Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) exploration of extrinsic factors influencing vericiguat pharmacokinetics

Introduction

Vericiguat is a once daily, novel oral stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) that showed clinical benefit in the Phase III VICTORIA study in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, NCT02861534). Nonclinical and clinical studies demonstrated that the primary route of elimination of vericiguat was glucuronidation to an inactive metabolite M-1 (N-glucuronide). This glucuronidation was catalyzed by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT)1A9 as well as UGT1A1, thus vericiguat may have a potential for victim drug-drug interaction (DDI) when co-administered with potent UGT inhibitors.

Purpose

In a clinical DDI study with mefenamic acid as an UGT1A9 inhibitor no clinically relevant increase in vericiguat exposure in healthy subjects was observed (EudraCT 2014–000764–17). This analysis aims to prospectively investigate as extrinsic factors the DDI potential with atazanavir as a selective UGT1A1 inhibitor via full dynamic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling.

Methods

A PBPK model for vericiguat and M-1 in healthy adults was built with PK-Sim (PBPK platform as part of the Open Systems Pharmacology Suite) by integrating physicochemical, in vitro metabolism and transporter data as well as PK data from clinical pharmacology studies in order to assess the victim DDI potential of vericiguat when co-administered with UGT inhibitors. First, PBPK models for mefenamic acid and atazanavir were separately developed and verified using published literature data. The PBPK model for vericiguat was then verified with regard to its fraction of metabolism by UGTs by comparing simulated and observed data of the clinical mefenamic acid DDI study. Finally, the UGT1A1 DDI potential of vericiguat was prospectively predicted by simulating an in silico study between the UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir and vericiguat.

Results

In line with the results of the clinical DDI study with mefenamic acid, an increase in total vericiguat exposure by 14% (area under the concentration time curve ratio (AUCR) of 1.14 (geoCV 5.3%; 90% population interval: 1.06 to 1.25) and peak exposure increase by 6% (CmaxR of 1.06; geoCV 5.9%; 90% population interval: 1.01 to 1.20) was simulated using the PBPK model. A prospective prediction of a virtual DDI trial between the UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir yielded an AUCR of 1.12 (geoCV 2.9%; 90% population interval: 1.07 to 1.17) and a CmaxR of 1.04 (geoCV 1.1%; 90% population interval: 1.03 to 1.06). The proposed population intervals for AUCR and CmaxR for both DDI studies lie within the default no-effect boundary of 0.80 to 1.25 according to the to January 2020 FDA DDI guideline.

Conclusion(s)

Results of UGT1A9-DDI simulations were consistent with those of the clinical study-The prospective UGT1A1-DDI simulation results suggest a low potential for vericiguat to be subject to DDI when co-administered with UGT1A1 inhibitors.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Funding for this research was provided by Bayer and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA

Vericiguat clinical pharmacology programme: biopharmaceutical properties and potential intrinsic and extrinsic factor effects

Introduction

The Phase III VICTORIA study (NCT02861534), which evaluated vericiguat vs placebo in patients with worsening chronic heart failure (WCHF) with ejection fraction <45%, demonstrated a significant reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalisation.

Purpose

A comprehensive clinical pharmacological programme of 28 Phase I trials in >650 participants was performed to inform use of vericiguat.

Methods

Biopharmaceutical properties, pharmacokinetics (PK) and the potential for intrinsic factors to influence vericiguat dose administration were investigated. The PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction potential of vericiguat with other drugs was assessed.

Results

Vericiguat had a mean half-life of approximately 24 h and high bioavailability when taken with food, leading to the recommendation of once daily dosing with food. Due to the multi-pathway metabolism and excretion profile of vericiguat, there was a low risk of PK drug–drug interactions (DDI; Table). No clinically relevant PD DDI were identified between vericiguat and aspirin, warfarin, sacubitril/valsartan or nitrates. There was a relatively minor influence of intrinsic factors on vericiguat PK.

Conclusion

This clinical pharmacology programme supports use of vericiguat in patients with WCHF who are characterised by multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Funding for this research was provided by Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA

Large-scale gene-centric meta-analysis across 39 studies identifies type 2 diabetes loci

To identify genetic factors contributing to type 2 diabetes (T2D), we performed large-scale meta-analyses by using a custom ∼50,000 SNP genotyping array (the ITMAT-Broad-CARe array) with ∼2000 candidate genes in 39 multiethnic population-based studies, case-control studies, and clinical trials totaling 17,418 cases and 70,298 controls. First, meta-analysis of 25 studies comprising 14,073 cases and 57,489 controls of European descent confirmed eight established T2D loci at genome-wide significance. In silico follow-up analysis of putative association signals found in independent genome-wide association studies (including 8,130 cases and 38,987 controls) performed by the DIAGRAM consortium identified a T2D locus at genome-wide significance (GATAD2A/CILP2/PBX4; p = 5.7 × 10(-9)) and two loci exceeding study-wide significance (SREBF1, and TH/INS; p < 2.4 × 10(-6)). Second, meta-analyses of 1,986 cases and 7,695 controls from eight African-American studies identified study-wide-significant (p = 2.4 × 10(-7)) variants in HMGA2 and replicated variants in TCF7L2 (p = 5.1 × 10(-15)). Third, conditional analysis revealed multiple known and novel independent signals within five T2D-associated genes in samples of European ancestry and within HMGA2 in African-American samples. Fourth, a multiethnic meta-analysis of all 39 studies identified T2D-associated variants in BCL2 (p = 2.1 × 10(-8)). Finally, a composite genetic score of SNPs from new and established T2D signals was significantly associated with increased risk of diabetes in African-American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. In summary, large-scale meta-analysis involving a dense gene-centric approach has uncovered additional loci and variants that contribute to T2D risk and suggests substantial overlap of T2D association signals across multiple ethnic groups.

Primary gastric B-cell lymphoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. The German-Austrian Gastrointestinal Lymphoma Study Group

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Appropriate management of primary gastric lymphoma is controversial. This prospective, multicenter study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic biopsy diagnosis and clinical staging procedures and assess a treatment strategy based on Helicobacter pylori status and tumor stage and grade.

METHODS

Of 266 patients with primary gastric B-cell lymphoma, 236 with stages EI (n = 151) or EII (n = 85) were included in an intention-to-treat analysis. Patients with H. pylori-positive stage EI low-grade lymphoma underwent eradication therapy. Nonresponders and patients with stage EII low-grade lymphoma underwent gastric surgery. Depending on the residual tumor status and predefined risk factors, patients received either radiotherapy or no further treatment. Patients with high-grade lymphoma underwent surgery and chemotherapy at stages EI/EII, complemented by radiation in case of incomplete resection.

RESULTS

Endoscopic-bioptic typing and grading and clinical staging were accurate to 73% and 70%, respectively, based on the histopathology of resected specimens. The overall 2-year survival rates for low-grade lymphoma did not differ in the risk-adjusted treatment groups, ranging from 89% to 96%. In high-grade lymphoma, patients with complete resection or microscopic tumor residuals had significantly better survival rates (88% for EI and 83% for EII) than those with macroscopic tumor residues (53%; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a considerable need for improvement in clinical diagnostic and staging procedures, especially with a view toward nonsurgical treatment. With the exception of eradication therapy in H. pylori-positive low-grade lymphoma of stage EI and the subgroup of locally advanced high-grade lymphoma, resection remains the treatment of choice. However, because there is an increasing trend toward stomach-conserving therapy, a randomized trial comparing cure of disease and quality of life with surgical and conservative treatment is needed.