The Movement of Pathogen Carrying Flies at the Human-Wildlife Interface

Flies form high-density associations with human settlements and groups of nonhuman primates and are implicated in transmitting pathogens. We investigate the movement of nonhuman primate-associated flies across landscapes surrounding Kibale National Park, Uganda, using a mark-recapture experiment. Flies were marked in nine nonhuman primate groups at the forest edge ([Formula: see text] = 929 flies per group), and we then attempted to recapture them in more anthropized areas (50 m, 200 m and 500 m from where marked; 2-21 days after marking). Flies marked in nonhuman primate groups were recaptured in human areas (19/28,615 recaptured). Metabarcoding of the flies in nonhuman primate groups revealed the DNA of multiple eukaryotic primate parasites. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of flies to serve as vectors between nonhuman primates, livestock and humans at this biodiverse interface.

The cost of living in larger primate groups includes higher fly densities

Flies are implicated in carrying and mechanically transmitting many primate pathogens. We investigated how fly associations vary across six monkey species (Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus mitis, Colobus guereza, Lophocebus albigena, Papio anubis, and Piliocolobus tephrosceles) and whether monkey group size impacts fly densities. Fly densities were generally higher inside groups than outside them, and considering data from these primate species together revealed that larger groups harbored more flies. Within species, this pattern was strongest for colobine monkeys, and we speculate this might be due to their smaller home ranges, suggesting that movement patterns may influence fly-primate associations. Fly associations increase with group sizes and may thus represent a cost to sociality.

Milk lactoferrin concentration of primiparous and multiparous sows during lactation

Lactoferrin (LF), a sialylated iron-binding glycoprotein, has numerous vital physiological functions including immunomodulation and protection against a large group of microorganisms, improving neurodevelopment, health, growth performance, and milk production. Lactoferrin occurs in human milk at a higher concentration compared with bovine milk, but little information is available on LF concentrations in porcine milk and the effects of sow parity on milk LF concentration. The objective of this study was to quantify the LF concentration in porcine milk and to compare that concentration between gilts and sows during lactation. We also investigated the effect of genetic background and litter size of the female pig on the LF concentration of porcine milk. The milk from 30 gilts and 35 sows was collected at 3 stages of lactation, namely colostrum, transition, and mature milk. Standard and experimental samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography using a diode array UV detector. The following findings were reported: (1) porcine milk contained significant levels of LF with the highest concentration in colostrum, which decreased by ∼62% and ∼67% in transitional and mature milk, respectively; (2) mature gilt milk contained a 22% higher concentration of LF compared with sow milk, which was statistically significant; (3) breed line had an overall significant effect on the LF content of porcine milk; however, when the breed was considered, no significant difference was observed; and (4) LF concentration of porcine milk was not significantly influenced by the litter size. The presence of LF in a higher concentration in porcine milk suggests that LF is an important constituent of pig milk that might contribute to the optimum growth and development of piglets.

Thunderstorms and Lightning in Bangladesh

Abstract not available Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 01-02

Perspectives on the production of milk on small-holder dairy farms and its utilisation in developing countries

The profitability of milk production in the developing world varies widely among farming systems. This results from poor animal productivity and an inefficient marketing-chain structure in which farmers seldom profit from their dairying activities. The lack of chilling facilities for milk storage and the need to adulterate the raw product along the market chain to enhance profit margins means that consumers are not well catered for. Co-operative selling of milk, along with the acquisition of higher-quality feeds and veterinary medicines, has boosted the financial resilience of small-holder farming communities worldwide, although, in many regions, the co-operative model has not succeeded largely through a lack of trust between families even within the communities. Commercial reality dictates that farming communities work together to achieve financial sustainability, although the model adopted for each community may differ. Although milk has traditionally provided many consumers with their only source of animal protein, vitamin and minerals, we are now discovering its many other virtues, particularly in relation to cognitive development and memory retention and the provision of antioxidants. The impact of milk-processing technology on some of these remarkable properties requires further investigation to ensure that milk consumers worldwide benefit from these positive attributes.

Higher Fertilizer Inputs Increase Fitness Traits of Brown Planthopper in Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the primary staple food source for more than half of the world's population. In many developing countries, increased use of fertilizers is a response to increase demand for rice. In this study, we investigated the effects of three principal fertilizer components (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) on the development of potted rice plants and their effects on fitness traits of the brown planthopper (BPH) [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)], which is a major pest of rice in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Compared to low fertilizer inputs, high fertilizer treatments induced plant growth but also favored BPH development. The BPH had higher survival, developed faster, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m ) was higher on well-fertilized than under-fertilized plants. Among the fertilizer inputs, nitrogen had the strongest effect on the fitness traits of BPH. Furthermore, both the "Plant vigor hypothesis" and the "Plant stress hypothesis" were supported by the results, the former hypothesis more so than the latter. These hypotheses suggest that the most suitable/attractive hosts for insect herbivores are the most vigorous plants. Our findings emphasized that an exclusive focus on yield increases through only enhanced crop fertilization may have unforeseen, indirect, effects on crop susceptibility to pests, such as BPH.

Response of Adult Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) to Rice Nutrient Management

Nitrogen (N) limitation is well documented for the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), but phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) limitation is poorly studied. We studied the effects of N, P, and K application on chemical composition of rice plants and its consequences on life parameters-adult longevity, fecundity, and egg hatchability of BPH. Life parameters of BPH were regressed as function of plant chemical composition. A completely randomized design with four replicates in a factorial scheme was used considering N, P, and K levels as factors. Nitrogen application increased N and soluble proteins (SP) and decreased silicon (Si) content in the plants resulting in increased adult longevity, fecundity, and egg hatchability of BPH. Phosphorus fertilization increased P content and showed markedly increased fecundity, but not egg hatchability or adult longevity. Significant interaction between N and P was observed for fecundity of BPH. Potassium supplementation increased K content but reduced N, Si, SP, and total free sugars (TFS) content in the plants, but it had no significant effect on life parameters of BPH. The association of BPH life parameters with N, SP, TFS, and P content was significant and positive, but it was negative with the content of Si. Thus, N and P fertilization on rice plants enhanced BPH fitness. In conclusion, judicious nutrient application can be helpful in avoiding generalized infestation of BPH to rice.

Response of Adult Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) to Rice Nutrient Management

Nitrogen (N) limitation is well documented for the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), but phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) limitation is poorly studied. We studied the effects of N, P, and K application on chemical composition of rice plants and its consequences on life parameters-adult longevity, fecundity, and egg hatchability of BPH. Life parameters of BPH were regressed as function of plant chemical composition. A completely randomized design with four replicates in a factorial scheme was used considering N, P, and K levels as factors. Nitrogen application increased N and soluble proteins (SP) and decreased silicon (Si) content in the plants resulting in increased adult longevity, fecundity, and egg hatchability of BPH. Phosphorus fertilization increased P content and showed markedly increased fecundity, but not egg hatchability or adult longevity. Significant interaction between N and P was observed for fecundity of BPH. Potassium supplementation increased K content but reduced N, Si, SP, and total free sugars (TFS) content in the plants, but it had no significant effect on life parameters of BPH. The association of BPH life parameters with N, SP, TFS, and P content was significant and positive, but it was negative with the content of Si. Thus, N and P fertilization on rice plants enhanced BPH fitness. In conclusion, judicious nutrient application can be helpful in avoiding generalized infestation of BPH to rice.

Molecular characterization of the level of sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and ketodeoxynonulosonic acid in porcine milk during lactation

Sialic acids (Sia) are key monosaccharide constituents of sialylated glycoproteins (Sia-GP), human sialylated milk oligosaccharide (Sia-MOS), and gangliosides. Human milk sialylated glycoconjugates (Sia-GC) are bioactive compounds known to act as prebiotics and promote neurodevelopment, immune function, and gut maturation in newborns. Only limited data are available on the Sia content of porcine milk. The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine the total level of Sia N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and ketodeoxynonulosonic acid (KDN) in porcine milk and to compare these levels in gilt and sow milk during lactation. Milk from 8 gilts and 22 sows was collected at 3 stages of lactation (colostrum, transition, and mature milk). Standard and experimental samples were derivatized using 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxy-benzene and analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector. The following new findings are reported: (1) Gilt and sow milk contained significant levels of total Sia, with the highest concentration in colostrum (1,238.5 mg/L), followed by transition milk (778.3 mg/L) and mature milk (347.2 mg/L); (2) during lactation, the majority of Sia was conjugated to Sia-GP (41-46%), followed by Sia-MOS (31-42%) and a smaller proportion in gangliosides (12-28%); (3) Neu5Ac was the major form of Sia (93-96%), followed by Neu5Gc (3-6%) and then KDN (1-2%), irrespective of milk fraction or stage of lactation; (4) the concentration of Sia in Sia-GP and Sia-MOS showed a significant decline during lactation, but the level of ganglioside Sia remained relatively constant; (5) mature gilt milk contained a significantly higher concentration of Sia-GP than sow milk. The high concentration of total Sia in porcine milk suggests that Sia-GC are important nutrients that contribute to the optimization of neurodevelopment, immune function, and growth and development in piglets. These findings provide an important rationale for the inclusion of Sia-GC in pig milk replacers to mimic porcine milk composition for the optimal growth and development of piglets.

Host Egg Age and Supplementary Diet Influence the Parasitism Activity of Trichogramma zahiri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Mass production of egg parasitoids mostly depends on the age of the host. Generally old eggs are less preferred by egg parasitoids, which can discriminate between eggs of different ages by using chemical cues. This study was designed to determine the preference, development, and arrestment of Trichogramma zahiri Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing eggs of its native host, the rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Eggs of different ages, in addition, with or without supplementary foods were evaluated. T. zahiri preferred to parasitize 1-d-old eggs rather than 2-, or 3-d-old eggs by no-choice assays. However, although the percentage emergence of parasitoids is significantly lower from 2- and 3-d-old eggs, the sex ratio is unaffected. Parasitoids lived longer when 25% honey solution was provided with the host food. Significantly higher fecundity (38.5 eggs per female) and parasitoid emergence (94.6%) occurred when 25% honey solution was provided in the diet with host food, followed by 25% sugar solution, as compared to the control (only water as food). An average of 7.9 eggs were parasitized when one parasitoid was released per 10 rice hispa eggs. Ability of T. zahiri to parasitize egg increased with an increase in the number of eggs offered. We also found that inclusion of a fresh host egg with the supplementary diet improves the mass rearing of T. zahiri for commercial purposes.

ID: 57: PRE-GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND PREECLAMPSIA IN BANGLADESHI PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objective

Preeclampsia (PreE) is one of considerable public health threat particularly in developing countries globally affecting approximately 8% of all pregnancies. PreE is a pregnancy-specific condition that increases maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, but the etiology remains unknown. Despite numerous basic, clinical, and epidemiologic studies that have been conducted over the past half century, knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains elusive. It is diagnosed by new onset increased blood pressure and proteinuria during second or third trimester of gestation; key features of the preeclampsia category include a cut-off blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher and absolute requirement of proteinuria. Approximately 20% of the diabetic pregnant women develop preE. The mechanisms contributing to this effect is not well characterized. In a recent study, we have shown that hyperglycemia impairs cytotrophoblast (CTB) function via stress signaling. Several researchers demonstrate a direct link between preE and diabetes. The objective of the study was to evaluate potential linkage between the risk of developing preE and the presence of diabetes in pregnant patients in Bangladesh.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study of 351 pregnant women performed to evaluate the prevalence of PreE with respect to different risk factors such as previous pregnancy, presence of Antiphospholipid antibodies, pre-existing diabetes (before this pregnancy), multiple gestation / singleton, family history of preE in first degree relative (mother, sister and daughters; most commonly mother), maternal age of 40 or greater. The study was conducted in selected hospitals of Dhaka city, Bangladesh during December 2013 to December 2015.

Results

The key study findings revealed that the overall rate of development of PreE in Bangladeshi pre-gestational diabetic patients is 22.6 percent. We gave special emphasis on the occurrence of PreE in pre-gestational diabetic patients. Among 351 respondents, 145 Patients (25.5%) with either DM prior to pregnancy or developing gestational diabetes or without diabetes were older (age >35 years) pregnant women (13.1%). Prevalence of PreE is 25.5 (n=145) and 19.6 (n=199) percent among those who developed pre-gestational diabetes and without diabetes prior to pregnancy. Of the respondents 17.2 percent have both systolic and diastolic hypertension those who developed DM prior to this pregnancy and 13 percent among those who does not developed DM prior to this pregnancy. Occurrence of abortion was up to 3 percentage before this pregnancy 45 percentage who developed DM prior to this pregnancy and 35 percent who does not have diabetes among the respondents.

Conclusions

There is an association has been found between the risk of developing preE and the presence of diabetes in pregnant patients in Bangladesh.

Prevalence and characterization of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum and Gallinarum from chicken

AIM

Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of Salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. Furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated Salmonella serovars was assessed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 150 cloacal swab samples from apparently healthy chickens were collected, and were subjected for the isolation and identification of associated Salmonella organisms. The isolated colonies were identified and characterized on the basis of morphology, cultural characters, biochemical tests, slide agglutination test, polymerase chain reaction, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were also investigated using commonly used antibiotics.

RESULTS

Of the 150 samples, 11 (7.33%) produced characteristics pink colony with black center on XLD agar medium, and all were culturally and biochemically confirmed to be Salmonella. All possessed serovar-specific gene SpeF and reacted uniformly with group D antisera, suggesting that all of the isolates were Salmonella Enterica serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum and/or Gallinarum. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 54.54% of the isolated Salmonella Enterica serovars were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, whereas the 81.81% isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, doxycycline, kanamycin, gentamycin, and tetracycline. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the XbaI-digested genomic DNA exhibited identical banding patterns, suggesting that the multidrug resistant Salmonella Enterica serovars occurring in commercial layers are highly clonal in Bangladesh.

CONCLUSION

The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of poultry Salmonella in layer chicken and to find out the clonal relationship among them. The data in this study suggest the prevalence of Salmonella Enterica, which is multidrug resistant and highly clonal for commercial layers of Bangladesh.

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer infestation in relation to plant age and season

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer infestation varied significantly in relation to plant age and season. The peak shoot infestation was 8.56% in the 10th week of transplanting. No infestation of BSFB was found up to 5 weeks of transplanting. The shoot infestation was initiated in the 6th week of transplanting which increased to a little higher level in the next week. Then it showed an exponential increase of shoot infestation up to 10th week after which it declined steadily. Flowering and fruit setting started in the 9th week of transplanting. Infestation of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) shifted to fruits from shoots causing a steady declined in the trend of shoot infestation. Plant age had significant effect (r2=0.87) on fruit infestation. The fruit infestation reached the highest level (38.56%) in 14th week of transplanting. However, the level of infestation at different ages of the plant may vary depending on the location, temperature, variety etc. The shoots and fruits of brinjal plant were found to be infested by BSFB throughout the year, although the level of infestation varied. Maximum shoot and fruit infestation was found in the month of September.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(3): 399-407, September 2015

Gamma interferon levels among Bangladeshi children after measles vaccination

Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) plays an important role in the immune response to live measles virus vaccination. To study the immune response to measles vaccination, IFN-γ level was estimated in 30 children. Of these, 24 children vaccinated with a single dose of measles vaccine at nine months of age and 06 children vaccinated with a second dose during the Measles Catch-up Immunization campaign. Measles vaccine strain was cultured in Vero cell line and the Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID)50 was used as standard live virus. Peripheral blood Mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was separated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation and stimulated with measles virus antigens and mitogens (lectin), cultured in CO2 and iFN-γ level was measured from culture supernatant by ELISA. On stimulation with measles antigen and lectin respectively, IFN-γ level was highest (105 pg/ml and 226.54 pg/ml) in the 109-120 months age group while it was lowest (12.97 ± 8.16 pg/ml and 13.16 ± 8.0 pg/ml) in the 61-72 months age group. No significant difference was observed in IFN-γ level after stimulation with either measles antigen or lectin among well-nourished (p < 0.8) and mal-nourished (p < 0.7) children suggesting that nutritional status did not have any effect on IFN-γ level. However, IFN-γ level was higher in children who received two dose of measles vaccine than those who received a single dose (p < 0.001).

Effects of Temperature on the Life Table Parameters of Trichogramma zahiri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Dicladispa armigera (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera)

The influence of different temperatures on biological parameters of native strains of Trichogramma zahiri Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an egg parasitoid of rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera), was evaluated in the laboratory on its host. The key biological parameters of the parasitoid T. zahiri in relation to temperature were investigated to find out its candidature as a potential biological control agent of rice hispa. The highest number of eggs parasitized by T. zahiri was 15.7 eggs per female at 26 °C, which differed significantly from those at 18, 22, 30, and 34 °C (P < 0.05). Development duration and longevity of T. zahiri decreased as temperature increased. Fecundity differed significantly at all constant temperatures. Emergence rates decreased at both high (34 °C) and low ( < 26 °C) temperatures. Female-biased sex ratio ranged from 54 to 70% at all constant temperatures. The lower temperature threshold for T. zahiri was 6.2 °C for males and 6.95 °C for females. The upper threshold temperatures were 35.82 and 35.87 °C for males and females, respectively. Net reproductive rate (R0) was highest at 26 °C compared with other temperatures. Mean cohort generation time (tG) and population doubling time (tD) decreased as temperature increased from 18 to 30 °C. The daily intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) were positively correlated with temperatures ranging from 18 to 30 °C and then decreased at 34 °C. The relevance of our results is discussed in the context of climatic adaptation and biological control.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of [¹¹C]AZ12504948; a novel tracer for imaging of glucokinase in pancreas and liver

INTRODUCTION

Glucokinase (GK) is potentially a target for imaging of islets of Langerhans. Here we report the radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of the GK activator, [(11)C]AZ12504948, for in vivo imaging of GK.

METHODS

[(11)C]AZ12504948 was synthesized by O-methylation of the precursor, AZ125555620, using carbon-11 methyl iodide ([(11)C]CH₃I). Preclinical evaluation was performed by autoradiography (ARG) of human tissues and PET/CT studies in pig and non-human primate.

RESULT

[(11)C]AZ12504948 was produced in reproducible good radiochemical yield in 28-30 min. Radiochemical purity of the formulated product was >98% for up to 2 h with specific radioactivities 855 ± 209 GBq/μmol (n=8). The preclinical evaluation showed some specificity for GK in liver, but not in pancreas.

CONCLUSION

[(11)C]AZ12504948 images GK in liver, but the low specificity impedes the visualization of GK in pancreas. Improved target specificity is required for further progress using PET probes based on this class of GK activators.

Development and evaluation of an in-house ELISA to detect hepatitis B virus surface antigen in resource-limited settings

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is of global public health concern. Among various serological tests used for the diagnosis and screening of HBV infection, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) is most widely used. The present study was designed to develop and standardize a cost effective in-house ELISA for the detection of HbsAg and compare its performance with two established commercial kits. The concentrations of coating antibody, conjugates and sera were fixed by checkerboard titration. Using known HBsAg positive and negative sera, four different concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 microg/well) of coating anti-HBs were applied. Similarly, serial dilutions of patients' sera (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5 and 1 in 9) and conjugates (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5, 1 in 9 and 1 in 17) were evaluated by checkerboard titration. The optimal concentration of coating antibody was determined at 0.25 microg/well and 1 in 9 dilution for both conjugates and sera. The performance comparison of our in-house ELISA showed excellent correlation with two commercial kits (Pearson 0.957, P = 0.001 for monoclonal antibody coated kit and Pearson 0.929, P = 0.000 for polyclonal antibody coated kit) when OD values were compared. All commercial kit proven positive samples was positive while all negative samples were negative with the in-house ELISA resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity. The results of our study demonstrated that our in-house ELISA for detection of HBsAg was equally as sensitive and specific as two well-known commercial kits. Thus, this system may be a useful tool for diagnostic and screening purposes, as well as outbreak investigations.

Detection and estimation of human papillomavirus viral load in patients with cervical lesions

Human papillomavirus (HPV) high risk genotype infection and HPV viral load influences the development of invasive cervical cancer and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN). HPV DNA testing for screening of cervical cancers may play a potential role in its early detection and management. The present study detected HPV DNA and estimated HPV viral load in different types of cervical lesions among Bangladeshi women. Using the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay, HPV DNA was tested among 68 women between 25-70 years of age. A total of 13 (19.1%) cases were positive for HPV DNA. The highest viral load (501 x 10³ copies/ml) was detected in a patient with invasive carcinoma, while the lowest viral load (105 x 10³ copies/ml) was detected from a case of chronic cervicitis. The mean viral load in CIN I was 119.25 x 10³±12.5 x 10³ copies/ml (range: 110 x 10³ - 137 x 10³) and 208.50 x 10³ ± 0.59 x 10³ copies/ml (range: 139 x 10³-305 x 10³) in CIN II / III. Interestingly, HPV DNA was detected from a patient with normal cytological findings. Our study observed a moderate presence of high-risk HPV genotypes among women with cervical lesions. The HPV viral load varied with the age of the patients and stage of cervical lesions. The HC2 assay is a promising tool for diagnosing high-risk HPV infection especially before cytology tests show any abnormality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19648 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 86-90

Chlamydia trachomatis IgM seropositivity during pregnancy and assessment of its risk factors

The study was undertaken to determine socio-demographic and reproductive risk factors associated with Chlamydia trachomaties IgM seropositivity during pregnancy. This cross sectional comparative study was carried out in the obstetrics outdoor of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh in collaboration with the department of Virology between the periods from July 2007 to December 2008. Pregnant women at their first visit to the hospital were approached consecutively and asked to complete a questionnaire and 2cc blood was collected from each subject for Chlamydia trachomatis IgM antibody testing using ELISA method. The study population was divided into two groups according to the presence and absence of serum Chlamydia trachomatis IgM antibody. Finally socio-demographic and reproductive risk factors were compared between the groups. Among 172 women the sero-prevalence of Chlamydia IgM was 41%. The multiple logistic regression model (step wise) finally extracted for characteristics correlated with seropositivity. Ten years or less (≤SSC) education (OR 2.6 95% CI 1.1to 5.9), history of adverse pregnancy outcome (OR 2.8 95% CI 1.2 to 6.5) and multiple sex partner of husband (OR 4.1 95% CI 1.2 to 14.8) were associated with chlamydia infection. The use of condom (OR 0.28 95% CI 0.12 to 0.63) was associated with decreased risk of infection. Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy is associated with risk factors on the basis of which selective screening can be done.

Dengue infection in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) are now endemic in Bangladesh with outbreaks being reported quite frequently. This cross sectional study was done clinically suspected dengue patients were selected from different hospitals of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, from January 2008 to December 2008. The clinical features, risk factors and laboratory findings associated with dengue infection were investigated among 201 clinically suspected patients. Antibodies were detected in 137(68.2%) cases. Of these, 80(58.4%) were primary and 57(41.6%) as secondary dengue cases according to presence of dengue-specific IgM and/or IgG antibodies. Among primary cases, 70(87.5%) were DF and 10(12.5%) were DHF cases, in contrast to secondary cases, where 10(18.1%) were DF and 47(81.9%) were DHF cases. Majority (57.9%) of patients presented with Grade I and 42.1% had Grade II disease. Patients between 16-30 years were the most vulnerable age group (81.3% DF and 71.9% DHF patients). Males out-numbered females with 72.5% male vs. 27.5% female patients having DF and 68.4% male vs. 31.6% female patients having DHF. The monsoon period was the peak season for dengue infection. Headache and arthralgia were the most frequent symptoms in both DF and DHF, but vomiting was more common in DHF. The Tourniquet test was significantly positive among DHF than DF cases (p = 0.001). Platelet count was the only laboratory parameter that showed significantly higher values among DHF than DF cases (p = 0.001).

Isolation of herpes simplex viruses by chick embryo culture

The chick embryo is a versatile host system in diagnostic virology, especially for isolation of herpes simplex viruses. In this study, samples obtained from 57 clinically diagnosed patients with active herpetic lesions (35 genital & 22 non-genital) were cultured by chick embryo method for isolation of herpes simplex virus. After inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 10-11 days old chick embryo, typical CAM reactions (pocks) appeared in 23(40.3%) samples after 3 days. CAM reactions were identified and typed by direct fluorescence antibody test and 22(95.6%) of 23 isolates gave positive results. Of this, 9(40.9%) were HSV-1 & 13(59.1%) were HSV-2. HSV-1 was isolated from 8(36.4%) of non-genital samples and from 1(7.1%) genital sample. HSV-2 was isolated from 13(92.8%) of genital samples, but none were isolated from non-genital samples. High isolation rate was obtained from vesicular stage of both non-genital (71.5%) and genital (57.1%) samples and from early lesions (sampled within 72 hours) of non-genital (50%) and genital (52.9%) specimen. The chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo it is a simple, cheap and efficient method of cultivation of some viruses, including HSV. Thus, in settings where cell culture facilities are not available, it can be used for the isolation of herpes simplex viruses from clinical samples.

Association of positive thyroid auto antibodies with thyroid carcinoma

The association between thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid cancer was carried out in a series of solitary thyroid nodules submitted to fine-needle aspiration cytology and subsequent histopathology. US guided FNACs were obtained from 295 unselected consecutive patients with single thyroid nodules and positive (98) or negative (197) serum anti-thyroid antibody. Cytological results were classified in three classes of increased risk of malignancy: low risk (class II); indeterminate risk (class III); and suspect or malignant (class IV). A higher prevalence of class III (29.6%, p<0.05) and class IV (17.34%, p<0.05) and lower prevalence of class II (52.06%, p<0.01) were found in ATA+ nodules respectively. By multivariate logistic regression analysis ATA+ conferred a significant risk (odds ratio: 1.97 & 95% confidence interval: 0.97-3.97) for class IV cytology independently for age and sex. In 53 patients where thyroidectomy was carried out, thyroid cancer was found in (86.66%) patients with class IV nodules, in (19.4%) of class III nodules (all ATA-) and in none of 7 class II nodules. Histologically proven thyroid cancer (mostly papillary) was then observed in a higher proportion (13.2%) of ATA+, when compared with ATA- nodules (8.1%, p>0.01), but the significance of this finding is limited by the low number of class II nodules operated on. The presence of ATA+ confers an increased risk of suspicious or malignant cytology in solitary thyroid nodules.

Role of intraoperative flexible Choledochoscopy in calculous biliary tract disease

Ninety six percent of patients with overlooked bile duct stones required surgery within 5 years of cholecystectomy, every effort should be made to keep the incidence of retained stones minimum. The facilities of pre-operative ERCP are not always available. Examination of the bile ducts under direct vision with a choledochoscope seems a certain method of ensuring that there are no residual stone. A total of 26 patients were evaluated between the periods of 2004 to 2005. Age of the patients ranged from 20 to 70 years. The mean age is about 45.88 years approximately. Six (23.07%) cases had previous history of cholecystectomy. Peroperatively 14(53.84%) cases had only choledocholithiasis, 6(23.07%) cases had cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis, 4(15.38%) cases had choledocholithiasis with hepatolithiasis and 2(7.69%) cases had Mirrizi's type II with choledocholithiasis. After Choledochoscopy, 22(84.61%) cases had complete blind clearance, 4(15.38%) cases had incomplete blind clearance. Twenty two (84.61%) cases did not require any Choledochoscopy guided stone extraction. Four (15.38%) cases required Choledochoscopy guided Dormia basket extraction. Twenty two (84.61%) cases have undergone T tube drainage, 4(15.38%) cases undergone Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy who had associated hepatolithiasis. In this series percentage of stone overlooked by instrumental exploration was 15.38 & percentage of residual stone in this study was 0%.

Occurrence and determinants of postpartum maternal morbidities and disabilities among women in Matlab, Bangladesh

The burden of maternal ill-health includes not only the levels of maternal mortality and complications during pregnancy and around the time of delivery but also extends to the standard postpartum period of 42 days with consequences of obstetric complications and poor management at delivery. There is a dearth of reliable data on these postpartum maternal morbidities and disabilities in developing countries, and more research is warranted to investigate these and further strengthen the existing safe motherhood programmes to respond to these conditions. This study aims at identifying the consequences of pregnancy and delivery in the postpartum period, their association with acute obstetric complications, the sociodemographic characteristics of women, mode and place of delivery, nutritional status of the mother, and outcomes of birth. From among women who delivered between 2007 and 2008 in the icddr,b service area in Matlab, we prospectively recruited all women identified with complicated births (n=295); a perinatal mortality (n=182); and caesarean-section delivery without any maternal indication (n=147). A random sample of 538 women with uncomplicated births, who delivered at home or in a facility, was taken as the control. All subjects were clinically examined at 6-9 weeks for postpartum morbidities and disabilities. Postpartum women who had suffered obstetric complications during birth and delivered in a hospital were more likely to suffer from hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.44; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.14-10.36], haemorrhoids (AOR=1.73; 95% CI=1.11-3.09), and moderate to severe anaemia (AOR=7.11; 95% CI=2.03-4.88) than women with uncomplicated normal deliveries. Yet, women who had complicated births were less likely to have perineal tears (AOR=0.05; 95% CI=0.02-0.14) and genital prolapse (AOR=0.22; 95% CI=0.06-0.76) than those with uncomplicated normal deliveries. Genital infections were more common amongst women experiencing a perinatal death than those with uncomplicated normal births (AOR=1.92; 95% CI=1.18-3.14). Perineal tears were significantly higher (AOR=3.53; 95% CI=2.32-5.37) among those who had delivery at home than those giving birth in a hospital. Any woman may suffer a postpartum morbidity or disability. The increased likelihood of having hypertension, haemorrhoids, or anaemia among women with obstetric complications at birth needs specific intervention. A higher quality of maternal healthcare services generally might alleviate the suffering from perineal tears and prolapse amongst those with a normal uncomplicated delivery.

A simple biological marker to differentiate the types of Herpes Simplex Viruses in resource-limited settings

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) multiply readily on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated hen’s egg and produce easily visible foci or pocks on this membrane. In the present study, pocks produced by the two antigenic types of HSV (1 & 2) were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of typing HSV isolates by pock size on CAMs. A total of 57 HSV isolates from both non-genital and genital samples were typed by the pock size produced on the CAMs of fertile hen’s eggs. Twenty two HSV isolates yielded visible pocks on CAM, of which 9 (40.9%) produced small pocks, while 13 (59.1%) produced large pocks. All pocks produced on CAM were confirmed by antigenic typing by the Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) method. HSV isolates which produced small pocks were in complete (100%) concordance with HSV type-1, while those producing larger pocks were in full (100%) concordance with HSV type-2. Thus, the pock size on CAM of embryonated fertile hen’s egg may be used as a simple and relatively inexpensive biological marker for the differentiation of HSV types 1 & 2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v38i1.10448 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2012; 38: 23-26

Acute abdomen 10 years after surgery for duodenal ulcer disease

A 55 years old male was admitted in the surgical unit of Dhaka Medical College & Hospital with the complaints of pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen for 1 day and hiccough and vomiting for several episodes for same duration. He had history of abdominal operation 10 years back for his peptic ulcer disease probably due to pyloric stenosis. On examination a linear scar mark was present along the upper midline region & visible peristalsis was seen on the left hypochondriac region. A palpable diffuse lump was present in the left hypochondriac region which was intraperitoneal seemed to be distended gut and the peristaltic wave moved from left to right. Endoscopy of upper GIT Showed loops of small intestine (evidenced by valvulae conneventes) protruded through a stoma suggestive of jejunogastric intussusception. Laparotomy revealed a portion of adherent small gut already become gangrenous so the whole portion of the intussuscepted gut was resected. After that revision and take-down of the anastomosis was done with vicryl stitches. The post operative period was uneventful. The patient underwent regular follow up.

Higher prevalence of cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia associated with lower CD4+ T lymphocyte count

Sixty seven immunocompromised patients were studied prospectively to observe the association of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigenemia with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, a marker of cellular immunity. This study was conducted in three different groups of immunocompromised patients including HIV infected patients, patients with haematological malignancy and kidney transplanted patients. Result of the study indicate that proportion of severely immunocompromised patients having lower cellular immunity (< or = 200/microl) in all the three groups were comparable and ranged from 44% to 50%. The study also indicated that high prevalence of CMV pp65 antigenemia was associated with lower level of cell mediated immunity (< or = 200/microl). pp65 antigen was detected in 40% of patients with low immunity in contrast with 20% and 22.72% in the patient with intermediate immunity and in group without gross immune deficiency respectively. Lower level of cellular immunity was also associated with high level of CMV pp65 antigen. This was indicated by 75% patients with low immunity having high level of CMV pp65 antigen. It may perhaps be concluded that CMV infection occurred in a higher rate in immunocompromised patients and this is highly associated with the lower immune status of the immunocompromised patients as well as the level of CMV pp65 is higher in the patients with lower cellular immunity. This perhaps indicate that CMV infection is more severe in patients with low cellular immune response.

Stress in mothers of preterm infants in Bangladesh: associations with family, child and maternal factors and children's neuro-development

BACKGROUND

The aim of this paper was to ascertain stress experienced by mothers of prospectively followed up preterm infants, and associations with family, child and maternal factors and children's neuro-development.

METHODS

Within a follow-up study of preterm infants<33 weeks gestational age at a Child Development Center in Dhaka Shishu Hospital, mothers were interviewed with the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ) at each visit. Association between SRQ scores and child, family and maternal variables at first and final visit and children's neuro-developmental outcomes was determined.

RESULTS

Low income mothers were more compliant (54%) compared with the defaulters (31%) (P=0.0001) among the 159 mothers enrolled. Of the 88 mothers who were followed up until a mean age of 22 months of their child, 29.3% were at high risk for psychiatric morbidity at first visit compared with 23.9% on their last visit. Use of abortifacients (P=0.026) and higher maternal age (P=0.040) were significantly associated with maternal stress at first visit; while at last follow-up, total number of visits had the most significant association (P=0.041). Twenty-five per cent and 19% of mothers were at risk for psychiatric morbidity in children developing normally and those with neuro-developmental impairments respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Mothers at risk for psychiatric morbidity can be helped through follow-up support within public hospitals close to their homes, which is most availed by low income families. Neuro-developmental monitoring of high-risk infants closer to homes may be more feasible in resource poor countries than reliance on hospital visits, which increase stress. Biological markers of stress and coping strategies need further research.

Comparison of CMV pp65 antigen and IgM antibody detection for early recognition of CMV primary infection and reactivation

Detection of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigen and CMV IgM antibody were compared for the early diagnosis of CMV primary infection or reactivation. Sixty seven immunocompromised patients were studied prospectively for the diagnosis of CMV primary infection or reactivation. CMV IgM antibody was detected in 19 (28.43%) of the 67 immunocompromised patients, whereas pp65 antigen was detected in 20 (29.8%). Among the 19 patients who were positive for both pp65 antigen and CMV IgM antibody, pp65 antigen was detected earlier in 10 of 19 patients. In the remaining 9 patients IgM antibody against CMV was detected simultaneously with the pp65 antigen. The pp65 antigen appeared on an average 16.37 days earlier than that of CMV IgM antibody.

Rapid immunodiagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection by pp65 antigenemia assay

Detection of early antigen PP65 in blood leucocytes is a new method of diagnosing active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Using a mixture of two monoclonal antibodies, CMV pp65 antigen was detected in blood leucocytes by a quantitative indirect immunofluorescence test within 3-5 hours after sampling. The pp65 antigen was detected in 20(29.8%) of the 67 immunocompromised patients included in this study. The level of CMV antigenemia appears to be related to the severity of CMV infection. Thus, this method may provide a rapid and sensitive approach to early diagnosis of active CMV infection in immunocompromised patients and a promising marker for initiating therapy and monitoring disease activity and its response to therapy.

Psychiatric diagnosis in persons with intellectual disability in India

BACKGROUND

This study examines the rate of psychiatric diagnosis as per ICD-10 and Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviours (RSMB), and distribution of psychiatric diagnosis with regard to the severity of intellectual disability (ID). It also explores the degree of agreement between Reiss screen and clinical diagnosis (ICD-10) in relation to dual diagnosis.

METHODS

In this study Intelligence (IQ) and Social Quotient (SQ) were estimated on Indian adaptation of Binet's scale and Vineland Social Maturity Scales, respectively, in 60 consecutive persons with ID. Both ICD-10 and RSMB were used independently to determine the presence of psychiatric diagnosis.

RESULTS

Clinically, according to ICD-10, about 60% of the sample was found to have dual diagnosis as compared to 48% on RSMB. Agreement between ICD-10 and RSMB about psychiatric comorbidity was 82%. Commonest psychiatric diagnosis was unspecified psychosis followed by bipolar affective disorders.

CONCLUSION

Persons with ID do suffer from various psychiatric disorders. RSMB is a useful tool for differentiating between psychiatric problems and maladaptive behaviours. Hence RSMB can be used in the Indian context.

Determination of toxicity of danitol, methoprene and neem formulation against stored grain pest, sitophilus oryzae L

Toxicity of a synthetic pyrethroid (Danitol 10 E.C.), methoprene (J.H.A.) and crude neem extract formulation (RB-b +PBO +Tx) in synergestic form was determined in laboratory by contact method against adults of Sitophilus oryzae. Observations after 24 hours of treatment showed that 50% of the adults died at 0.39 mu/cm(2) of Danitol, 6.28 mug/cm(2) of neem formulation and 18.85 mug/cm(2) of methoprene, the three products used in this experiment. Danitol was found more effective as compared to neem formulation and methoprene. It was found that the plant product formulation and a synthetic product are more effective than methoprene.

Carnivora: the primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from adult European lynx (Lynx lynx, Felidae)

The complete primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from the adult European lynx (Lynx lynx) is presented. Presence of two hemoglobin components and three chains, beta A, beta B, and alpha, identified by gel electrophoresis. The purification of the globin chains achieved by ion-exchange chromatography. The globin chains were digested with trypsin. The peptide generated were purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Sequencing of the native chains up to 42 cycles and of the tryptic peptides were deduced by Edman degradation in liquid- and gas-phase sequencer. The primary structure established aligned with those of human Hb-A. The comparison of lynx globin chains with other representatives of the Felidae, lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard, and cat revealed high homology.

The complete primary structure of the marine Carnivora, galapagoes fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis, Otariidae) hemoglobins

The complete primary structure of the two hemoglobin components of the fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) is presented. The two components (HbI and HbII) occur in nearly equal amounts and have identical beta-chains; whereas the two alpha-chains (alpha I/alpha II) differ by six exchanges Ile/Val, Met/Thr, Ser/Ala, Pro/His, Lys/Gly, and Thr/Ala at positions 10, 34, 35, 50, 78, and 131, respectively. The components were isolated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and were separated into the globin chains by RP-HPLC on a column of Nucleocil-C4. The sequences have been determined by Edman degradation in liquid- and gas-phase sequencer, using the native chains and tryptic peptides. The sequences compared with those of other Carnivora species and an adult human globin chains. An identical beta-chain is found in fur seal and walrus, whereas larger differences were found between alpha I and alpha II compared to beta-chains.

Characterization and expression of uterine and placental alkaline phosphatases in the mouse

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is rapidly induced in the uterine subepithelial stroma after a natural or artificial decidual stimulus. During gestation ALP-specific activity peaked at Day 7 to 8 (Day 1 is day of detection of the copulation plug) followed by a rapid decline to control levels by Day 9. This elevation in enzyme activity was preceded by an 8-fold induction of a 2.6 kilobase (kb) mRNA. This mRNA was not preferentially localized to implantation sites. ALP activity was detected in the placenta at Day 9 and reached maximum specific activity at Day 19. The placental ALP was also encoded by a 2.6 kb mRNA. Uterine and placental ALPs were inhibited to the same extent by levamisole, L-tryptophan and homoarginine. The calculated Ki values for these inhibitors were not statistically different between the uterine and placental forms. Km values towards the substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate, however, were statistically different between the uterine and placental forms. Both uterine and placental ALPs were stimulated 3-4-fold by addition of 2 mM-Mg2+. Electrophoretic mobilities on SDS polyacrylamide gel, where the enzyme migrated as a single band, were the same. The uterine form, however, could be distinguished from the placental isoenzyme by separation on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels; the uterine form had a single zone of activity which migrated with an intermediate mobility between the two zones of activity detected for the placental enzyme. These differences in mobility could be ascribed to the sialic acid content of the enzyme because treatment with neuraminidase resulted in the uterine and placental forms migrating with comparable but slower mobilities in non-denaturing gels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carnivora: the amino acid sequence of the adult European mink (Mustela lutreola, Mustelidae) hemoglobins

The complete amino acid sequences of the hemoglobins from the adult European mink (Mustela lutreola) are presented. The erythrocytes contain two hemoglobin components and three globin chains. The isolation of globin chains achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on a column of CM-cellulose in 8 M urea buffer. The primary structure of globin chains and of the tryptic peptides determined in liquid- and gas-phase sequenators. The alignment of the alpha- and beta-chains with those of reported sequences from other carnivora species belonging to the family Mustelidae may give an insight into the evolution of this molecule.

Carnivora: the primary structure of hemoglobin from adult coati (Nasua nasua rufa, Procyonidae)

The complete primary structure of the hemoglobin from the adult coati (Nasua nasua rufa) is presented. The erythrocytes contain one hemoglobin component and two globin chains. The isolation of globin chains was achieved by reversed-phase HPLC on a column of Nucleosil-C4. The primary structures of globin chains and tryptic peptides was determined in liquid- and gas-phase sequenators. The sequence of the alpha and beta-chains of coati compared with those of other Carnivora species. Results are discussed with respect to structural variations and the phylogenetic relationship.

Carnivora: the amino-acid sequence of the adult Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) hemoglobins

The complete amino-acid sequences of the hemoglobins from the adult Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) have been determined on automatic liquid- and gas-phase sequenators. The globin chains were isolated by reverse phase HPLC on a column of Nucleosil-C4. N-Acetylserine was detected by FAB-mass spectroscopy as N-terminal aminoacid residue of the beta I chain. Comparing the sequences of the globin chains of the tiger with that of human Hb-A, 23 substitutions were recognized in the alpha, 29 in beta I and 28 in the beta II chain.

Study of the mechanism by which the Na+-Pi co-transporter of mouse kidney proximal-tubule cells adjusts to phosphate depletion

1. Proximal-tubule cells isolated from mouse kidney after digestion with collagenase take up Pi by an Na+-dependent and saturable process mediated by the Na+-Pi co-transporter of the brush-border membrane. 2. Pi depletion of the cells is accompanied by a stimulation of Pi-transport activity. Kinetic investigations reveal that Vmax. is increased by 90% and Km decreased by 50% after Pi depletion. Transport activity returns to normal values after incubation for 30 min at 37 degrees C of Pi-depleted cells in normal medium containing 1 mM-Pi, but the fall in transport activity under these conditions is inhibited by colchicine. 3. The energy of activation of Na+-Pi co-transport activity of depleted cells differs greatly from that found for normal replete cells. 4. The results provide evidence that stimulation of transport by Pi depletion arises from an increase in the number of carrier sites in the brush-border membrane. Additionally, changes in the properties of the transporter occur which may reflect altered phospholipid-carrier-protein interaction in the Pi-depleted condition.