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Le VD, Destouches N. Optical diffraction properties of three superimposed self-organized nanostructures induced by a laser process. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2024; 41:296-302. [PMID: 38437342 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.512414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the diffraction properties of materials over a large area holds great promise for a wide range of optical applications. Laser-based techniques have emerged as a viable solution to address this need. Here, we present the diffraction properties of laser-induced self-organized structures, which consist of three interlaced grating-like structures: self-organized nanoparticles, self-organized cracks, and laser marking lines. Under normal incidence external illumination, the sample exhibits an asymmetric diffraction pattern. However, when the incidence angle is tilted, circular diffraction patterns are observed in the plane perpendicular to both the sample and the incidence plane. These phenomena are attributed to the combination effect of the diffraction gratings. To elucidate the underlying physics of multiple diffraction, we use rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and grating equations written in direction cosine space, extended to account for the presence of three superimposed gratings. Exploiting the laser-induced diffraction properties of these samples may have great potential for various industrial implementations, including security, display, and design.
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Le VD, Lefkir Y, Destouches N. Hybridization between plasmonic and photonic modes in laser-induced self-organized quasi-random plasmonic metasurfaces. Nanoscale 2023; 15:19339-19350. [PMID: 38009459 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05569h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metasurfaces made of perfectly regular 2D lattices of metallic nanoparticles deposited on surfaces or close to waveguides can exhibit hybridized plasmonic and photonic modes. The latter arise from the excitation of surface or guided modes through the in-plane coherent scattering of periodic arrays. Recently, laser-induced self-organization of random plasmonic metasurfaces has been used to create nanoparticle gratings embedded in protective layers. Despite the broad size distribution and positional disorder of nanoparticles, the resulting nanostructures exhibit strong coupling between plasmonic and photonic modes in transverse electric polarization, leading to dichroism, which is well-reproduced from one laser printing to another. Here, we examine quantitatively the effect of inhomogeneities at the nanoscale on the hybridization between localized plasmonic modes and delocalized guided modes by considering realistic laser-induced self-organized nanoparticle arrays embedded in a two-layer system. By referring to regular samples, we describe the optical mechanisms involved in the hybridization process at characteristic wavelengths, based on far and near field simulations. Two kinds of real samples are considered, featuring different levels of coupling between the plasmonic and photonic modes. The results demonstrate that controlling the statistical properties of plasmonic metasurfaces, such as the nanoparticle size distribution and average position, over areas a few micrometers wide is enough to control in a reproducible manner the hybridization mechanisms and their resulting optical properties. Thus, this study shows that the inherent irregularities of laser-induced self-organized nanostructures are compatible with smart functionalities of nanophotonics, and confirms that laser processing has huge potential for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Doan Le
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Yaya Lefkir
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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Ma H, Dalloz N, Habrard A, Sebban M, Sterl F, Giessen H, Hebert M, Destouches N. Predicting Laser-Induced Colors of Random Plasmonic Metasurfaces and Optimizing Image Multiplexing Using Deep Learning. ACS Nano 2022; 16:9410-9419. [PMID: 35657964 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors of plasmonic metasurfaces have been promised to a strong technological impact thanks to their high brightness, durability, and dichroic properties. However, fabricating metasurfaces whose spatial distribution must be customized at each implementation and over large areas is still a challenge. Since the demonstration of printed image multiplexing on quasi-random plasmonic metasurfaces, laser processing appears as a promising technology to reach the right level of accuracy and versatility. The main limit comes from the absence of physical models to predict the optical properties that can emerge from the laser processing of metasurfaces in which random metallic nanostructures are characterized by their statistical properties. Here, we demonstrate that deep neural networks trained from experimental data can predict the spectra and colors of laser-induced plasmonic metasurfaces in various observation modes. With thousands of experimental data, produced in a rapid and efficient way, the training accuracy is better than the perceptual just noticeable change. This accuracy enables the use of the predicted continuous color charts to find solutions for printing multiplexed images. Our deep learning approach is validated by an experimental demonstration of laser-induced two-image multiplexing. This approach greatly improves the performance of the laser-processing technology for both printing color images and finding optimized parameters for multiplexing. The article also provides a simple mining algorithm for implementing multiplexing with multiple observation modes and colors from any printing technology. This study can improve the optimization of laser processes for high-end applications in security, entertainment, or data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Ma
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Dalloz
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
- HID Global CID SAS, 48 rue Carnot, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Amaury Habrard
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Marc Sebban
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathieu Hebert
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
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4
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Dalloz N, Le VD, Hebert M, Eles B, Flores Figueroa MA, Hubert C, Ma H, Sharma N, Vocanson F, Ayala S, Destouches N. Anti-Counterfeiting White Light Printed Image Multiplexing by Fast Nanosecond Laser Processing. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2104054. [PMID: 34648203 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive plasmonic metasurfaces enable image multiplexing by displaying different images when altering the conditions of observation. Under white light, three-image multiplexing with polarization-selective switching has been recently demonstrated using femtosecond-laser-processed random plasmonic metasurfaces. Here, the implementation of image multiplexing is extended, thanks to a color-search algorithm, to various observation modes compatible with naked-eye observation under incoherent white light and to four-image multiplexing under polarized light. The laser-processed random plasmonic metasurfaces enabling image multiplexing exhibit self-organized patterns that can diffract light or induce dichroism through hybridization between the localized surface plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and a lattice resonance. Improved spatial resolution makes the image quality compatible with commercial use in secured documents as well as the processing time and cost thanks to the use of a nanosecond laser. This high-speed and flexible laser process, based on energy-efficient nanoparticle reshaping and self-organization, produces centimeter-scale customized tamper-proof images at low cost, which can serve as overt security features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dalloz
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
- HID Global CID SAS, 33 rue de Verdun, Suresnes, 92100, France
| | - Van Doan Le
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Mathieu Hebert
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Balint Eles
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Manuel A Flores Figueroa
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Christophe Hubert
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Hongfeng Ma
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Nipun Sharma
- HID Global CID SAS, 33 rue de Verdun, Suresnes, 92100, France
| | - Francis Vocanson
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
| | - Stéphane Ayala
- HID Global Switzerland SA, Z.I., Rte Pra-Charbon 27, Granges, FR 1614, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, 18 rue Professeur Benoît Lauras, Saint-Etienne, 42000, France
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Sharma N, Destouches N, Florian C, Serna R, Siegel J. Tailoring metal-dielectric nanocomposite materials with ultrashort laser pulses for dichroic color control. Nanoscale 2019; 11:18779-18789. [PMID: 31595926 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-dielectric nanocomposites are multiphase material systems containing nanostructures, whose size and arrangement determine the optical properties of the material, enabling the production of new materials with custom-designed response. In this paper, we exploit a femtosecond laser-based strategy to fabricate nanocomposites based on silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with tunable optical spectral response. We demonstrate how the spectral response, specifically color and dichroic response, is linked to Ag NPs growth and self-organization processes that are controlled locally by the choice of the laser irradiation parameters, such as scan speed and laser light polarization. When the scan speed increases, the Ag NPs are formed at larger depths below the film surface and give rise to the formation of embedded NPs gratings. As a result, the effective optical properties of the films are strongly modified enabling the display of a broad range of solid colors in the visible region. Furthermore, the choice of the laser light polarization allows to fabricate films either with iridescent or dichroic properties (linear polarization) or with non-diffractive and non-dichroic colors (circular polarization). Finally, the high spatial control over the transformed areas achieved with the laser processing, allows the building of hybrid nanostructures by means of interlacing structures with different optical responses. These results demonstrate the high potential of fs-laser technology to process Ag-based nanocomposites to fabricate coatings with a designed reflectivity, transmission, diffraction, as well as polarization anisotropy response. The Ag nanocomposites investigated in this work hold great promise for a broad range of applications especially for coloring, for enhanced visual effects, and for smart information encoding for security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sharma
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - N Destouches
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - C Florian
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Optica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO-CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Serna
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Optica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO-CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Siegel
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Optica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO-CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Esposito M, Todisco F, Bakhti S, Passaseo A, Tarantini I, Cuscunà M, Destouches N, Tasco V. Symmetry Breaking in Oligomer Surface Plasmon Lattice Resonances. Nano Lett 2019; 19:1922-1930. [PMID: 30721077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel plasmonic-mode engineering, enabled by the structural symmetry of a plasmonic crystal with a metallic oligomer as unit cell. We show how the oligomer symmetry can tailor the scattering directions to spatially overlap with the diffractive orders directions of a plasmonic array. Applied to the color generation field, the presented approach enables the challenging achievement of a broad spectrum of angle-dependent colors since smooth and continuous generation of transmitted vibrant colors, covering both the cyan-magenta-yellow and the red-green-blue color spaces, is demonstrated by scattering angle- and polarization-dependent optical response. The addition of a symmetry driven level of control multiplies the possibility of optical information storage, being of potential interest for secured optical information encoding but also for nanophotonic applications, from demultiplexers or signal processing devices to on-chip optical nanocircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Esposito
- CNR NANOTEC-Nanotechnology Institute , Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni , IT-73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Francesco Todisco
- Center for Nano Optics , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Said Bakhti
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516 , University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS , F-42023 , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Adriana Passaseo
- CNR NANOTEC-Nanotechnology Institute , Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni , IT-73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Iolena Tarantini
- Department of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi , University of Salento , Via Arnesano , Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC-Nanotechnology Institute , Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni , IT-73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516 , University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS , F-42023 , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR NANOTEC-Nanotechnology Institute , Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni , IT-73100 Lecce , Italy
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Crespo-Monteiro N, Cazier A, Vocanson F, Lefkir Y, Reynaud S, Michalon JY, Kämpfe T, Destouches N, Jourlin Y. Microstructuring of Mesoporous Titania Films Loaded with Silver Salts to Enhance the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Blue under Visible Light. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2017; 7:nano7100334. [PMID: 29039814 PMCID: PMC5666499 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The microstructuring of the distribution of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in mesoporous titania films loaded with silver salts, using two-beam interference lithography leading to 1 Dimension (1D) grating, induces variations in the photocatalytic efficiency. The influence of the structuration was tested on the degradation of methyl blue (MB) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible illumination, giving rise to a significant improvement of the photocatalytic efficiency. The periodic distribution of the NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Crespo-Monteiro
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Anthony Cazier
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Francis Vocanson
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Yaya Lefkir
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Michalon
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Thomas Kämpfe
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Yves Jourlin
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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8
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Diop DK, Simonot L, Martínez-García J, Hébert M, Lefkir Y, Abadias G, Guérin P, Babonneau D, Destouches N. Spectral and Color Changes of Ag/TiO 2 Photochromic Films Deposited on Diffusing Paper and Transparent Flexible Plastic Substrates. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:1271-1279. [PMID: 27956593 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816680000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Giving paper and polymer photochromic properties under laser irradiation is challenging due to the low resistance of these materials to heat, their flexibility, and their possibly irregular structure. However, we could successfully deposit TiO2/Ag/TiO2 layers stacking on flexible white glossy paper and transparent polyethylene terephalate (PET) substrates using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique, and tailor coloration changes after laser irradiation, alternating visible and ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. The sample colors are characterized by a panel of chromas depending on the irradiation conditions. We demonstrate that these chroma changes are due to morphological changes of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) after visible laser irradiation of the colored as-deposited sample. The process exhibits a good reversibility after subsequent UV irradiation due to the growth of new metallic Ag NPs. The colors displayed in diffuse reflection by the paper samples are more saturated than the ones displayed in regular transmission by PET samples. We demonstrate the efficiency of the photochromic process on such support by printing high resolution patterns exhibiting different colors depending on the observation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daouda K Diop
- 1 Institut Pprime, Département Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
- 2 Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lionel Simonot
- 1 Institut Pprime, Département Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - Juan Martínez-García
- 2 Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mathieu Hébert
- 2 Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Yaya Lefkir
- 2 Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Grégory Abadias
- 1 Institut Pprime, Département Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - Philippe Guérin
- 1 Institut Pprime, Département Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - David Babonneau
- 1 Institut Pprime, Département Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- 2 Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, Saint-Etienne, France
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Destouches N. Optically Induced Nanostructures. Biomedical and Technical Applications. Edited by Karsten König and Andreas Ostendorf. De Gruyter, 2015. Pp. XL+329. Price Euro 119.95, USD 168, GBP 89.99. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717007075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Liu Z, Siegel J, Garcia-Lechuga M, Epicier T, Lefkir Y, Reynaud S, Bugnet M, Vocanson F, Solis J, Vitrant G, Destouches N. Three-Dimensional Self-Organization in Nanocomposite Layered Systems by Ultrafast Laser Pulses. ACS Nano 2017; 11:5031-5040. [PMID: 28471649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling plasmonic systems with nanometer resolution in transparent films and their colors over large nonplanar areas is a key issue for spreading their use in various industrial fields. Using light to direct self-organization mechanisms provides high-speed and flexible processes to meet this challenge. Here, we describe a route for the laser-induced self-organization of metallic nanostructures in 3D. Going beyond the production of planar nanopatterns, we demonstrate that ultrafast laser-induced excitation combined with nonlinear feedback mechanisms in a nanocomposite thin film can lead to 3D self-organized nanostructured films. The process, which can be extended to complex layered composite systems, produces highly uniform large-area nanopatterns. We show that 3D self-organization originates from the simultaneous excitation of independent optical modes at different depths in the film and is activated by the plasmon-induced charge separation and thermally induced NP growth mechanisms. This laser color marking technique enables multiplexed optical image encoding and the generated nanostructured Ag NPs:TiO2 films offer great promise for applications in solar energy harvesting, photocatalysis, or photochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Liu
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne , CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jan Siegel
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Optica , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Epicier
- MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, University Lyon I , 6921 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yaya Lefkir
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne , CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne , CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Matthieu Bugnet
- MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, University Lyon I , 6921 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Francis Vocanson
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne , CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Javier Solis
- Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Optica , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guy Vitrant
- CNRS-UMR 5130, IMEP-LAHC, Minatec, Grenoble-INP , F-38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne , CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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11
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Baraldi G, Bakhti S, Liu Z, Reynaud S, Lefkir Y, Vocanson F, Destouches N. Polarization-driven self-organization of silver nanoparticles in 1D and 2D subwavelength gratings for plasmonic photocatalysis. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:035302. [PMID: 27966465 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/3/035302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in plasmonics is to conceive large-scale, low-cost techniques suitable for the fabrication of metal nanoparticle patterns showing precise spatial organization. Here, we introduce a simple method based on continuous-wave laser illumination to induce the self-organization of silver nanoparticles within high-index thin films. We show that highly regular and homogeneous nanoparticle gratings can be produced on large areas using laser-controlled self-organization processes. This very versatile technique can provide 1D and 2D patterns at a subwavelength scale with tunable features. It does not need any stabilization or expensive devices, such as those required by optical or electron lithography, and is rapid to implement. Accurate in-plane and in-depth characterizations provide valuable information to explain the mechanisms that lead to pattern formation and especially how 2D self-organization can fall into place with successive laser scans. The regular and homogeneous 2D self-organization of metallic NPs with a single laser scan is also reported for the first time in this article. As the reported nanostructures are embedded in porous TiO2, we also theoretically explore the interesting potential of organization on the photocatalytic activity of Ag-NP-containing TiO2 porous films, which is one of the most promising materials for self-cleaning or remediation applications. Realistic electromagnetic simulations demonstrate that the periodic organization of silver nanoparticles can increase the light intensity within the film more than ten times that produced with randomly distributed nanoparticles, leading as expected to enhanced photocatalytic efficiency.
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Bakhti S, Destouches N, Hubert C, Reynaud S, Vocanson F, Ondarçuhu T, Epicier T. Growth of single gold nanofilaments at the apex of conductive atomic force microscope tips. Nanoscale 2016; 8:7496-500. [PMID: 26848043 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a fast and one-step technique to grow single gold filaments at the apex of commercial conductive AFM tips. It is implemented with an atomic force microscope in air with a high relative humidity at room temperature and is based on a bias-assisted electro-reduction of gold ions directly at the tip apex. The technique requires only ad hoc substrates made of a mesoporous silica layer loaded with gold salt deposited on a conductive electrode. It leads to the growth, at the tip apex, of filaments whose length can be monitored and controlled during the growth between tens and hundreds of nanometers and whose radius of curvature can be as low as 3 nm. Made of polycrystalline gold nanostructures, the filaments are chemically and mechanically stable and conductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bakhti
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France. and CNRS, UMR5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France and Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - N Destouches
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France. and CNRS, UMR5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France and Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - C Hubert
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France. and CNRS, UMR5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France and Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - S Reynaud
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France. and CNRS, UMR5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France and Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - F Vocanson
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France. and CNRS, UMR5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France and Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - T Ondarçuhu
- CEMES-CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - T Epicier
- MATEIS, UMR 5510 CNRS, Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Liu Z, Vitrant G, Lefkir Y, Bakhti S, Destouches N. Laser induced mechanisms controlling the size distribution of metallic nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24600-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a model to simulate changes in the size distribution of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in TiO2 films upon continuous wave light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Liu
- Univ Lyon
- UJM-Saint-Etienne
- CNRS
- Institut d Optique Graduate School
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516
| | | | - Yaya Lefkir
- Univ Lyon
- UJM-Saint-Etienne
- CNRS
- Institut d Optique Graduate School
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516
| | - Said Bakhti
- Univ Lyon
- UJM-Saint-Etienne
- CNRS
- Institut d Optique Graduate School
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Univ Lyon
- UJM-Saint-Etienne
- CNRS
- Institut d Optique Graduate School
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516
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Tricot F, Vocanson F, Chaussy D, Beneventi D, Party M, Destouches N. Flexible photochromic Ag:TiO2 thin films fabricated by ink-jet and flexography printing processes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Printing techniques compatible with industrial production are successfully used to fabricate photochromic Ag:TiO2 thin films on a plastic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Tricot
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint Etienne
- France
- CNRS UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - F. Vocanson
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint Etienne
- France
- CNRS UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - D. Chaussy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - D. Beneventi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - M. Party
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
- CNRS
| | - N. Destouches
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint Etienne
- France
- CNRS UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
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Abstract
A flexible material with reversible photochromic behavior was obtained by designing TiO2:Ag thin films on PET substrate without damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Tricot
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS
- UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - F. Vocanson
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS
- UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - D. Chaussy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS
- LGP2
| | - D. Beneventi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- LGP2
- F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS
- LGP2
| | - S. Reynaud
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS
- UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - Y. Lefkir
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS
- UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
| | - N. Destouches
- University of Lyon
- F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- CNRS
- UMR 5516
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien
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Charrière R, Hébert M, Trémeau A, Destouches N. Color calibration of an RGB camera mounted in front of a microscope with strong color distortion. Appl Opt 2013; 52:5262-5271. [PMID: 23872775 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims at showing that performing color calibration of an RGB camera can be achieved even in the case where the optical system before the camera introduces strong color distortion. In the present case, the optical system is a microscope containing a halogen lamp, with a nonuniform irradiance on the viewed surface. The calibration method proposed in this work is based on an existing method, but it is preceded by a three-step preprocessing of the RGB images aiming at extracting relevant color information from the strongly distorted images, taking especially into account the nonuniform irradiance map and the perturbing texture due to the surface topology of the standard color calibration charts when observed at micrometric scale. The proposed color calibration process consists first in computing the average color of the color-chart patches viewed under the microscope; then computing white balance, gamma correction, and saturation enhancement; and finally applying a third-order polynomial regression color calibration transform. Despite the nonusual conditions for color calibration, fairly good performance is achieved from a 48 patch Lambertian color chart, since an average CIE-94 color difference on the color-chart colors lower than 2.5 units is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Charrière
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet de Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France.
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Nadar L, Sayah R, Vocanson F, Crespo-Monteiro N, Boukenter A, Sao Joao S, Destouches N. Influence of reduction processes on the colour and photochromism of amorphous mesoporous TiO2 thin films loaded with a silver salt. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1810-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05172e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Crespo-Monteiro N, Destouches N, Bois L, Chassagneux F, Reynaud S, Fournel T. Reversible and irreversible laser microinscription on silver-containing mesoporous titania films. Adv Mater 2010; 22:3166-70. [PMID: 20533419 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Bois L, Chassagneux F, Desroches C, Battie Y, Destouches N, Gilon N, Parola S, Stéphan O. Electroless growth of silver nanoparticles into mesostructured silica block copolymer films. Langmuir 2010; 26:8729-8736. [PMID: 20201484 DOI: 10.1021/la904491v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles and silver nanowires have been grown inside mesostructured silica films obtained from block copolymers using two successive reduction steps: the first one involves a sodium borohydride reduction or a photoreduction of silver nitrate contained in the film, and the second one consists of a silver deposit on the primary nanoparticles, carried out by silver ion solution reduction with hydroxylamine chloride. We have demonstrated that the F127 block copolymer ((PEO)(106)(PPO)(70)(PEO)(106)), "F type", mesostructured silica film is a suitable "soft" template for the fabrication of spherical silver nanoparticles arrays. Silver spheres grow from 7 to 11 nm upon the second reduction step. As a consequence, a red shift of the surface plasmon resonance associated with metallic silver has been observed and attributed to plasmonic coupling between particles. Using a P123 block copolymer ((PEO)(20)(PPO)(70)(PEO)(20)), "P type", mesostructured silica film, we have obtained silver nanowires with typical dimension of 10 nm x 100 nm. The corresponding surface plasmon resonance is blue-shifted. The hydroxylamine chloride treatment appears to be efficient only when a previous chemical reduction is performed, assuming that the first sodium borohydride reduction induces a high concentration of silver nuclei in the first layer of the porous silica (film/air interface), which explains their reactivity for further growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bois
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Bois L, Chassagneux F, Battie Y, Bessueille F, Mollet L, Parola S, Destouches N, Toulhoat N, Moncoffre N. Chemical growth and photochromism of silver nanoparticles into a mesoporous titania template. Langmuir 2010; 26:1199-1206. [PMID: 20067316 DOI: 10.1021/la902339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Elaboration of mesoporous titanium oxide film supporting silver nanoparticles is described. Mesoporous titanium oxide films are characterized by TEM analysis. Titania films are infiltrated with a silver salt solution and chemical reduction treatments are performed using either a NaBH(4) or a formaldehyde solution. Infiltrated films are then characterized by TEM, SEM, AFM, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The utilization of a mesoporous titania substrate allows to control the nanoparticle size and the interparticle distance. RBS experiments provide the evidence that NaBH(4) treatment induces a strong accumulation of silver nanoparticles in the subsurface of the layer, while formaldehyde treatment induces the formation of silver nanoparticles embedded into almost the whole depth of the titania film. Large silver nanocrystals are also formed at the film surface whatever the reducer used. A broad visible absorption band related to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is obtained in both cases and is strongly red-shifted compared to the SPR obtained for silver nanoparticles inside a silica matrix. Moreover, irradiation with visible light causes the photooxidation of silver nanoparticles by titania and a complete discoloration of the material. The photooxidation is related to a drastic decrease in the silver nanoparticle size and is found to be reversible, particularly in the case of the material obtained by the formaldehyde reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bois
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Bois L, Chassagneux F, Parola S, Bessueille F, Battie Y, Destouches N, Boukenter A, Moncoffre N, Toulhoat N. Growth of ordered silver nanoparticles in silica film mesostructured with a triblock copolymer PEO–PPO–PEO. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Giet S, Lee CL, Calvez S, Dawson MD, Destouches N, Pommier JC, Parriaux O. Stabilization of a semiconductor disk laser using an intra-cavity high reflectivity grating. Opt Express 2007; 15:16520-16526. [PMID: 19550942 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.016520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a High Reflectivity Grating (HRG) as an intra-cavity element in a Semiconductor Disk Laser (or Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) to stabilise its emission wavelength and polarization characteristics. Operation at 1058nm with up to 645mW of pump-limited output power and an M(2)~1.4 is achieved. We also show that this scheme permits tunable single-frequency operation.
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Destouches N, Blanc D, Franc J, Tonchev S, Hendrickx N, Van Daele P, Parriaux O. Efficient and tolerant resonant grating coupler for multimode optical interconnections. Opt Express 2007; 15:16870-16879. [PMID: 19550977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.016870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
More than 60% overall coupling efficiency is achieved in the demonstrator of an optical interconnect comprising an input grating coupler, a multimode slab waveguide section and an output grating coupler. The grating coupling strength is enhanced by means of a leaky mode resonance. The efficiency of the resonant grating coupler compares favourably with the performancs reported on mirror inserts.
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Destouches N, Pommier JC, Parriaux O, Clausnitzer T, Lyndin N, Tonchev S. Narrow band resonant grating of 100% reflection under normal incidence. Opt Express 2006; 14:12613-12622. [PMID: 19532152 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.012613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A resonant grating mirror comprising a multilayer submirror and a grating slab waveguide submirror exhibiting constructive mutual reflection is shown experimentally to provide zero transmission. Its reflection line width of less than 1 nm, its polarization selectivity and low overall loss make the device usable as a longitudinal mode filter in a disk laser in the 1000-1100 nm wavelength range.
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Destouches N, Tishchenko A, Pommier J, Reynaud S, Parriaux O, Tonchev S, Ahmed M. 99% efficiency measured in the -1st order of a resonant grating. Opt Express 2005; 13:3230-3235. [PMID: 19495223 DOI: 10.1364/opex.13.003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A resonant diffraction grating comprising a mirror, a dielectric layer and a high index corrugation at the layer-air interface is shown to exhibit off-Littrow the record diffraction efficiency of 99% in the -1st reflected order at 1064 nm wavelength thanks to the excitation of a leaky mode of the layer. Such high figure is obtained by a grating 5 to 10 times shallower than in current attempts to realize high efficiency all-dielectric gratings.
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Abstract
The refractive indices of optical materials are usually determined from spectrophotometric and ellipsometric measurements of specular beams. When the roughness of the interfaces increases, the energy in the specularly reflected and transmitted beams decreases and scattering becomes predominant. For strong roughness (compared to the incident wavelength) a surface does not exhibit specular reflection or transmission, making difficult the determination of the refractive index. We describe two techniques, based on scattering measurements, that one can use to determine the refractive indices of opaque inhomogeneous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Destouches
- Institut Fresnel Marseille, Unit'e Mixte de Recherche 6133, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Marseille, Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex, France
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Destouches N, Giovannini H, Lequime M. Interferometric measurement of the phase of diffracted waves near the plasmon resonances of metallic gratings. Appl Opt 2001; 40:5575-5582. [PMID: 18364843 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.005575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method for analyzing both theoretically and experimentally the behavior of the phase of the waves diffracted by gratings. The method is applied to the study of resonance phenomena. It is used for determining the optogeometrical parameters of a metallic grating. We show that the experimental setup, which is insensitive to mechanical drifts or thermal fluctuations, can be used for sensing purposes.
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