1
|
Moradi-Lakeh M, Forouzanfar MH, El Bcheraoui C, Daoud F, Afshin A, Hanson SW, Vos T, Naghavi M, Murray CJL, Mokdad AH. High Fasting Plasma Glucose, Diabetes, and Its Risk Factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:22-29. [PMID: 27797926 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of diabetes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is among the highest in the world. We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study to calculate the burden of diabetes in the EMR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The burden of diabetes and burden attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) were calculated for each of the 22 countries in the EMR between 1990 and 2013. A systematic analysis was performed on mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). RESULTS The diabetes death rate increased by 60.7%, from 12.1 per 100,000 population (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 11.2-13.2) in 1990 to 19.5 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 17.4-21.5) in 2013. The diabetes DALY rate increased from 589.9 per 100,000 (95% UI: 498.0-698.0) in 1990 to 883.5 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 732.2-1,051.5) in 2013. In 2013, HFPG accounted for 4.9% (95% UI: 4.4-5.3) of DALYs from all causes. Total DALYs from diabetes increased by 148.6% during 1990-2013; population growth accounted for a 62.9% increase, and aging and increase in age-specific DALY rates accounted for 31.8% and 53.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that diabetes causes a major burden in the EMR, which is increasing. Aging and population growth do not fully explain this increase in the diabetes burden. Programs and policies are urgently needed to reduce risk factors for diabetes, increase awareness of the disease, and improve diagnosis and control of diabetes to reduce its burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ashkan Afshin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah Wulf Hanson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khalil I, Colombara DV, Forouzanfar MH, Troeger C, Daoud F, Moradi-Lakeh M, Bcheraoui CE, Rao PC, Afshin A, Charara R, Abate KH, Razek MMAE, Abd-Allah F, Abu-Elyazeed R, Kiadaliri AA, Akanda AS, Akseer N, Alam K, Alasfoor D, Ali R, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi RMS, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Ammar W, Antonio CAT, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Atique S, Awasthi A, Bacha U, Badawi A, Barac A, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bensenor IM, Betsu BD, Bhutta Z, Abdulhak AAB, Butt ZA, Danawi H, Dubey M, Endries AY, Faghmous IDA, Farid T, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fischer F, Fitchett JRA, Gibney KB, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Hailu GB, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hedayati MT, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jibat T, Jonas JB, Kasaeian A, Khader YS, Khan AR, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja TAM, Kinfu Y, Kissoon N, Koyanagi A, Lal A, Latif AAA, Lunevicius R, Razek HMAE, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mehari A, Mekonnen AB, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Misganaw A, Mohamed LAI, Nachega JB, Nguyen QL, Nisar MI, Peprah EK, Platts-Mills JA, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Riddle M, Roshandel G, Ruhago GM, Saleh MM, Sanabria JR, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Sliwa K, Sreeramareddy CT, Sykes BL, Tavakkoli M, Tedla BA, Terkawi AS, Ukwaja K, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Wubshet M, Yenesew MA, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Rabeeah AAA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, Mokdad AH. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1319-1329. [PMID: 27928080 PMCID: PMC5154365 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khalil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Danny V Colombara
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Christopher Troeger
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Puja C Rao
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashkan Afshin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Raghid Charara
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Nadia Akseer
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Khurshid Alam
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Raghib Ali
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mahmoud A Alomari
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | | | - Shirina Alsowaidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Suleman Atique
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ashish Awasthi
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Umar Bacha
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Neeraj Bedi
- College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Medical Center, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Zahid A Butt
- Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Manisha Dubey
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Imad D A Faghmous
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Talha Farid
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Maryam S Farvid
- Institute for Health Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Katherine B Gibney
- Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Melkamu Dedefo Gishu
- Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia.,Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Harish Chander Gugnani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies.,Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies
| | - Rahul Gupta
- West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Gessessew Bugssa Hailu
- Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Ethiopia.,Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Samer Hamidi
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohamed Hsairi
- Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Nader Jahanmehr
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Tariku Jibat
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Yohannes Kinfu
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aparna Lal
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Aintree University Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alem Mehari
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Yohannes Adama Melaku
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Awoke Misganaw
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jean B Nachega
- Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Quyen Le Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.,Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Saleem M Rana
- Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.,Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chhabi L Ranabhat
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea.,Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Sowmya R Rao
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amany H Refaat
- Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Juan R Sanabria
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | | | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Karen Sliwa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Departments of Criminology, Law and Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | | | - Bemnet Amare Tedla
- James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abdullah S Terkawi
- Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kingsley Ukwaja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan A Uthman
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ronny Westerman
- German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.,Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Mamo Wubshet
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agardh EE, Danielsson A, Ramstedt M, Ledgaard Holm A, Diderichsen F, Juel K, Vollset SE, Knudsen AK, Minet Kinge J, White R, Skirbekk V, Mäkelä P, Forouzanfar MH, Coates MM, Casey DC, Naghavi M, Allebeck P. Alcohol-attributed disease burden in four Nordic countries: a comparison using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors 2013 study. Addiction 2016; 111:1806-13. [PMID: 27085097 PMCID: PMC5089612 DOI: 10.1111/add.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS (1) To compare alcohol-attributed disease burden in four Nordic countries 1990-2013, by overall disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and separated by premature mortality [years of life lost (YLL)] and health loss to non-fatal conditions [years lived with disability (YLD)]; (2) to examine whether changes in alcohol consumption informs alcohol-attributed disease burden; and (3) to compare the distribution of disease burden separated by causes. DESIGN A comparative risk assessment approach. SETTING Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. PARTICIPANTS Male and female populations of each country. MEASUREMENTS Age-standardized DALYs, YLLs and YLDs per 100 000 with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). FINDINGS In Finland, with the highest burden over the study period, overall alcohol-attributed DALYs were 1616 per 100 000 in 2013, while in Norway, with the lowest burden, corresponding estimates were 634. DALYs in Denmark were 1246 and in Sweden 788. In Denmark and Finland, changes in consumption generally corresponded to changes in disease burden, but not to the same extent in Sweden and Norway. All countries had a similar disease pattern and the majority of DALYs were due to YLLs (62-76%), mainly from alcohol use disorder, cirrhosis, transport injuries, self-harm and violence. YLDs from alcohol use disorder accounted for 41% and 49% of DALYs in Denmark and Finland compared to 63 and 64% in Norway and Sweden 2013, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Finland and Denmark has a higher alcohol-attributed disease burden than Sweden and Norway in the period 1990-2013. Changes in consumption levels in general corresponded to changes in harm in Finland and Denmark, but not in Sweden and Norway for some years. All countries followed a similar pattern. The majority of disability-adjusted life years were due to premature mortality. Alcohol use disorder by non-fatal conditions accounted for a higher proportion of disability-adjusted life years in Norway and Sweden, compared with Finland and Denmark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E. Agardh
- Department of Public Health SciencesKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Mats Ramstedt
- Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Drugs (CAN)StockholmSweden,Department of Clinical NeurosciencesKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Astrid Ledgaard Holm
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Section of Social MedicineCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Finn Diderichsen
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Section of Social MedicineCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Knud Juel
- National Institute of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease BurdenOslo/BergenNorway,Department of Global Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of Bergen, BergenNorway
| | - Ann Kristin Knudsen
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease BurdenOslo/BergenNorway,Department of Global Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of Bergen, BergenNorway
| | - Jonas Minet Kinge
- Department of Health StatisticsThe Norwegian Institute of Public Health, OsloNorway,Department of Health Management and Health EconomicsUniversity of Oslo, OsloNorway
| | - Richard White
- Department of Health StatisticsThe Norwegian Institute of Public Health, OsloNorway
| | - Vegard Skirbekk
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease BurdenOslo/BergenNorway,Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Pia Mäkelä
- Alcohol and Drugs UnitNational Institute for Health and Welfare, HelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Matthew M. Coates
- Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Daniel C. Casey
- Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Mohesen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Peter Allebeck
- Department of Public Health SciencesKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mokdad AH, Forouzanfar MH, Daoud F, El Bcheraoui C, Moradi-Lakeh M, Khalil I, Afshin A, Tuffaha M, Charara R, Barber RM, Wagner J, Cercy K, Kravitz H, Coates MM, Robinson M, Estep K, Steiner C, Jaber S, Mokdad AA, O'Rourke KF, Chew A, Kim P, El Razek MMA, Abdalla S, Abd-Allah F, Abraham JP, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Al-Nehmi AA, Akanda AS, Al Ahmadi H, Al Khabouri MJ, Al Lami FH, Al Rayess ZA, Alasfoor D, AlBuhairan FS, Aldhahri SF, Alghnam S, Alhabib S, Al-Hamad N, Ali R, Ali SD, Alkhateeb M, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Al-Sheyab N, Alsowaidi S, Al-Thani M, Altirkawi KA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Anwari P, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assabri AM, Assadi R, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bakfalouni T, Basulaiman MO, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Bhakta AR, Bhutta ZA, Bin Abdulhak AA, Boufous S, Bourne RRA, Danawi H, Das J, Deribew A, Ding EL, Durrani AM, Elshrek Y, Ibrahim ME, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faghmous IAD, Farzadfar F, Feigl AB, Fereshtehnejad SM, Filip I, Fischer F, Gankpé FG, Ginawi I, Gishu MD, Gupta R, Habash RM, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hamdouni H, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hassanvand MS, Hedayati MT, Heydarpour P, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Jha V, Jonas JB, Karam NE, Kasaeian A, Kassa NA, Kaul A, Khader Y, Khalifa SEA, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja T, Khosravi A, Kinfu Y, Defo BK, Balaji AL, Lunevicius R, Obermeyer CM, Malekzadeh R, Mansourian M, Marcenes W, Farid HM, Mehari A, Mehio-Sibai A, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Mohammad KA, Nahas Z, Nasher JT, Nawaz H, Nejjari C, Nisar MI, Omer SB, Parsaeian M, Peprah EK, Pervaiz A, Pourmalek F, Qato DM, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Resnikoff S, Roshandel G, Saade G, Saeedi MY, Sahraian MA, Saleh S, Sanchez-Riera L, Satpathy M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Shaheen A, Shahraz S, Sheikhbahaei S, Shishani K, Sliwa K, Tavakkoli M, Terkawi AS, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Younis MZ, El Sayed Zaki M, Zannad F, Roth GA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Al Rabeeah AA, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4:e704-13. [PMID: 27568068 PMCID: PMC6660972 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013. Methods GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically. Findings The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle-income countries in the region. DALY risk factors varied by age, with child and maternal malnutrition affecting the younger age groups (aged 28 days to 4 years), whereas high bodyweight and systolic blood pressure affected older people (aged 60–80 years). The proportion of DALYs attributed to high body-mass index increased from 3·7% to 7·5% between 1990 and 2013. Burden of mental health problems and drug use increased. Most increases in DALYs, especially from non-communicable diseases, were due to population growth. The crises in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria have resulted in a reduction in life expectancy; life expectancy in Syria would have been 5 years higher than that recorded for females and 6 years higher for males had the crisis not occurred. Interpretation Our study shows that the eastern Mediterranean region is going through a crucial health phase. The Arab uprisings and the wars that followed, coupled with ageing and population growth, will have a major impact on the region's health and resources. The region has historically seen improvements in life expectancy and other health indicators, even under stress. However, the current situation will cause deteriorating health conditions for many countries and for many years and will have an impact on the region and the rest of the world. Based on our findings, we call for increased investment in health in the region in addition to reducing the conflicts. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashkan Afshin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marwa Tuffaha
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raghid Charara
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan M Barber
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Wagner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly Cercy
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Kravitz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew M Coates
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret Robinson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kara Estep
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlyn Steiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Jaber
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali A Mokdad
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin F O'Rourke
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrienne Chew
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pauline Kim
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Safa Abdalla
- Sudanese Public Health Consultancy Group, Solihull, UK
| | | | - Jerry P Abraham
- Family Medicine Residency Program at California Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Global Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zulfa A Al Rayess
- The Saudi Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fadia S AlBuhairan
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh F Aldhahri
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alghnam
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samia Alhabib
- King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Syed Danish Ali
- University of London, London, UK; Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammad Alkhateeb
- Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahmoud A Alomari
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rajaa Al-Raddadi
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Shirina Alsowaidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Azmeraw T Amare
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Heresh Amini
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergency, School of Paramedic, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Rana Asghar
- South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali M Assabri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Reza Assadi
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Umar Bacha
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Neeraj Bedi
- College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit R Bhakta
- National Institute of Mental Health, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Jai Das
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amare Deribew
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Eric L Ding
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yousef Elshrek
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohamed E Ibrahim
- Cardiovascular Diseases Control and Prevention Program, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babak Eshrati
- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea B Feigl
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Irina Filip
- Kaiser Permanente Psychiatry Residency Program, Fontana, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Ginawi
- College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melkamu Dedefo Gishu
- Haramaya University, Dira Dawa, Ethiopia; Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Rahul Gupta
- West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, USA
| | - Rami M Habash
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nima Hafezi-Nejad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hayet Hamdouni
- Direction des Soins de Santé de Base, Ministry of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samer Hamidi
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazndaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Pouria Heydarpour
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- The George Institute for Global Health India, University of Oxford, New Delhi, India
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Amir Kasaeian
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anil Kaul
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Yousef Khader
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ejaz A Khan
- Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tawfik Khoja
- Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ardeshir Khosravi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yohannes Kinfu
- Centre for Research & Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Barthelemy Kuate Defo
- Department of Demography and Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer
- Center for Research on Population and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Alem Mehari
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abla Mehio-Sibai
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | | | - Ziad Nahas
- Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Haseeb Nawaz
- Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mahboubeh Parsaeian
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Dima M Qato
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- A T Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rajesh K Rai
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
| | - Saleem M Rana
- Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan; Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sowmya R Rao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amany H Refaat
- Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; International Health and Development, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Georges Saade
- Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh El Metn, Lebanon
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Saleh
- Department of Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lidia Sanchez-Riera
- Institut d'Investigacio Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amira Shaheen
- Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Sara Sheikhbahaei
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Karen Sliwa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Abdullah S Terkawi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Ronny Westerman
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; German National Cohort Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Faiez Zannad
- Clinical Investigation Centre INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France; CHU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Gregory A Roth
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scheidt-Nave C, Ziese T, Fuchs J, Plass D, Achoki T, Leach-Kemon K, Speyer P, Heisel WE, Gakidou E, Vos T, Forouzanfar MH, Schmidt JC, Stein CE, Scheidt-Nave C, von der Lippe E, Barnes B, Busch MA, Buttmann-Schweiger N, Fuchs J, Heidemann C, Kraywinkel K, Nowossadeck E, Ziese T, Buchholz U, an der Heiden M, Eckmanns T, Haller S, Forouzanfar MH, Plass D, Tobollik M, Kallweit D, Wintermeyer D, Scheidt-Nave C, Ziese T, Fuchs J, Plass D. Proceedings of the International Workshop ‘From Global Burden of Disease Studies to National Burden of Disease Surveillance'. BMC Proc 2016. [PMCID: PMC4965834 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-016-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
I1 Introduction and aims of the workshop Christa Scheidt-Nave, Thomas Ziese, Judith Fuchs, Dietrich Plass S1 History, concept, and current results of GBD for Germany Tom Achoki, Katherine Leach-Kemon, Peter Speyer, William E. Heisel, Emmanuela Gakidou, Theo Vos S2 Methodology of the GBD 2013 Study–Mortality, Morbidity, Risk-Factors Mohammad Hossein Forouzanfar S3 National burden of disease surveillance examples of good practice: the case of Public Health England Jürgen C. Schmidt S4 Critical aspects of the burden of disease methodology and country-specific challenges Claudia E. Stein S5 Non-communicable disease surveillance in Germany – public health and data challenges Christa Scheidt-Nave, Elena von der Lippe, Benjamin Barnes, Markus Busch, Nina Buttmann-Schweiger, Judith Fuchs, Christin Heidemann, Klaus Kraywinkel, Enno Nowossadeck, Thomas Ziese S6 Different approaches in estimating the burden of communicable diseases using the examples of the healthcare associated infections and influenza Udo Buchholz, Matthias an der Heiden, Tim Eckmanns, Sebastian Haller S7 Behavioral and environmental attributable risk estimation Mohammad Hossein Forouzanfar S8 Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD) in Germany – past achievements and future perspectives Dietrich Plass, Myriam Tobollik, Dagmar Kallweit, Dirk Wintermeyer C1 Conclusions of the workshop Christa Scheidt-Nave, Thomas Ziese, Judith Fuchs, Dietrich Plass
Collapse
|
6
|
Mokdad AH, Forouzanfar MH, Daoud F, Mokdad AA, El Bcheraoui C, Moradi-Lakeh M, Kyu HH, Barber RM, Wagner J, Cercy K, Kravitz H, Coggeshall M, Chew A, O'Rourke KF, Steiner C, Tuffaha M, Charara R, Al-Ghamdi EA, Adi Y, Afifi RA, Alahmadi H, AlBuhairan F, Allen N, AlMazroa M, Al-Nehmi AA, AlRayess Z, Arora M, Azzopardi P, Barroso C, Basulaiman M, Bhutta ZA, Bonell C, Breinbauer C, Degenhardt L, Denno D, Fang J, Fatusi A, Feigl AB, Kakuma R, Karam N, Kennedy E, Khoja TAM, Maalouf F, Obermeyer CM, Mattoo A, McGovern T, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Patel V, Petroni S, Reavley N, Zertuche DR, Saeedi M, Santelli J, Sawyer SM, Ssewamala F, Taiwo K, Tantawy M, Viner RM, Waldfogel J, Zuñiga MP, Naghavi M, Wang H, Vos T, Lopez AD, Al Rabeeah AA, Patton GC, Murray CJL. Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people's health during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2016; 387:2383-401. [PMID: 27174305 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people's health has emerged as a neglected yet pressing issue in global development. Changing patterns of young people's health have the potential to undermine future population health as well as global economic development unless timely and effective strategies are put into place. We report the past, present, and anticipated burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2013 using data on mortality, disability, injuries, and health risk factors. METHODS The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) includes annual assessments for 188 countries from 1990 to 2013, covering 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. We used the comparative risk assessment approach to assess how much of the burden of disease reported in a given year can be attributed to past exposure to a risk. We estimated attributable burden by comparing observed health outcomes with those that would have been observed if an alternative or counterfactual level of exposure had occurred in the past. We applied the same method to previous years to allow comparisons from 1990 to 2013. We cross-tabulated the quantiles of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by quintiles of DALYs annual increase from 1990 to 2013 to show rates of DALYs increase by burden. We used the GBD 2013 hierarchy of causes that organises 306 diseases and injuries into four levels of classification. Level one distinguishes three broad categories: first, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders; second, non-communicable diseases; and third, injuries. Level two has 21 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, level three has 163 categories, and level four has 254 categories. FINDINGS The leading causes of death in 2013 for young people aged 10-14 years were HIV/AIDS, road injuries, and drowning (25·2%), whereas transport injuries were the leading cause of death for ages 15-19 years (14·2%) and 20-24 years (15·6%). Maternal disorders were the highest cause of death for young women aged 20-24 years (17·1%) and the fourth highest for girls aged 15-19 years (11·5%) in 2013. Unsafe sex as a risk factor for DALYs increased from the 13th rank to the second for both sexes aged 15-19 years from 1990 to 2013. Alcohol misuse was the highest risk factor for DALYs (7·0% overall, 10·5% for males, and 2·7% for females) for young people aged 20-24 years, whereas drug use accounted for 2·7% (3·3% for males and 2·0% for females). The contribution of risk factors varied between and within countries. For example, for ages 20-24 years, drug use was highest in Qatar and accounted for 4·9% of DALYs, followed by 4·8% in the United Arab Emirates, whereas alcohol use was highest in Russia and accounted for 21·4%, followed by 21·0% in Belarus. Alcohol accounted for 9·0% (ranging from 4·2% in Hong Kong to 11·3% in Shandong) in China and 11·6% (ranging from 10·1% in Aguascalientes to 14·9% in Chihuahua) of DALYs in Mexico for young people aged 20-24 years. Alcohol and drug use in those aged 10-24 years had an annual rate of change of >1·0% from 1990 to 2013 and accounted for more than 3·1% of DALYs. INTERPRETATION Our findings call for increased efforts to improve health and reduce the burden of disease and risks for diseases in later life in young people. Moreover, because of the large variations between countries in risks and burden, a global approach to improve health during this important period of life will fail unless the particularities of each country are taken into account. Finally, our results call for a strategy to overcome the financial and technical barriers to adequately capture young people's health risk factors and their determinants in health information systems. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arwa A Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan M Barber
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Wagner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly Cercy
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Kravitz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan Coggeshall
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrienne Chew
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin F O'Rourke
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlyn Steiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marwa Tuffaha
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raghid Charara
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yaser Adi
- Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rima A Afifi
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hanan Alahmadi
- Institute of Public Administration, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadia AlBuhairan
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Azzopardi
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmen Barroso
- International Planned Parenthood Federation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Bonell
- Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Breinbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donna Denno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Institute for Health Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China
| | - Adesegun Fatusi
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Andrea B Feigl
- Department of Global Health and Population, TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ritsuko Kakuma
- Global and Cultural Mental Health Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Elissa Kennedy
- Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tawfik A M Khoja
- Executive Board, Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadi Maalouf
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer
- Center for Research on Population and Health; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amitabh Mattoo
- Melbourne School of Government, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australia India Institute, Carlton, VIC, Australia; School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Terry McGovern
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Petroni
- International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicola Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - John Santelli
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fred Ssewamala
- International Center for Child Health and Asset Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kikelomo Taiwo
- The Lancet Youth, Lancet Commission on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing, London, UK
| | | | - Russell M Viner
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jane Waldfogel
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sepanlou SG, Malekzadeh F, Delavari F, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H, Pourshams A. Burden of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases in Middle East and North Africa: Results of Global Burden of Diseases Study from 1990 to 2010. Middle East J Dig Dis 2015; 7:201-15. [PMID: 26609348 PMCID: PMC4655840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and liver diseases (GILDs) are major causes of death and disability in Middle East and North Africa (MENA). However, they have different patterns in countries with various geographical, cultural, and socio-economic status. We aimed to compare the burden of GILDs in Iran with its neighboring countries using the results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study in 2010. METHODS Classic metrics of GBD have been used including: age-standardized rates (ASRs) of death, years of life lost due to premature death (YLL), years of life lost due to disability (YLD), and disability adjusted life years (DALY). All countries neighboring Iran have been selected. In addition, all other countries classified in the MENA region were included. Five major groups of gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases were studied including: infections of gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal and pancreatobilliary cancers, acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other digestive diseases. RESULTS The overall burden of GILDs is highest in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Egypt. Diarrheal diseases have been replaced by gastrointestinal cancers and cirrhosis in most countries in the region. However, in a number of countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Egypt, and Yemen, communicable GILDs are still among top causes of mortality and morbidity in addition to non-communicable GILDs and cancers. These countries are experiencing the double burden. In Iran, burden caused by cancers of stomach and esophagus are considerably higher than other countries. Diseases that are mainly diagnosed in outpatient settings have not been captured by GBD. CONCLUSION Improving the infrastructure of health care system including cancer registries and electronic recording of outpatient care is a necessity for better surveillance of GILDs in MENA. In contrast to expensive treatment, prevention of most GILDs is feasible and inexpensive. The health care systems in the region can be strengthened for prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2 Liver and Pancreatobilliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
, These two authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Fatemeh Malekzadeh
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,3 Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
, These two authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Farnaz Delavari
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- 4 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- 4 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA
,5 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2 Liver and Pancreatobilliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,6 Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2 Liver and Pancreatobilliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,6 Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Pourshams
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2 Liver and Pancreatobilliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,6 Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
,Corresponding Author: Akram Pourshams, MD Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, N. Kargar St. Tehran, Iran Tel: + 98 21 82415104 Fax: + 98 21 82415400
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sepanlou SG, Malekzadeh F, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Shahraz S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H. Trend of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases in Iran: Results of the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2010. Middle East J Dig Dis 2015; 7:121-37. [PMID: 26396715 PMCID: PMC4560627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The general pattern of epidemiologic transition from communicable to noncommunicable diseases is also observed for gastrointestinal and liver diseases (GILD), which constitute a heterogeneous array of causes of death and disability. We aimed to describe the trend of GILD in Iran based on the global burden of disease (GBD2010) study from 1990 to 2010. METHODS The trend of number of deaths, disability, adjusted life years (DALYs) and their age-standardized rates caused by 5 major GILD have been reported. The change in the rankings of major causes of death and DALY has been described as well. RESULTS The age standardized rates of death and DALYs in both sexes have decreased from 1990 to 2010 for most GILD. The most prominent decreases in death rates are observed for diarrheal diseases, gastritis and duodenitis, and peptic ulcer disease. Positive trends are observed for liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gall bladder cancer. Diarrheal diseases have retained their 1st rank among children under 5. Among adults, decreased ranks are observed for diarrheal diseases, appendicitis, gastritis and duodenitis, gall bladder diseases, pancreatitis, and all types of cirrhosis. The trends in age standardized rates of DALYs, deaths, and YLLs are negative for almost all GILD, and especially for diarrheal diseases. However, there is no upward or downward trend in rates of years lost due to disability (YLDs) for most diseases. Total numbers of DALYs and deaths due to acute hepatitis C, stomach cancer, and liver cancers are rising. The total DALYs due to overall digestive diseases except cirrhosis and DALYs due to cirrhosis are both somehow stable. No data has been reported for GILD that are mainly diagnosed in outpatient settings, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION The results of GBD 2010 demonstrate that the rates of most GILD are decreasing in Iran but total DALYs are somehow stable. However, as diseases detected in outpatient settings have not been captured, the burden of GILD seems to be underestimated. Population-based studies at national level are required for accurate reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
, These two authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Fatemeh Malekzadeh
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,3Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
, These two authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- 4Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Saeid Shahraz
- 5Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS ) Tufts Medical Center,USA
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- 4Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
,6Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,7 Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- 1 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,7 Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,Corresponding Author: Hossein Poustchi M.D/ Ph.D Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital N. Kargar St. Tehran, Iran Tel: + 98 21 82415104 Fax:+ 98 21 82415400
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malekzadeh F, Sepanlou SG, Poustchi H, Naghavi M, Forouzanfar MH, Shahraz S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Malekzadeh R. Burden of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases in Iran: Estimates Based on the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, 2010. Middle East J Dig Dis 2015; 7:138-54. [PMID: 26396716 PMCID: PMC4560628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and liver diseases (GILD) constitute a noteworthy portion of causes of death and disability in Iran. However, data on their prevalence and burden is sparse in Iran. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2010 has provided invaluable comprehensive data on the burden of GILD in Iran. METHODS Estimations of death, years of life lost due to premature death (YLL), years of life lost due to disability (YLD), disability-adjusted life years (DALY), life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy have been reported for 291 diseases, 67 risk factors, 1160 sequelae, for both sexes and 19 age groups, form 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries. In the current paper, 5 major categories of gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases have been investigated as follows: GI infectious diseases, GI and liver cancers, liver infections, chronic end stage liver disease, and other digestive diseases. RESULTS Among women, 7.6% of all deaths and 3.9% of all DALYs were due to digestive and liver diseases in 2010. The respective figures in men were 7.8% of deaths and 4.6% of DALYs. The most important cause of death among children under 5 is diarrhea. Among adults between 15 to 49 years old, the main causes of death are GI and liver cancers and cirrhosis, while diarrhea still remains a major cause of DALY. Among adults 50 years and above, GI and liver cancers and cirrhosis are the main causes of both deaths and DALYs. Gastritis and duodenitis, diarrheal diseases, gall bladder and bile duct diseases, acute hepatitis A, peptic ulcer disease, appendicitis, and acute hepatitis A mainly cause disability rather than death. CONCLUSION GBD study provides invaluable source of data on burden of GILD in Iran. However, there exist limitations, namely overestimation of burden of liver cancer and underestimation of the burden of GI diseases that are usually diagnosed in outpatient settings. The collaboration of scientists across the world and specifically those from developing countries is necessary for improving the accuracy of future updates of GBD in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Malekzadeh
- 1Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,2 Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
, These two authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou
- 1Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,3Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
, These two authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- 1Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,3Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- 4 Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Saeid Shahraz
- 5Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS ) Tufts Medical Center,USA
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- 4 Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
,6Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- 1Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,3Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,7 Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,Corresponding Author: Reza Malekzadeh MD, AGAF Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran 14117, Iran Tel: +98 21 82415104 Fax:+98 21 82415400
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naghavi M, Shahraz S, Sepanlou SG, Dicker D, Naghavi P, Pourmalek F, Mokdad A, Lozano R, Vos T, Asadi-Lari M, Sayyari AA, Murray CJL, Forouzanfar MH. Health transition in Iran toward chronic diseases based on results of Global Burden of Disease 2010. Arch Iran Med 2014; 17:321-35. [PMID: 24784861 DOI: 0141705/aim.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drawing on the results of the country-level Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study, we attempted to investigate the drivers of change in the healthcare system in terms of mortality and morbidity due to diseases, injuries, and risk factors for the two decades from 1990 to 2010. METHODS We decomposed trends in mortality, cause of death, years of life lost due to disability, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), life expectancy, health-adjusted life expectancy, and risk factors into the contribution of total increase in population size, aging of the population, and changes in age-specific and sex-specific rates. RESULTS We observed a decrease in age-specific mortality rate for both sexes, with a higher rate for women. The ranking of causes of death and their corresponding number of years of life lost remained unchanged between 1990 and 2010. However, the percentages of change indicate patterns of reduction for most causes, such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, hypertensive heart disease, stomach cancer, lower respiratory infections, and congenital anomalies. The number of years lost due to disability caused by diabetes and drug use disorders has significantly increased in the last two decades. Major causes of DALYs, such as injuries, interpersonal violence, and suicide, showed increasing trends, while rates of communicable diseases, neonatal disorders, and nutritional deficiencies have declined significantly. Life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy increased for both sexes by approximately 7 years, with the highest rate of increase pertaining to females over the age 30. CONCLUSIONS Time trend information presented in this paper can be used to evaluate problems and policies specific to medical conditions or risk factors. Despite recent improvements, implementing policies to reduce the number of deaths and years of life lost due to road traffic injury remains the highest priority for Iranian policymakers. Immediate action by Iranian researchers is required to match Iran's decreasing mortality rate due to liver and stomach cancers to a rate comparable to the global level. Prevention and treatment plans for mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and particularly drug use disorders, should be considered in reforms of the health, education, and judiciary systems in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Saeid Shahraz
- Heller School of Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Dicker
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paria Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Oncopathology Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shahraz S, Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, Dicker D, Naghavi P, Pourmalek F, Mokdad A, Lozano R, Vos T, Asadi-Lari M, Sayyari AA, Murray CJL, Naghavi M. Population health and burden of disease profile of Iran among 20 countries in the region: from Afghanistan to Qatar and Lebanon. Arch Iran Med 2014; 17:336-42. [PMID: 24784862 DOI: 0141705/aim.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population health and disease profiles are diverse across Iran's neighboring countries. Borrowing the results of the country-level Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study (GBD 2010), we aim to compare Iran with 19 countries in terms of an important set of population health and disease metrics. These countries include those neighboring Iran and a few other countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. METHODS We show the pattern of health transition across the comparator countries from 1990 through 2010. We use classic GBD metrics measured for the year 2010 to indicate the rank of Iran among these nations. The metrics include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost as a result of premature death (YLLs), years of life lost due to disability (YLDs), health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), and age-standardized death rate (ASD). RESULTS Considerable and uniform transition from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMMN) conditions to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was seen between 1990 and 2010. On average, ischemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, and road injuries were the three principal causes of YLLs, while low back pain and major depressive disorders were the top causes of YLDs in these countries. Iran ranked 13th in HALE and 12th in ASD. The function of Iran's health care, measured by DALYs, was somewhat in the middle of the HALE spectrum for the comparator countries. This intermediate position becomes rather highlighted when Afghanistan, as outlier, is taken out of the comparison. CONCLUSION Effective policies to reduce NCDs need to be formulated and implemented through an integrated health care system. Our comparison shows that Iran can learn from the experience of a number of these countries to devise and execute the required strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shahraz
- Heller School of Social Policy and Management , Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
| | | | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Dicker
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Naghavi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Mokdad
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Theo Vos
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Oncopathology Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Christopher J L Murray
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Forouzanfar MH, Sepanlou SG, Shahraz S, Dicker D, Naghavi P, Pourmalek F, Mokdad A, Lozano R, Vos T, Asadi-Lari M, Sayyari AA, Murray CJL, Naghavi M. Evaluating causes of death and morbidity in Iran, global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2010. Arch Iran Med 2014; 17:304-20. [PMID: 24784860 DOI: 0141705/aim.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND we aimed to recap and highlight the major results of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 by mortality and morbidity to clarify the current health priorities and challenges in Iran. METHODS We estimated Iran's mortality and burden of 289 diseases with 67 risk factors and 1160 sequelae, which were used to clinically present each disease and its disability or cause of death. We produced several measures to report health loss and status: all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost due to death (YLL), healthy years of life lost due to disability (YLD), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy, for three time periods: 1990, 2005, and 2010. RESULTS We found out that life expectancy at birth was 71.6 years in men and 77.8 years in women. Almost 350 thousand deaths occurred in both sexes and all age groups in 2010. In both males and females and all age groups, ischemic heart disease was the main cause of death, claiming about 90 thousand lives. The main contributors to DALYs were: ischemic heart disease (9.1%), low back pain (9.0%), road injuries (7.3%), and unipolar depressive disorders (6.3%). The main causes of death under 5 years of age included: congenital anomalies (22.4%), preterm birth complications (18.3%), and other neonatal disorders (13.5%). The main causes of death among 15 - 49 year olds in both sexes included: injuries (23.6%) and ischemic heart disease (12.7%) The highest rates of YLDs were observed among 70+ year olds for both sexes (27,365 per 100,000), mainly due to low back pain, osteoarthritis, diabetes, falls, and major depressive disorder. The main risk factors to which deaths were attributable among children under 5 years included: suboptimal breast feeding, ambient PM pollution, tobacco smoking, and underweight. The most important risk factors among 15 to 49 year olds were: dietary risks, high blood pressure, high body mass index, physical inactivity, smoking, and ambient PM pollution. The pattern was similar among 50+ year olds. CONCLUSION Although non-communicable diseases had the greatest burden in 2010, the challenge of communicable and maternal diseases for health system is not over yet. Diet and physiological risk factors appear to be the most important targets for public health policy in Iran. Moreover, Iranians would greatly benefit from effective strategies to prevent injury and musculoskeletal disorders and expand mental care. Persistent improvement is possible by strengthening the health information system to monitor the population health and evaluate current programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahraz
- Heller School of Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Dicker
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paria Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Oncopathology Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metric and Evolution, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mokdad AH, Jaber S, Aziz MIA, AlBuhairan F, AlGhaithi A, AlHamad NM, Al-Hooti SN, Al-Jasari A, AlMazroa MA, AlQasmi AM, Alsowaidi S, Asad M, Atkinson C, Badawi A, Bakfalouni T, Barkia A, Biryukov S, El Bcheraoui C, Daoud F, Forouzanfar MH, Gonzalez-Medina D, Hamadeh RR, Hsairi M, Hussein SS, Karam N, Khalifa SEAH, Khoja TAM, Lami F, Leach-Kemon K, Memish ZA, Mokdad AA, Naghavi M, Nasher J, Qasem MBH, Shuaib M, Al Thani AAM, Al Thani MH, Zamakhshary M, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. The state of health in the Arab world, 1990-2010: an analysis of the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Lancet 2014; 383:309-20. [PMID: 24452042 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arab world has a set of historical, geopolitical, social, cultural, and economic characteristics and has been involved in several wars that have affected the burden of disease. Moreover, financial and human resources vary widely across the region. We aimed to examine the burden of diseases and injuries in the Arab world for 1990, 2005, and 2010 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010). METHODS We divided the 22 countries of the Arab League into three categories according to their gross national income: low-income countries (LICs; Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, Yemen, and Somalia), middle-income countries (MICs; Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, occupied Palestinian territory, Sudan, Syria, and Tunisia), and high-income countries (HICs; Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates). For the whole Arab world, each income group, and each individual country, we estimated causes of death, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), DALY-attributable risk factors, years of life lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and life expectancy by age and sex for 1990, 2005, and 2010. FINDINGS Ischaemic heart disease was the top cause of death in the Arab world in 2010 (contributing to 14·3% of deaths), replacing lower respiratory infections, which were the leading cause of death in 1990 (11·0%). Lower respiratory infections contributed to the highest proportion of DALYs overall (6·0%), and in female indivduals (6·1%), but ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs in male individuals (6·0%). DALYs from non-communicable diseases--especially ischaemic heart disease, mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, musculoskeletal disorders including low back pain and neck pain, diabetes, and cirrhosis--increased since 1990. Major depressive disorder was ranked first as a cause of YLDs in 1990, 2005, and 2010, and lower respiratory infections remained the leading cause of YLLs in 2010 (9·2%). The burden from HIV/AIDS also increased substantially, specifically in LICs and MICs, and road injuries continued to rank highly as a cause of death and DALYs, especially in HICs. Deaths due to suboptimal breastfeeding declined from sixth place in 1990 to tenth place in 2010, and childhood underweight declined from fifth to 11th place. INTERPRETATION Since 1990, premature death and disability caused by communicable, newborn, nutritional, and maternal disorders (with the exception of HIV/AIDS) has decreased in the Arab world--although these disorders do still persist in LICs--whereas the burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries has increased. The changes in the burden of disease will challenge already stretched human and financial resources because many Arab countries are now dealing with both non-communicable and infectious diseases. A road map for health in the Arab world is urgently needed. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sara Jaber
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Fadia AlBuhairan
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Suad N Al-Hooti
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Atkinson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Stan Biryukov
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Diego Gonzalez-Medina
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tawfik A M Khoja
- Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Lami
- Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Katherine Leach-Kemon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ali A Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamal Nasher
- Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan D Lopez
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shamshiri AR, Yarahmadi S, Forouzanfar MH, Haghdoost AA, Hamzehloo G, Holakouie Naieni K. Evaluation of current guthrie TSH cut-off point in Iran congenital hypothyroidism screening program: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Iran Med 2012; 15:136-41. [PMID: 22369300 DOI: 012153/aim.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The threshold of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in current screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) from the heel prick test is 5 mU/l. This study uses cost-effective analysis to evaluate increasing the threshold to minimize false-positive results and recall rates. METHODS Cost of screening, diagnosis and treatment, education, and care of mentally retarded patients were gathered from the Ministry of Health State Welfare Organization and Department of Education in Tehran. Screening data were obtained from 34,007 neonates in the Central Health Laboratory of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2009. Sensitivity analysis and calculation of confidence interval for incremental costs and effects (gained disability adjusted life years - DALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were performed by Monte Carlo simulation with Ersatz software. RESULTS ICER for screening programs with different TSH cut-off points versus no screening was similar, and approximately -4.5 ± 0.2 thousand US dollars per gained DALY. In the proposed cohort (10,000 neonates), gained DALYs were 316 ± 50 for a cut off point of 5 mU/l, 251 ± 40 for 10 mU/l, 146 ± 23 for 15 mU/l, and 113 ± 18 for a cut-off point of 20 mU/l. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model remained the same when the input parameters were changed. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the current threshold of TSH in the national CH screening program in terms of cost-effectiveness is the most appropriate threshold. However, more studies are needed to examine new strategies and methods to reduce recall rates and related consequences such as repeated thyroid testing in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahranjani SHA, Kashani H, Forouzanfar MH, Meybodi HRA, Larijani B, Aalaa M, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR. Waist Circumference, Weight, and Body Mass Index of Iranians based on National Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Surveillance. Iran J Public Health 2012; 41:35-45. [PMID: 23113163 PMCID: PMC3481616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important and life-threatening disease, associated with different chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We sought to address the paucity of information on the trends of anthropometric indices such as weight, waist circumference, and body mass index in the adult population of Iran. METHODS We drew upon data from the First Non-communicable Disease Survey in Iran in 2005. In total, 79,611 participants between 20 and 64 years old were selected via the random multistage cluster sampling. The Lambda Median Scale method was applied to construct normal curves for anthropometric indices. RESULTS The mean of waist circumference in both genders increased with age and in all the age groups except those between 20 and 24 years old was higher in the women. The mean of body mass index was higher in all the age brackets in the women, but the means of weight and height were higher in the men. The association of theses indices with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was stronger in men. CONCLUSION The ranges of waist circumference and body mass index in Iranian population are different from those of other countries. The higher body mass index and waist circumference in females and the direct association between obesity and chronic diseases, is advisable that the effects of this phenomenon be fully investigated and due heed be paid to the importance of lifestyle modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SH Abbaszadeh Ahranjani
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Kashani
- Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MH Forouzanfar
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - HR Aghaei Meybodi
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Larijani
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Aalaa
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MR Mohajeri-Tehrani
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98 (21) 88220037-38, E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shakibazadeh E, Larijani B, Shojaeezadeh D, Rashidian A, Forouzanfar MH, Bartholomew LK. Patients' Perspectives on Factors that Influence Diabetes Self-Care. Iran J Public Health 2011; 40:146-58. [PMID: 23113114 PMCID: PMC3481743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diabetes mellitus is of high concern in Iran, and the level of control is unacceptable, few qualitative studies have been carried out to reflect the experiences of patients on the barriers and motivators to self-care. This study aimed to explore a culturally based experience of Iranian diabetic patients regarding the personal and environmental barriers to and facilitating factors for diabetes self-care. METHODS Six focus groups were conducted among type 2 diabetic patients in the Charity Foundation for Special Diseases' diabetes clinic. Purposeful sampling was used. Newly diagnosed patients (less than six months) and all type 1 diabetic patients were excluded. Three focus groups were held on for each sex. A total of 43 patients participated in the study. Frame-work analysis was used to extract the themes from the data. RESULTS DATA ANALYSIS SHOWED FIVE MAIN BARRIERS: physical barriers (such as physical effects of diabetes); psychological barriers (such as health beliefs); educational barriers (such as lack of knowledge about diabetes); social barriers (such as group pressure); and care system barriers (such as service availability). Along with the barriers, there were some motivators that the participants mentioned as a stimuli to control their diabetes. They include beliefs about diabetes, perceived responsibility for family, religious beliefs, and the views of significant others. CONCLUSION Culturally based interventions are needed to improve diabetes care management in Iran. In addition to personal factors, diabetes health educators should pay attention to the environmental factors when they develop programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Shakibazadeh
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences & Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - B Larijani
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - D Shojaeezadeh
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Phone: 88989129; E-Mail: ,Corresponding Author:
| | - A Rashidian
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health & Deputy Director for Research, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MH Forouzanfar
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - LK Bartholomew
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research in Houston, Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Omidfar K, Keshtkar A, Forouzanfar MH, Vosoogh A, Heshmat R, Birjandi F, Ozra TM, Larijani B. Stability of filter paper dried-blood spot assay for measuring glycated hemoglobin. Clin Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
18
|
Nedjat S, Hosseinpoor AR, Forouzanfar MH, Golestan B, Majdzadeh R. Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in self-rated health in Tehran. J Epidemiol Community Health 2011; 66:495-500. [PMID: 21282143 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2010.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring the distribution of health is a part of assessing health system performance. This study aims to estimate health inequality between different socioeconomic groups and its determinants in Tehran, the capital of Iran. METHODS Self-rated health (SRH) and demographic characteristics, including gender, age, marital status, educational years, and assets, were measured by structured interviews of 2464 residents of Tehran in 2008. A concentration index was calculated to measure health inequality by economic status. The association of potential determinants and SRH was assessed through multivariate logistic regression. The contribution to concentration index of level of education, marital status and other determining factors was assessed by decomposition. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 41.4 years (SD 17.7) and 49% of them were men. The mean score of SRH status was 3.72 (range: 1-5; SD 0.93). 282 respondents (11.5%) rated their health status as poor or very poor. The concentration index was -0.29 (SE 0.03; p<0.001). Age, marital status, level of education and household economic status were significantly associated with SRH in both the crude and adjusted analyses. The main contributors to inequality in SRH were economic status (47.8%), level of education (29.2%) and age (23.0%). CONCLUSIONS Sub-optimal SRH was more in lower than in higher economic status. After controlling for age, the levels of education and household wealth have the greatest contributions to SRH inequality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saharnaz Nedjat
- School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Davatchi F, Tehrani Banihashemi A, Gholami J, Faezi ST, Forouzanfar MH, Salesi M, Karimifar M, Essalatmanesh K, Barghamdi M, Noorolahzadeh E, Dahaghin S, Rasker JJ. The prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in a rural area in Iran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study (stage 1, rural study) in Iran. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 28:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-009-1234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
20
|
Delavari A, Forouzanfar MH, Alikhani S, Sharifian A, Kelishadi R. First nationwide study of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and optimal cutoff points of waist circumference in the Middle East: the national survey of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1092-7. [PMID: 19279302 PMCID: PMC2681035 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to provide the first national estimate on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components and the first ethnic-specific cutoff point for waist circumference in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This national survey was conducted in 2007 on 3,024 Iranians aged 25-64 years living in urban and rural areas of all 30 provinces in Iran. The metabolic syndrome was defined by different criteria, namely the definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and the modified definition of the NCEP/ATP III (ATP III/American Heart Association [AHA]/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI]). RESULTS The age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was about 34.7% (95% CI 33.1-36.2) based on the ATP III criteria, 37.4% (35.9-39.0%) based on the IDF definition, and 41.6% (40.1-43.2%) based on the ATP III/AHA/NHLBI criteria. By all definitions, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in women, in urban areas, and in the 55- to 64-year age-group compared with the prevalence in men, in rural areas, and in other age-groups, respectively. The metabolic syndrome was estimated to affect >11 million Iranians. The optimal cutoff point of waist circumference for predicting at least two other components of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the IDF was 89 cm for men and 91 cm for women. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome with its considerable burden on the middle-aged population mandates the implementation of national policies for its prevention, notably by tackling obesity. The waist circumference cutoff points obtained can be used in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Delavari
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Banihashemi AT, Gholami J, Forouzanfar MH, Akhlaghi M, Barghamdi M, Noorolahzadeh E, Khabazi AR, Salesi M, Salari AH, Karimifar M, Essalat-Manesh K, Hajialiloo M, Soroosh M, Farzad F, Moussavi HR, Samadi F, Ghaznavi K, Asgharifard H, Zangiabadi AH, Shahram F, Nadji A, Akbarian M, Gharibdoost F. WHO-ILAR COPCORD Study (Stage 1, Urban Study) in Iran. J Rheumatol 2008; 35:1384. [PMID: 18464299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints and rheumatic disorders in Iran. METHODS Tehran, with one-ninth of the population of Iran and of mixed ethnic origins, was selected as the field. Subjects were randomly selected from the 22 districts. Interviews were conducted once a week, on the weekend. The 3 phases of stage 1 were done on the same day, in parallel, like the fast-track Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD). RESULTS Four thousand ninety-six houses were visited and 10,291 persons were interviewed. Musculoskeletal complaints during the past 7 days were detected in 41.9% of the interviewed subjects. The distribution was: shoulder 14.5%, wrist 10%, hands and fingers 9.4%, hip 7.1%, knee 25.5%, ankle 9.8%, toes 6.1%, cervical spine 13.4%, and dorsal and lumbar spine 21.7%. Degenerative joint diseases were detected in 16.6% of subjects: cervical spondylosis 1.8%, knee osteoarthritis (OA) 15.3%, hand OA 2.9%, and hip OA 0.32%. Low back pain was detected in 15.4% and soft tissue rheumatism in 4.6%. Inflammatory disorders were rheumatoid arthritis 0.33%, seronegative spondyloarthropathies 0.23%, ankylosing spondylitis 0.12%, systemic lupus erythematosus 0.04%, and Behçet's disease 0.08%. Fibromyalgia was detected in 0.69% and gout in 0.13% of the studied population. CONCLUSION The large urban COPCORD study in Iran showed a high prevalence of rheumatic complaints in the population over the age of 15 years, 41.9%. Knee OA and low back pain were the most frequent complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereydoun Davatchi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mohamadnejad M, Montazeri G, Fazlollahi A, Zamani F, Nasiri J, Nobakht H, Forouzanfar MH, Abedian S, Tavangar SM, Mohamadkhani A, Ghoujeghi F, Estakhri A, Nouri N, Farzadi Z, Najjari A, Malekzadeh R. Noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis B-virus related liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:2537-45. [PMID: 17029616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Noninvasive markers for predicting significant fibrosis and inflammation have not yet been validated in an unselected group of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. The aim of this study was to create noninvasive models to predict significant fibrosis and inflammation in chronic HBV carriers. METHODS A total of 276 (229 HBeAg negative, 47 HBeAg positive) unselected consecutive treatment naïve patients chronically infected with HBV who attended our center over a 36-month period underwent liver biopsy. HBeAg negative patients were randomly divided into two cohorts: training group (N = 130) and validation group (N = 99). HBeAg positive patients were analyzed as a whole without separation. Thirteen parameters were analyzed separately in HBeAg negative and HBeAg positive patients to predict significant fibrosis (Ishak stage >or=3) and inflammation (Ishak grade >or=7). RESULTS In HBeAg negative patients significant liver fibrosis was best predicted using the variables HBV DNA levels, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and platelet counts with an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.91 for the training group and 0.85 for the validation group. Using the low cutoff probability of 4.72, significant fibrosis could be excluded with negative predictive value of 99% in the entire cohort, and liver biopsy would have been avoided in 52% of patients. The best model for predicting significant inflammation included the variables age, HBV DNA levels, AST, and albumin with an AUC of 0.93 in the training and 0.82 in the validation group. In HBeAg positive patients no factor could predict accurately stages of liver fibrosis, but the best factor for predicting significant inflammation was AST with an AUC of 0.87. CONCLUSIONS Significant hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammation can reliably be predicted using routinely checked tests and HBV DNA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mohamadnejad
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yunesian M, Asghari F, Vash JH, Forouzanfar MH, Farhud D. Acute symptoms related to air pollution in urban areas: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:218. [PMID: 16934138 PMCID: PMC1569380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The harmful effects of urban air pollution on general population in terms of annoying symptoms are not adequately evaluated. This is in contrast to the hospital admissions and short term mortality. The present study protocol is designed to assess the association between the level of exposure to certain ambient air pollutants and a wide range of relevant symptoms. Awareness of the impact of pollution on the population at large will make our estimates of the pertinent covert burden imposed on the society more accurate. Methods/design A cross sectional study with spatial analysis for the addresses of the participants was conducted. Data were collected via telephone interviews administered to a representative sample of civilians over age four in the city. Households were selected using random digit dialling procedures and randomization within each household was also performed to select the person to be interviewed. Levels of exposure are quantified by extrapolating the addresses of the study population over the air pollution matrix of the city at the time of the interview and also for different lag times. This information system uses the data from multiple air pollution monitoring stations in conjunction with meteorological data. General linear models are applied for statistical analysis. Discussion The important limitations of cross-sectional studies on acute effects of air pollution are personal confounders and measurement error for exposure. A wide range of confounders in this study are controlled for in the statistical analysis. Exposure error may be minimised by employing a validated geographical information system that provides accurate estimates and getting detailed information on locations of individual participants during the day. The widespread operation of open air conditioning systems in the target urban area which brings about excellent mixing of the outdoor and indoor air increases the validity of outdoor pollutants levels that are taken as exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masud Yunesian
- School of Public Health & Centre for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poursina Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Asghari
- Medical Ethics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Homayoun Vash
- School of Public Health & Centre for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Poursina Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Forouzanfar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Farhud
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hosseinpoor AR, Forouzanfar MH, Yunesian M, Asghari F, Naieni KH, Farhood D. Air pollution and hospitalization due to angina pectoris in Tehran, Iran: a time-series study. Environ Res 2005; 99:126-31. [PMID: 16053936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health effects of air pollution have been studied in many different parts of the world. Although a fairly large number of studies have explored the cardiovascular impacts of air pollution, because of its unique location we studied the association between air pollutants and hospital admissions due to angina pectoris in Tehran for the first time. METHODS This is a retrospective time-series study. The variables of the study include the levels of five air pollutants-nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O(3)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), and particulate matter <10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10))-as independent variables; daily hospitalizations due to angina pectoris in 25 academic hospitals in Tehran as the dependent variable; and mean daily temperature and humidity, seasonality, time trend, and day of the week as potential confounders. All variables were measured during a 5-year period from 21 March 1996 to 20 March 2001. The data of mean daily levels of NO(2), CO, O(3), SO(2), and PM(10) were collected from one of the stations of Tehran's Air Quality Control Corp. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression models. Relative risks of angina pectoris admissions were calculated for an increase in 1mg/m(3) for CO and 10 microg/m(3) for the other pollutants. RESULTS Daily admissions due to angina pectoris were significantly related to the CO level, after controlling for confounder effects. Each unit increase in the CO level caused a 1.00934 increase in the number of admissions (95% CI, 1.00359--1.01512). This association was verified with a lag of 1 day. There was no significant association between the other air pollutants and the number of daily admission due to angina pectoris. CONCLUSIONS We found that with increasing levels of the pollutant CO, the number of admissions due to cardiac angina rose. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in Iran. Air pollution control will reduce the number of this preventable disease and resulting deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, Keshavarz Boulevard, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|