammarano M, Shields JR, Knowlton ED, Kim I, Gales JA, Hoehler MS, Li J. A novel application of silicone-based flame-retardant adhesive in plywood. Mater Des 2018; 189:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.214. [PMID: 30983679 PMCID: PMC6459615 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A silicone-based elastomer filled with vinyl-silane treated aluminum hydroxide was used to replace conventional polyurethane-based adhesive to provide a flame-retardant adhesive for plywood. The shear strength and fire performance of such a silicone-based (SI) adhesive glued plywood (SI/plywood) were investigated and compared to those of the polyurethane-based (PU) adhesive glued plywood (PU/plywood). The shear strength of the SI/plywood [(0.92 ± 0.09) MPa] was about 63% lower than that of the PU/plywood at room temperature, but it was less sensitive to water (62% reduction for the PU/plywood and 30% reduction for the SI/plywood after hot-water immersion at 63 °C for 3 h). The fire performance of plywood was assessed by a simulated match-flame ignition test (Mydrin test), lateral ignition and flame spread test, cone calorimetry, and thermocouple measurements. With a higher burn-though resistance and thermal barrier efficiency, and lower flame spread and heat release rate, the SI/plywood exhibited a superior fire-resistance and reaction-to-fire performance and improved fire-resistance as compared to the PU/plywood. The SI adhesive generated an inorganic protective layer on the sample surface that visibly suppressed glowing and smoldering of the plywood during combustion. The SI adhesive was also combined and reinforced with cellulosic fabric (CF) or glass fabric (GF) to prepare composite plywood (SI/CF/plywood and SI/GF/plywood) with improved fire performance. The cone calorimetry and thermocouple measurements indicated that the use of CF or GF in SI/CF/plywood and SI/GF/plywood, respectively, suppressed the delamination and cracking of the composite plywood and promoted the formation of an effective thermal barrier during smoldering and flaming combustion. Particularly, the SI/GF/plywood exhibited the most effective fire barrier with no crack formation, and the lowest heat release rate among the plywood types investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization (Beijing Forestry University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering (Beijing Forestry University), 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Planning and Design Institute of Forest Products Industry, State Forestry Administration of China. 130 Inner Chaoyangmen Main Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Mauro Zammarano
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - John R. Shields
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Knowlton
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Ickchan Kim
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - John A. Gales
- York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Hoehler
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization (Beijing Forestry University), Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering (Beijing Forestry University), 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang W, Peng Y, Zammarano M, Zhang W, Li J. Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate to Aluminum Hydroxide Mass Ratio on the Properties of Wood-Flour/Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110615. [PMID: 30965918 PMCID: PMC6418642 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two halogen-free inorganic flame retardants, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were added to wood-flour/polypropylene composites (WPCs) at different APP to ATH mass ratios (APP/ATH ratios), with a constant total loading of 30 wt % (30% by mass). Water soaking tests indicated a low hygroscopicity and/or solubility of ATH as compared to APP. Mechanical property tests showed that the flexural properties were not significantly affected by the APP/ATH ratio, while the impact strength appeared to increase with the increasing ATH/APP ratio. Cone calorimetry indicated that APP appeared to be more effective than ATH in reducing the peak of heat release rate (PHRR). However, when compared to the neat WPCs, total smoke release decreased with the addition of ATH but increased with the addition of APP. Noticeably, WPCs containing the combination of 20 wt % APP and 10 wt % ATH (WPC/APP-20/ATH-10) showed the lowest PHRR and total heat release in all of the formulations. WPCs combustion residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the organic volatiles that were produced during the thermal decomposition of WPCs. WPC/APP-20/ATH-10 showed the most compact carbonaceous residue with the highest degree of graphitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Yao Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Mauro Zammarano
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Utilization, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Zammarano M, Cazzetta V, Nazaré S, Shields JR, Kim YS, Hoffman KM, Maffezzoli A, Davis R. Smoldering and Flame Resistant Textiles via Conformal Barrier Formation. Adv Mater Interfaces 2016; 3:1600617. [PMID: 28184332 PMCID: PMC5292942 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201600617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A durable and flexible silicone-based backcoating (halogen free) is applied to the backside of an otherwise smoldering-prone and flammable fabric. When exposed to fire, cyclic siloxanes (produced by thermal decomposition of the backcoating) diffuse through the fabric in the gas phase. The following oxidation of the cyclic siloxanes forms a highly conformal and thermally stable coating that fully embeds all individual fibers and shields them from heat and oxidation. As a result, the combustion of the fabric is prevented. This is a novel fire retardant mechanism that discloses a powerful approach towards textiles and multifunctional flexible materials with combined smoldering/flaming ignition resistance and fire-barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zammarano
- Flammability Reduction Group, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-866, USA
| | - Valeria Cazzetta
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Centro Ecotekne Pal. O - S.P. 6, Lecce - Monteroni (LE), ITALY
| | - Shonali Nazaré
- Flammability Reduction Group, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-866, USA
| | - J Randy Shields
- Flammability Reduction Group, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-866, USA
| | - Yeon Seok Kim
- Flammability Reduction Group, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-866, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hoffman
- Flammability Reduction Group, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-866, USA
| | - Alfonso Maffezzoli
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Centro Ecotekne Pal. O - S.P. 6, Lecce - Monteroni (LE), ITALY
| | - Rick Davis
- Flammability Reduction Group, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-866, USA
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Fox DM, Novy M, Brown K, Zammarano M, Harris RH, Murariu M, McCarthy ED, Seppala JE, Gilman JW. Flame retarded poly(lactic acid) using POSS-modified cellulose. 2. Effects of intumescing flame retardant formulations on polymer degradation and composite physical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mauldin TC, Zammarano M, Gilman JW, Shields JR, Boday DJ. Synthesis and characterization of isosorbide-based polyphosphonates as biobased flame-retardants. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McCarthy ED, Zammarano M, Fox DM, Nieuwendaal RC, Kim YS, Maupin PH, Trulove PC, Gilman JW. Formation of extended ionomeric network by bulk polymerization of l,d-lactide with layered-double-hydroxide. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fox DM, Lee J, Zammarano M, Katsoulis D, Eldred DV, Haverhals LM, Trulove PC, De Long HC, Gilman JW. Char-forming behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose treated with glycidyl phenyl POSS. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fox DM, Temburni S, Novy M, Flynn L, Zammarano M, Kim YS, Gilman JW, Davis RD. Thermal and Burning Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Composites Using Cellulose-Based Intumescing Flame Retardants. ACS Symposium Series 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Fox
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Srilatha Temburni
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Melissa Novy
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Laura Flynn
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Mauro Zammarano
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Yeon S. Kim
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Jeffrey W. Gilman
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
| | - Rick D. Davis
- Chemistry Department, American University, Washington, DC 20016
- Fire Research Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8665
- Polymers Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070
- Guest Researcher at NIST
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Liu M, Zhang X, Zammarano M, Gilman JW, Davis RD, Kashiwagi T. Effect of montmorillonite dispersion on flammability properties of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) nanocomposites. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Liu M, Zhang X, Zammarano M, Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T. Flame retardancy of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) by the synergistic interaction between clay and phosphomolybdate hydrates. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zammarano M, Maupin PH, Sung LP, Gilman JW, McCarthy ED, Kim YS, Fox DM. Revealing the interface in polymer nanocomposites. ACS Nano 2011; 5:3391-3399. [PMID: 21410222 DOI: 10.1021/nn102951n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The morphological characterization of polymer nanocomposites over multiple length scales is a fundamental challenge. Here, we report a technique for high-throughput monitoring of interface and dispersion in polymer nanocomposites based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), fluorescently labeled with 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)-aminofluorescein (FL) and dispersed into polyethylene (PE) doped with Coumarin 30 (C30), is used as a model system to assess the ability of FRET to evaluate the effect of processing on NFC dispersion in PE. The level of energy transfer and its standard deviation, measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), are exploited to monitor the extent of interface formation and composite homogeneity, respectively. FRET algorithms are used to generate color-coded images for a real-space observation of energy transfer efficiency. These images reveal interface formation at a nanoscale while probing a macroscale area that is large enough to be representative of the entire sample. The unique ability of this technique to simultaneously provide orientation/spatial information at a macroscale and nanoscale features, encoded in the FRET signal, provides a new powerful tool for structure-property-processing investigation in polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zammarano
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Li YC, Schulz J, Mannen S, Delhom C, Condon B, Chang S, Zammarano M, Grunlan JC. Flame retardant behavior of polyelectrolyte-clay thin film assemblies on cotton fabric. ACS Nano 2010; 4:3325-3337. [PMID: 20496883 DOI: 10.1021/nn100467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cotton fabric was treated with flame-retardant coatings composed of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and sodium montmorillonite (MMT) clay, prepared via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Four coating recipes were created by exposing fabric to aqueous solutions of BPEI (pH 7 or 10) and MMT (0.2 or 1 wt %). BPEI pH 10 produces the thickest films, while 1 wt % MMT gives the highest clay loading. Each coating recipe was evaluated at 5 and 20 bilayers. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that coated fabrics left as much as 13% char after heating to 500 degrees C, nearly 2 orders of magnitude more than uncoated fabric, with less than 4 wt % coming from the coating itself. These coatings also reduced afterglow time in vertical flame tests. Postburn residues of coated fabrics were examined with SEM and revealed that the weave structure and fiber shape in all coated fabrics were preserved. The BPEI pH 7/1 wt % MMT recipe was most effective. Microcombustion calorimeter testing showed that all coated fabrics reduced the total heat release and heat release capacity of the fabric. Fiber count and strength of uncoated and coated fabric are similar. These results demonstrate that LbL assembly is a relatively simple method for imparting flame-retardant behavior to cotton fabric. This work lays the foundation for using these types of thin film assemblies to make a variety of complex substrates (foam, fabrics, etc.) flame resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Rahatekar SS, Rasheed A, Jain R, Zammarano M, Koziol KK, Windle AH, Gilman JW, Kumar S. Solution spinning of cellulose carbon nanotube composites using room temperature ionic liquids. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang J, Lewin M, Pearce E, Zammarano M, Gilman JW. Flame retarding polyamide 6 with melamine cyanurate and layered silicates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zammarano M, Krämer RH, Harris R, Ohlemiller TJ, Shields JR, Rahatekar SS, Lacerda S, Gilman JW. Flammability reduction of flexible polyurethane foams via carbon nanofiber network formation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Modesti M, Besco S, Lorenzetti A, Zammarano M, Causin V, Marega C, Gilman JW, Fox DM, Trulove PC, De Long HC, Maupin P. Imidazolium-modified clay-based ABS nanocomposites: a comparison between melt-blending and solution-sonication processes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Modesti M, Besco S, Lorenzetti A, Causin V, Marega C, Gilman J, Fox D, Trulove P, De Long H, Zammarano M. ABS/clay nanocomposites obtained by a solution technique: Influence of clay organic modifiers. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zammarano M, Gilman JW, Nyden M, Pearce EM, Lewin M. The Role of Oxidation in the Migration Mechanism of Layered Silicate in Poly(propylene) Nanocomposites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lewin M, Pearce EM, Levon K, Mey-Marom A, Zammarano M, Wilkie CA, Jang BN. Nanocomposites at elevated temperatures: migration and structural changes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zammarano M, Bellayer S, Gilman JW, Franceschi M, Beyer FL, Harris RH, Meriani S. Delamination of organo-modified layered double hydroxides in polyamide 6 by melt processing. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zammarano M, Franceschi M, Bellayer S, Gilman JW, Meriani S. Preparation and flame resistance properties of revolutionary self-extinguishing epoxy nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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