A Japanese logographic character frequency list for cognitive science research

This paper describes a Japanese logographic character (kanji) frequency list, which is based on an analysis of the largest recently available corpus of Japanese words and characters. This corpus comprised a full year of morning and evening editions of a major newspaper, containing more than 23 million kanji characters and more than 4,000 different kanji characters. This paper lists the 3,000 most frequent kanji characters, as well as an analysis of kanji usage and correlations between the present list and previous Japanese frequency lists. The authors believe that the present list will help researchers more accurately and efficiently control the selection of kanji characters in cognitive science research and interpret related psycholinguistic data.

General pharmacological properties of the new proton pump inhibitor (+/-)-5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrid-2-yl)methyl]sulf inyl]- 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

The general pharmacological profiles of a novel proton pump inhibitor, (+/-)-5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrid-2-yl)methyl]sulfi nyl]- 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, TU-199) on the central nervous system, cardiorespiratory system, autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal system and renal functions were investigated. TU-199 had no effects on general signs and behavior in mice. TU-199 (300 mg/kg p.o.) decreased locomotor activity 3 h after administration in mice. TU-199 had no effect on pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, analgesic activity and electroshock-induced convulsion in mice, and on rectal temperature in rats. However, TU-199 (300 mg/kg p.o.) showed slight anticonvulsant activity on pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion in mice. TU-199 had no effect on respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, femoral blood flow and electrocardiogram in anesthetized dogs. TU-199 (10(4) M) caused the cumulative concentration-response curve obtained with acetylcholine in isolated guinea pig ileum to shift to the right. However, TU-199 showed no effect on contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum and had no effect on intestinal motility in mice, gastric emptying in rats, bile secretion in rats and carbachol-induced salivary secretion in mice. TU-199 had no effect on urinary volume and excretion of electrolytes in rats. These results suggest that TU-199 does not induce serious adverse effects on the central nervous system, cardiorespiratory system, autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal system and renal functions with the exception of a decrease in spontaneous motor activity with high doses.