Use of the 40-gene Expression Profile (40-GEP) Test in Medicare-eligible Patients Diagnosed with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) to Guide Adjuvant Radiation Therapy (ART) Decisions Leads to a Significant Reduction in Healthcare Costs

Objective

Adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) is often recommended for high-risk cSCC patients but carries significant costs and risks. This study aims to determine if utilizing the 40-GEP test to guide ART can reduce healthcare costs in cSCC management.

Methods

Medical claims data with new diagnoses of cSCC for the 12 months ending June 2022 in the Medicare (≥65 years) population (source: IQVIA claims database) were obtained and normalized to the general population for missingness. CPT codes associated with radiation therapy within one-year post diagnosis were used to establish adjuvant RT use (defined as 'ART'). Average weighted direct costs for four major ART modalities were calculated from published studies and (IQVIA). Sensitivity analysis was used to assess the financial impact of ART treatment using varying distributions of 40-GEP Class results.

Results

Normalized medical claims data identified 22,917 Medicare-eligible cSCC patients who received ART within the United States. The weighted average direct cost for ART, which includes the four most used CPT code-defined modalities (IGRT, IMRT, IMPT, and XRT), was $60,693 per patient, amounting to an annual projected ART cost of $1.4 billion. Using the distribution of 40-GEP results from published studies, utilization of a 40-GEP test result to avoid ART in these patients could save up to $972 million in Medicare-eligible population. Sensitivity analysis shows, depending upon the distribution of the 40-GEP results, that for every 10% of Class 2A test results omitting ART, an extra $38-66 million in annual savings is expected.

Limitations

Potential limitations include a need for more comprehensive patient information and the cost of ART-related complications.

Conclusion

Utilizing the 40-GEP test results to guide ART decision-making would result in material savings to Medicare.

The Integrated i31-GEP Test Outperforms the MSKCC Nomogram at Predicting SLN Status in Melanoma Patients

BACKGROUND/AIM

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for patients with cutaneous melanoma is primarily a prognostic procedure that broadly identifies patients who may have disease progression and may warrant additional intervention. However, 88% of patients undergoing SLNB receive a negative result and of those, some will succumb to their disease. One clinical utility of the integrated 31-GEP test, which combines gene expression data with clinicopathologic factors to provide a personalized, precise risk of SLN positivity, is SLNB guidance. This study compared the i31-GEP for SLNB to a nomogram that predicts SLN positivity using only clinicopathologic factors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with T1-T2 tumors and known SLN status (N=465) were analyzed by the i31-GEP for SLNB and a nomogram developed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). A 5% risk threshold was used to conform with national guidelines.

RESULTS

In patients with <5% predicted risk, SLN positivity was 2.7% (3/111) for i31-GEP versus 10.0% (11/110, p=0.026) for MSKCC. In each T-category, the i31-GEP maintained a false-negative rate below the 5% risk threshold in those predicted to have a <5% risk, while the MSKCC nomogram did not.

CONCLUSION

Integrating the 31-GEP with traditional factors outperformed a nomogram that uses clinicopathologic factors alone to predict SLN status. Incorporating the i31-GEP into clinical practice could improve identification of patients for SLNB, resulting in better risk-aligned management.

Impact of Coding Curriculum on Dermatology Resident Billing

Background

Competent medical coding is key to maintaining a successful dermatology practice. Resident billing performance can have significant financial implications for the academic institutions employing them. During their residency training, dermatology residents commonly find themselves responsible for the billing of patient encounters. However, despite the importance of adequate knowledge and skill in medical coding, recent data show inadequacies in this aspect of resident education. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of an interventional coding curriculum on dermatology residents’ billing accuracy at our institution.

Methodology

Billing data, including evaluation and management (E/M) level of service, procedural codes, and current procedural terminology modifiers (if applicable) were queried from the electronic medical records (EMR) at a resident clinic seeing patients on three half-days each week. Billing codes were gathered from patient visits occurring in two separate time periods, before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of monthly resident lectures on E/M and procedural billing in outpatient dermatology with associated quizzes. Billing accuracy was verified by three attending dermatologists through chart review and compared between the two time periods.

Results

Overall, billing data from 532 patient visits, 267 from the pre-intervention period and 265 from the post-intervention period, were checked for accuracy. The accuracy of resident-billed E/M levels of service was similar between the pre- and post-intervention periods (44.3% vs. 44.8%). Similar rates of undercoding and overcoding were noted between the pre- and post-intervention periods (35.2% undercoded and 8% overcoded vs. 35.7% and 8.9%, respectively). However, substantial improvements were noted in the rate of errors with procedural codes and modifiers in the post-intervention period. Overall, 21.9% of procedural codes were incorrectly billed pre-intervention compared to 3.7% post-intervention (p < 0.05). Moreover, 55.2% of modifiers were incorrectly billed pre-intervention versus 27.3% post-intervention (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our analysis suggests that billing lectures yielded a clear improvement in resident billing accuracy at our institution. While there was no improvement in E/M coding, there was a significant improvement in the usage of procedural codes and modifiers. Similar analyses can be used by other residency programs to monitor resident billing performance and the efficacy of educational programs on medical billing.

Dermatology Resident Billing and the Impact of 2021 Evaluation and Management Coding Changes

New billing rules were implemented in 2021 for determining the level of service in outpatient encounters. The purpose of this study was to assess overall dermatology resident billing at our institution and the impact of these rule changes. Billing codes from four months of our resident clinic were extracted from our electronic medical records (EMR) and analyzed. Nationwide Medicare data for dermatologists were used as a comparison. The coding changes were associated with a 13% increase in level 4 codes and a 20% decrease in level 2 codes. Overall, level 3 codes remained the most common codes submitted. Billing patterns were not concordant with nationwide Medicare utilization.

Purpura Fulminans Following Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis-Like Presentation of Spontaneous Linear IgA Bullous Disease

Purpura fulminans (PF) is a life-threatening disease of cutaneous microvascular thrombosis and hemorrhagic necrosis. Linear IgA bullous disease (LABD) is an autoimmune disease of subepidermal blistering. We present the first known case of PF following a toxic epidermal necrolysis-like presentation of spontaneous LABD in a 70-year-old female.

How I learned to stop worrying and love machine learning

Artificial intelligence and its machine learning (ML) capabilities are very promising technologies for dermatology and other visually oriented fields due to their power in pattern recognition. Understandably, many physicians distrust replacing clinical finesse with unsupervised computer programs. We describe convolutional neural networks and discuss how this method of ML will impact the field of dermatology. ML is a form of artificial intelligence well suited for pattern recognition in visual applications. Many dermatologists are wary of such unsupervised algorithms and their future implications.

Pectoralis Major Repair: A Biomechanical Analysis of Modern Repair Configurations Versus Traditional Repair Configuration

BACKGROUND

Pectoralis major (PM) ruptures are increasingly common, and a variety of surgical techniques have been described. However, tested techniques have demonstrated diminished strength with inadequate restoration of the footprint and suture failure at relatively low loads. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to biomechanically compare PM transosseous suture repair (current gold standard) to modern PM repair techniques that use larger caliber sutures, suture tape, and unicortical button fixation (UBF). The null hypothesis was that there would be no mechanical difference between repair techniques and no difference in the amount of footprint restoration.

STUDY DESIGN

Controlled laboratory study.

METHODS

Twenty-four fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders controlled for age and bone mineral density were randomized equally to 4 groups: (1) UBF, suture tape; (2) UBF, No. 5 suture, suture tape; (3) bone trough with No. 2 suture; and (4) native PM tendon group; all groups were tested to failure. The specimens were tested under cycling loads (10 N to 125 N) with a final load-to-failure test at 1 mm/s. Failure modes were classified by location and cause of rupture based on optical markers, while tendon footprint length was measured to determine amount of footprint restoration.

RESULTS

For fixation strength, the mean peak load was significantly greater in the native tendon (1816 ± 706 N) versus UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape (794 ± 168 N), UBF/suture tape (502 ± 201 N), and bone trough (492 ± 151 N) ( P < .001 for all). UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape featured the lowest displacement superiorly (1.09 ± 0.47 mm) and inferiorly (1.14 ± 0.39 mm) with a significant difference compared with bone trough. With regard to tendon footprint reapproximation, cortical button fixation best approximated native tendon footprint length versus bone trough.

CONCLUSION

Based on peak failure load, the UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape construct demonstrated 61% greater construct strength than a traditional bone trough technique. Moreover, displacement after cyclic loading was by far smallest in the UBF/No. 5 suture/suture tape construct. Therefore, repair constructs with larger caliber suture and suture tape provide a measurable improvement in construct strength versus traditional PM repair techniques in a biomechanical model and may be advantageous for repair.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Cortical button fixation with larger caliber suture and suture tape allows for a significantly better PM repair than more traditional techniques at the time of surgery, which may ultimately result in improved clinical outcomes if implemented in surgical practice.