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Farooq MR, Zhang Z, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu G, Niu S, Song J, Chen D, Yin X. Selenium loss during boiling processes and its bioaccessibility in different crops: Estimated daily intake. Food Chem 2024; 443:138607. [PMID: 38301552 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Food crops provide a good selenium (Se) source for Se-deficient populations. This study assessed how boiling affects Se concentration, speciation, and bioaccessibility in common food crops to determine human Se intake. Boiling rice resulted in an 11.9% decrease in minimum Se content, while sorghum experienced a maximum (34.9%) reduction. Boiled vegetables showed a 21% - 40% Se loss. Cereals showed notable decreases in selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys2), while most vegetables exhibited a significant reduction in Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMeCys). Boiling significantly reduced the Se bioaccessibility in all food crops, except cabbage and potato. Cereal crops were more efficacious in meeting the recommended daily intake (RDI) of Se compared to vegetables. Rice exceeds other crops and provides up to 39.2% of the WHO/FAO-recommended target minimum daily intake of 60 μg/day. This study provides insight into a substantial dissonance between the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Se and the bioaccessible Se in both raw and boiled crops. Consequently, revising EDI standards is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Raza Farooq
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239200, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Youtao Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China; College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239200, China
| | - Gege Wu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Niu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaping Song
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239200, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Ningxia Selenium Industry Development Co., LTD, Ningxia 755000, China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China.
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Huang R, Bañuelos GS, Zhao J, Wang Z, Farooq MR, Yang Y, Song J, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Yin X, Shen L. Comprehensive evaluation of factors influencing selenium fertilization biofortification. J Sci Food Agric 2024. [PMID: 38445779 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary selenium (Se) deficiency, stemming from low Se concentrations in agricultural products, threatens human health. While Se-containing fertilizers can enhance the Se content in crops, the key factors governing Se biofortification with Se fertilization remain unclear. RESULTS This study constructed a global meta-analysis dataset based on field experiments comprising 364 entries on Se content in agricultural products and 271 entries on their yield. Random forest models and mixed effects meta-analyses revealed that plant types (i.e., cereals, vegetables, legumes, and forages) primarily influenced Se biofortification, with Se fertilization rates being the next significant factor. The random forest model, which included variables like plant types, Se fertilization rates, methods and types of Se application, initial soil conditions (including Se content, organic carbon content, and pH), soil types, mean annual precipitation, and temperature, explained 82.14% of the variation in Se content and 48.42% of the yield variation in agricultural products. For the same agricultural products, the increase in Se content decreased with higher rates of Se fertilization. The increase in Se content in their edible parts will be negligible for cereals, forages, legumes, and vegetable crops, when Se fertilization rates were 164, 103, 144, and 147 g Se ha-1 , respectively. Conversely, while low Se fertilization rates enhanced yields, high rates led to a yield reduction, particularly in cereals. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the need for balanced and precise Se fertilization strategies to optimize Se biofortification benefits and minimize the risk of yield reduction. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Gary S Bañuelos
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Jianrong Zhao
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Zhangmin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Raza Farooq
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jiaping Song
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Youtao Chen
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Yangtze River Delta Functional Agricultural (Food) Research Institute, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Lidong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Farooq MR, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Liu X, Li M, Song J, Wang Z, Yin X. Characterization of Selenium Speciation in Se-Enriched Crops: Crop Selection Approach. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3388-3396. [PMID: 38343309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying selenium (Se) speciation and transformation in Se-enriched crops is highly significant for human health. The investigation of Se species in Se-enriched crops involves assessing the enrichment of both organic and inorganic Se species, considering their plant families and edible parts. The staple crops of rice, corn, and wheat showed no or less inorganic Se with the increase of total Se; however, potatoes expressed a proportion of selenate [Se(VI)]. In addition, the organic Se proportions in Se-enriched crops of Cruciferous, Brassicaceae, and Umbelliferae plant families were relatively lower than the proportion of inorganic Se. Concurrently, the edible parts of the Se-enriched gramineous or cereal crops enriched with organic Se and crops with fruit, stem, leaf, and root as edible parts contain the maximum percentage of organic Se with a certain proportion of inorganic Se. This study contributes to a sparse body of literature by meticulously discerning appropriate Se-enriched crop selection through a comprehensive evaluation of Se speciation and its organic and inorganic accumulation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Raza Farooq
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239200, P. R. China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, P. R. China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239200, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, P. R. China
| | - Linxi Yuan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Geosciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P. R. China
| | - Jiaping Song
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239200, P. R. China
| | - Zhangmin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, P. R. China
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Niu S, Wang Z, Yin X, Liu X, Qin L, Farooq MR, Danso OP, Zhang Z, Luo Q, Sun C, Song J. A preliminary predictive model for selenium nutritional status in residents based on three selenium biomarkers. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 81:127347. [PMID: 37995511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient and an important component of many selenoproteins that possess fundamental importance to human health. Selenium deficiency and excess will cause corresponding diseases in the human body. The nutritional health of Se in the human body mainly depends on the daily dietary Se intake of the human body, which in turn depends to a certain extent on the content of Se transmitted along the food chain. This study aims to research the transport of Se through the soil-crop-human chain in regions with different Se levels, and to establish the model between the residents' dietary Se intake and the three Se biomarkers (hair, nails, and plasma), to predict the nutritional health status of Se in residents through Se biomarkers. METHOD Carry out field and cross-sectional surveys of populations in Loujiaba Village and Longshui Village. Samples were collected from soil, crops, drinking water, residents' hair, nails, plasma, and diet. The concentration of available Se fractions was extracted from soil samples using 0.1 mol/L K2HPO4. The concentration of total Se for all samples was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the relative standard deviation was less than 5%. In this study, hair, nails, and blood samples were collected from volunteers according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethics Committee of Soochow University. The dietary nutritional structure and dietary Se intake of the population were randomly selected by 12 volunteers using the duplicate portion method. Data were described using mean ± standard deviation. We performed saliency analysis and correlation analysis (with Pearson correlation coefficient), and fitted a regression to evaluate the associations between these variables. RESULTS The soil total Se (5201 ± 609.2 μg/kg) and available Se (307.7 ± 83.5 μg/kg) in Luojiaba Village (LJB) were significantly higher than the soil total Se (229.2 ± 32.5 μg/kg) and available Se (21.9 ± 4.0 μg/kg) in Longshui Village (LS). The residents' dietary Se intake of LJB (150.3 ± 2.2 μg/d) was within the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended intake range, while LS (16.0 ± 0.4 μg/d) was close to the range of Keshan disease occurrence, and there was a risk of insufficient Se intake. The correlation analysis found significant positive correlations between residents' dietary Se intake and the three Se biomarkers. According to the preliminary model established in this study, if the daily dietary Se intake of residents reaches the WHO recommended value of 55-400 μg, the hair, nails, and plasma of Se concentration will be 522.1-2850.5 μg/kg, 1069.0-6147.4 μg/kg, and 128.3-661.36 μg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Selenium is transmitted through the soil-crop-human chain, and the Se concentration that enters the human body through the food chain in high-Se areas is significantly higher than that in low-Se areas. The nutritional health status of Se in the human body depends on the daily dietary intake of the human body, and there is a significant correlation between the daily dietary Se intake of the human body and the three biomarkers of Se levels in the human body, so the three biomarkers can be used to evaluate the Se nutritional health of the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Niu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhangmin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Center for Selenium, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Institute of Functional Agriculture (Food) Science and Technology at Yangtze River Delta, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui, China; Jiangsu Bio-Engineering Research Center for Selenium, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Liqiang Qin
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Raza Farooq
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Ofori Prince Danso
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui, China; Institute of Functional Agriculture (Food) Science and Technology at Yangtze River Delta, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei 230026, Anhui, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenlu Sun
- Nanjing Institute for Functional Agriculture Science & Technology (iFAST), Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaping Song
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui, China; Institute of Functional Agriculture (Food) Science and Technology at Yangtze River Delta, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Rehman A, Liu G, Yousaf B, Ahmed R, Rashid MS, Irshad S, Shakoor A, Farooq MR. Morpho-chemical characterization and source apportionment of potentially toxic metal(oid)s from school dust of second largest populous city of Pakistan. Environ Res 2021; 196:110427. [PMID: 33221307 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interior settled dust is one of the greatest threats of potentially toxic metal(oid)s (PTMs) exposure to the children, especially in the school environment. Therefore, it is more worthy of having in-depth knowledge of compositional characteristics of school dust. Forty schools were selected of Lahore city for dust sampling. The school dust was analyzed to determine the PTMs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn) concentrations using ICP-MS. The morphological characteristics, PTMs speciation, and mineralogy of school dust were examined using SEM with EDS, XPS, and XRD, respectively. Moreover, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and multivariate statistical analysis were employed to assess the pollution levels, ecological risk, and source identification of PTMs, respectively. The Igeo indicated a heavily-extreme pollution level of Cd (Igeo = 4.92), moderate-heavy pollution of Zn (Igeo = 3.22), and Pb (Igeo = 2.78), and slight-moderate pollution of Cr (Igeo = 1.62), and Cu (Igeo = 1.53). The ecological risk has been found extremely high for Cd and moderately high for Pb and As, while potential ecological risk found extremely high posed by cumulatively all selected PTMs. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that sources of PTMs comprise of natural processes as well as several anthropogenic processes like vehicular emissions, agricultural and industrial activities. The SEM, XRD, and XPS analyses demonstrated the presence of airborne particles and PTMs containing minerals with several toxic chemical species in school dust. This study can help to develop strategies to reduce school indoor pollution and hence to establish an eco-friendly learning environment for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China.
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Saqib Rashid
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Samina Irshad
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Muhammad Raza Farooq
- Advanced Laboratory for Functional Agriculture, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Rehman A, Liu G, Yousaf B, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Ali MU, Rashid MS, Farooq MR, Javed Z. Characterizing pollution indices and children health risk assessment of potentially toxic metal(oid)s in school dust of Lahore, Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 190:110059. [PMID: 31837569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metal pollution is a renowned environmental concern, especially to sensitive environments like school classrooms and their association with children's health. The study was planned to determine the pollution characteristics of 13 potentially toxic metal (oid)s (PTMs) and their associated children's health risk assessment from school dust samples of considerably three land-use types (residential, roadside, and industrial areas) of Lahore, Pakistan. Geo-accumulation (Igeo), pollution (PI), integrated pollution (IPI) and pollution load (PLI) indexes were used to determine the PTMs contamination and USEPA health risk assessment models were employed to assess the health risks in children. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn for three land-use types were found much higher than the permissible limits. Results of pollution indices revealed that school dust was strongly contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Zn whilst moderately contaminated with Cr and Cu. Moreover, the health risk assessment models revealed no significant non-cancerous risks in children with predominantly highest hazardous index (HI) of Cr in industrial (4.61E-01) and Pb in both roadside (4.30E-01) and residential (2.26E-01) area schools. According to cumulative HI of all PTMs and exposure routes, the land-use areas were in descending order as industrial > roadside > residential. The calculations of hazardous quotient (HQ) showed ingestion was the leading pathway of PTMs exposure through school dust. For carcinogenic health risk (CR), the most prominent PTM was Cr with values of 1.53E-06 in industrial area schools, found close to the tolerable range (1.0E-06). Hence, school dust of Lahore prominently contaminated with eminent PTMs triggering slight health risks predominantly by ingestion exposure to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, PR China.
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, PR China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Saqib Rashid
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Raza Farooq
- Advanced Laboratory for Functional Agriculture, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China.
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