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Mehra P, Fairburn R, Leftley N, Banda J, Bennett MJ. Turning up the volume: How root branching adaptive responses aid water foraging. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 75:102405. [PMID: 37379661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Access to water is critical for all forms of life. Plants primarily access water through their roots. Root traits such as branching are highly sensitive to water availability, enabling plants to adapt their root architecture to match soil moisture distribution. Lateral root adaptive responses hydropatterning and xerobranching ensure new branches only form when roots are in direct contact with moist soil. Root traits are also strongly influenced by atmospheric humidity, where a rapid drop leads to a promotion of root growth and branching. The plant hormones auxin and/or abscisic acid (ABA) play key roles in regulating these adaptive responses. We discuss how these signals are part of a novel "water-sensing" mechanism that couples hormone movement with hydrodynamics to orchestrate root branching responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mehra
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Rebecca Fairburn
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicola Leftley
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jason Banda
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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2
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Mehra P, Pandey BK, Melebari D, Banda J, Leftley N, Couvreur V, Rowe J, Anfang M, De Gernier H, Morris E, Sturrock CJ, Mooney SJ, Swarup R, Faulkner C, Beeckman T, Bhalerao RP, Shani E, Jones AM, Dodd IC, Sharp RE, Sadanandom A, Draye X, Bennett MJ. Hydraulic flux-responsive hormone redistribution determines root branching. Science 2022; 378:762-768. [PMID: 36395221 DOI: 10.1126/science.add3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant roots exhibit plasticity in their branching patterns to forage efficiently for heterogeneously distributed resources, such as soil water. The xerobranching response represses lateral root formation when roots lose contact with water. Here, we show that xerobranching is regulated by radial movement of the phloem-derived hormone abscisic acid, which disrupts intercellular communication between inner and outer cell layers through plasmodesmata. Closure of these intercellular pores disrupts the inward movement of the hormone signal auxin, blocking lateral root branching. Once root tips regain contact with moisture, the abscisic acid response rapidly attenuates. Our study reveals how roots adapt their branching pattern to heterogeneous soil water conditions by linking changes in hydraulic flux with dynamic hormone redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mehra
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bipin K Pandey
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dalia Melebari
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jason Banda
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicola Leftley
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Valentin Couvreur
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - James Rowe
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moran Anfang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hugues De Gernier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emily Morris
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig J Sturrock
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sacha J Mooney
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ian C Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Robert E Sharp
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Xavier Draye
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Kümpers BMC, Han J, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Redman N, Ware A, Atkinson JA, Leftley N, Janes G, Castiglione G, Tarr PT, Pyke K, Voß U, Wells DM, Bishopp A. Dual expression and anatomy lines allow simultaneous visualization of gene expression and anatomy. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:56-69. [PMID: 34718789 PMCID: PMC8774739 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots. This system can also be used in both embryos and whole seedlings. As proof of concept, we follow both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during lateral root organogenesis for a period of over 24 h. Coupled with the development of a flow cell and perfusion system, we follow changes in activity of the DII auxin sensor following application of auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta M C Kümpers
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jingyi Han
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Redman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Alexander Ware
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Nicola Leftley
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Paul T Tarr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Kevin Pyke
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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4
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Leftley N, Banda J, Pandey B, Bennett M, Voß U. Uncovering How Auxin Optimizes Root Systems Architecture in Response to Environmental Stresses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040014. [PMID: 33903159 PMCID: PMC8559545 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since colonizing land, plants have developed mechanisms to tolerate a broad range of abiotic stresses that include flooding, drought, high salinity, and nutrient limitation. Roots play a key role acclimating plants to these as their developmental plasticity enables them to grow toward more favorable conditions and away from limiting or harmful stresses. The phytohormone auxin plays a key role translating these environmental signals into developmental outputs. This is achieved by modulating auxin levels and/or signaling, often through cross talk with other hormone signals like abscisic acid (ABA) or ethylene. In our review, we discuss how auxin controls root responses to water, osmotic and nutrient-related stresses, and describe how the synthesis, degradation, transport, and response of this key signaling hormone helps optimize root architecture to maximize resource acquisition while limiting the impact of abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Leftley
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Banda
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bipin Pandey
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Voß
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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5
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Oh J, Wilson M, Hill K, Leftley N, Hodgman C, Bennett MJ, Swarup R. Arabidopsis antibody resources for functional studies in plants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21945. [PMID: 33319797 PMCID: PMC7738516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report creation of a unique and a very valuable resource for Plant Scientific community worldwide. In this era of post-genomics and modelling of multi-cellular systems using an integrative systems biology approach, better understanding of protein localization at sub-cellular, cellular and tissue levels is likely to result in better understanding of their function and role in cell and tissue dynamics, protein–protein interactions and protein regulatory networks. We have raised 94 antibodies against key Arabidopsis root proteins, using either small peptides or recombinant proteins. The success rate with the peptide antibodies was very low. We show that affinity purification of antibodies massively improved the detection rate. Of 70 protein antibodies, 38 (55%) antibodies could detect a signal with high confidence and 22 of these antibodies are of immunocytochemistry grade. The targets include key proteins involved in hormone synthesis, transport and perception, membrane trafficking related proteins and several sub cellular marker proteins. These antibodies are available from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Oh
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Plasma Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, 573-540, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Wilson
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kristine Hill
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicola Leftley
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlie Hodgman
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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6
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Orosa-Puente B, Leftley N, von Wangenheim D, Banda J, Srivastava AK, Hill K, Truskina J, Bhosale R, Morris E, Srivastava M, Kümpers B, Goh T, Fukaki H, Vermeer JEM, Vernoux T, Dinneny JR, French AP, Bishopp A, Sadanandom A, Bennett MJ. Root branching toward water involves posttranslational modification of transcription factor ARF7. Science 2018; 362:1407-1410. [PMID: 30573626 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to heterogeneous soil conditions by altering their root architecture. For example, roots branch when in contact with water by using the hydropatterning response. We report that hydropatterning is dependent on auxin response factor ARF7. This transcription factor induces asymmetric expression of its target gene LBD16 in lateral root founder cells. This differential expression pattern is regulated by posttranslational modification of ARF7 with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein. SUMOylation negatively regulates ARF7 DNA binding activity. ARF7 SUMOylation is required to recruit the Aux/IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) repressor protein IAA3. Blocking ARF7 SUMOylation disrupts IAA3 recruitment and hydropatterning. We conclude that SUMO-dependent regulation of auxin response controls root branching pattern in response to water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Leftley
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jason Banda
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Kristine Hill
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jekaterina Truskina
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Emily Morris
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Britta Kümpers
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew P French
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
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7
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Bhosale R, Giri J, Pandey BK, Giehl RFH, Hartmann A, Traini R, Truskina J, Leftley N, Hanlon M, Swarup K, Rashed A, Voß U, Alonso J, Stepanova A, Yun J, Ljung K, Brown KM, Lynch JP, Dolan L, Vernoux T, Bishopp A, Wells D, von Wirén N, Bennett MJ, Swarup R. A mechanistic framework for auxin dependent Arabidopsis root hair elongation to low external phosphate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1409. [PMID: 29651114 PMCID: PMC5897496 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. Roots employ adaptive mechanisms to forage for P in soil. Root hair elongation is particularly important since P is immobile. Here we report that auxin plays a critical role promoting root hair growth in Arabidopsis in response to low external P. Mutants disrupting auxin synthesis (taa1) and transport (aux1) attenuate the low P root hair response. Conversely, targeting AUX1 expression in lateral root cap and epidermal cells rescues this low P response in aux1. Hence auxin transport from the root apex to differentiation zone promotes auxin-dependent hair response to low P. Low external P results in induction of root hair expressed auxin-inducible transcription factors ARF19, RSL2, and RSL4. Mutants lacking these genes disrupt the low P root hair response. We conclude auxin synthesis, transport and response pathway components play critical roles regulating this low P root adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhosale
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jitender Giri
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bipin K Pandey
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Richard Traini
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jekaterina Truskina
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Nicola Leftley
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Meredith Hanlon
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kamal Swarup
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Afaf Rashed
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jose Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Anna Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jeonga Yun
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren Wells
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK. .,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK. .,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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8
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Parker NE, Porter JB, Williams HJM, Leftley N. Pruritus after administration of hetastarch. West J Med 1982. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6326.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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