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Palevich N, Palevich FP, Attwood GT, Kelly WJ. Complete genome sequence of the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 T. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024:e0026724. [PMID: 38651913 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00267-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Butyrivibrio are anaerobic bacteria and members of the family Lachnospiraceae with important roles in fiber digestion in both animals and humans. This report describes the complete genome of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens type strain D1T (DSM 3071) consisting of a chromosome (CP146963), megaplasmid (pNP243), and small plasmid (pNP21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Faith P Palevich
- Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graeme T Attwood
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - William J Kelly
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
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2
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Palevich N, Jeyanathan J, Reilly K, Palevich FP, Maclean PH, Li D, Altermann E, Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, Attwood GT, Ronimus RS, Henderson G, Janssen PH. Complete genome sequence of Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5, a rumen methylotrophic methanogen. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0004324. [PMID: 38426731 PMCID: PMC11008217 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00043-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Methanosphaera spp. are methylotrophic methanogenic archaea and members of the order Methanobacteriales with few cultured representatives. Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5 was isolated from sheep rumen contents in New Zealand. Here, we report its complete genome, consisting of a large chromosome and a megaplasmid (GenBank accession numbers CP118753 and CP118754, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jeyamalar Jeyanathan
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kerri Reilly
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Faith P. Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dong Li
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- School of Veterinary Science and Centre for Bioparticle Applications, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Blue Barn Life Sciences Ltd., Feilding, New Zealand
| | - William J. Kelly
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sinead C. Leahy
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graeme T. Attwood
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ron S. Ronimus
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Henderson
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bacthera AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter H. Janssen
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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3
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Palevich F, Gardner A, Ross C, Mills J, Brightwell G, Palevich N. Multiple genome sequences of lactic acid bacteria, Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains, isolated from vacuum-packaged lamb meat. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0105823. [PMID: 38197696 PMCID: PMC10868225 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01058-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the whole-genome sequences of 11 Carnobacterium divergens and 2 Carnobacterium maltaromaticum bacteria isolated from vacuum-packed chill-stored lamb meat in New Zealand. Examination of these lactic acid bacteria (LAB) genomes will improve our knowledge of their potential antimicrobial activities and spoilage mechanisms of importance to the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Palevich
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Gardner
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Colleen Ross
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Mills
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikola Palevich
- Rumen Microbiology, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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4
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Palevich N, Maclean PH, Scott RW. Time-series transcriptomic profiling of larval exsheathment in a model parasitic nematode of veterinary importance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1257200. [PMID: 38020897 PMCID: PMC10679320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
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5
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Palevich N, Maclean PH, Cao M. Non-targeted multimodal metabolomics data from ovine rumen fluid fractions. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0039223. [PMID: 37466335 PMCID: PMC10508094 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00392-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
From an animal health perspective, our understanding of the metabolites in rumen fluid across different host species is poorly understood. Here, we present a metabolomic data set generated using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and semi-polar (C18) chromatography methods coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry of fractionated ovine rumen samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mingshu Cao
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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6
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Carbone V, Reilly K, Sang C, Schofield LR, Ronimus RS, Kelly WJ, Attwood GT, Palevich N. Crystal Structures of Bacterial Pectin Methylesterases Pme8A and PmeC2 from Rumen Butyrivibrio. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13738. [PMID: 37762041 PMCID: PMC10530356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that forms a substantial proportion of the plant's middle lamella of forage ingested by grazing ruminants. Methanol in the rumen is derived mainly from methoxy groups released from pectin by the action of pectin methylesterase (PME) and is subsequently used by rumen methylotrophic methanogens that reduce methanol to produce methane (CH4). Members of the genus Butyrivibrio are key pectin-degrading rumen bacteria that contribute to methanol formation and have important roles in fibre breakdown, protein digestion, and the biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Therefore, methanol release from pectin degradation in the rumen is a potential target for CH4 mitigation technologies. Here, we present the crystal structures of PMEs belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 8 (CE8) from Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, determined to a resolution of 2.30 Å. These enzymes, like other PMEs, are right-handed β-helical proteins with a well-defined catalytic site and reaction mechanisms previously defined in insect, plant, and other bacterial pectin methylesterases. Potential substrate binding domains are also defined for the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (V.C.); (K.R.); (C.S.); (L.R.S.); (R.S.R.); (W.J.K.); (G.T.A.)
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7
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Mahoney-Kurpe SC, Palevich N, Noel SJ, Gagic D, Biggs PJ, Soni P, Reid PM, Koike S, Kobayashi Y, Janssen PH, Attwood GT, Moon CD. Aristaeella hokkaidonensis gen. nov. sp. nov. and Aristaeella lactis sp. nov., two rumen bacterial species of a novel proposed family, Aristaeellaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37170869 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, from an abundant but uncharacterized rumen bacterial group of the order 'Christensenellales', were phylogenetically and phenotypically characterized. These strains, designated R-7T and WTE2008T, shared 98.6-99.0 % sequence identity between their 16S rRNA gene sequences. R-7T and WTE2008T clustered together on a distinct branch from other Christensenellaceae strains and had <88.1 % sequence identity to the closest type-strain sequence from Luoshenia tenuis NSJ-44T. The genome sequences of R-7T and WTE2008T had 83.6 % average nucleotide identity to each other, and taxonomic assignment using the Genome Taxonomy Database indicates these are separate species within a novel family of the order 'Christensenellales'. Cells of R-7T and WTE2008T lacked any obvious appendages and their cell wall ultra-structures were characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. The five most abundant cellular fatty acids of both strains were C16 : 0, C16 : 0 iso, C17 : 0 anteiso, C18 : 0 and C15 : 0 anteiso. The strains used a wide range of the 23 soluble carbon sources tested, and grew best on cellobiose, but not on sugar-alcohols. Xylan and pectin were fermented by both strains, but not cellulose. Acetate, hydrogen, ethanol and lactate were the major fermentation end products. R-7T produced considerably more hydrogen than WTE2008T, which produced more lactate. Based on these analyses, Aristaeellaceae fam. nov. and Aristaeella gen. nov., with type species Aristaeella hokkaidonensis sp. nov., are proposed. Strains R-7T (=DSM 112795T=JCM 34733T) and WTE2008T (=DSM 112788T=JCM 34734T) are the proposed type strains for Aristaeella hokkaidonensis sp. nov. and Aristaeella lactis sp. nov., respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Mahoney-Kurpe
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Noel
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dragana Gagic
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Priya Soni
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter M Reid
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kobayashi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter H Janssen
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graeme T Attwood
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christina D Moon
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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Meynadier A, Marie-Etancelin C, Palevich N. Editorial: Host genome and metagenome interactions for improved ruminant health and performance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160074. [PMID: 37025626 PMCID: PMC10071038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Meynadier
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Annabelle Meynadier
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9
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Palevich N, Palevich FP, Gardner A, Brightwell G, Mills J. Genome collection of Shewanella spp. isolated from spoiled lamb. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976152. [PMID: 36238595 PMCID: PMC9552011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the genus Shewanella and their roles across a variety of ecological niches is largely unknown highlighting the phylogenetic diversity of these bacteria. From a food safety perspective, Shewanella species have been recognized as causative spoilage agents of vacuum-packed meat products. However, the genetic basis and metabolic pathways for the spoilage mechanism are yet to be explored due to the unavailability of relevant Shewanella strains and genomic resources. In this study, whole-genome sequencing of 32 Shewanella strains isolated from vacuum-packaged refrigerated spoiled lamb was performed to examine their roles in meat spoilage. Phylogenomic reconstruction revealed their genomic diversity with 28 Shewanella spp. strains belonging to the same putative novel species, two Shewanella glacialipiscicola strains (SM77 and SM91), Shewanella xiamenensis NZRM825, and Shewanella putrefaciens DSM 50426 (ATCC 8072) isolated from butter. Genome-wide clustering of orthologous gene families revealed functional groupings within the major Shewanella cluster but also considerable plasticity across the different species. Pan-genome analysis revealed conserved occurrence of spoilage genes associated with sulfur and putrescine metabolism, while the complete set of trimethylamine metabolism genes was observed in only Shewanella sp. SM74, S. glacialipiscicola SM77 and SM91 strains. Through comparative genomics, some variations were also identified pertaining to genes associated with adaptation to environmental cues such as temperature, osmotic, salt, oxidative, antimicrobial peptide, and drug resistance stresses. Here we provide a reference collection of draft Shewanella genomes for subsequent species descriptions and future investigations into the molecular spoilage mechanisms for further applications in the meat industry.
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10
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Burgess SA, Palevich FP, Gardner A, Mills J, Brightwell G, Palevich N. Occurrence of genes encoding spore germination in Clostridium species that cause meat spoilage. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35166653 PMCID: PMC8942025 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Clostridium are frequently associated with meat spoilage. The ability for low numbers of spores of certain Clostridium species to germinate in cold-stored vacuum-packed meat can result in blown pack spoilage. However, little is known about the germination process of these clostridia, despite this characteristic being important for their ability to cause spoilage. This study sought to determine the genomic conditions for germination of 37 representative Clostridium strains from seven species (C. estertheticum, C. tagluense, C. frigoris, C. gasigenes, C. putrefaciens, C. aligidicarnis and C. frigdicarnis) by comparison with previously characterized germination genes from C. perfringens, C. sporogenes and C. botulinum. All the genomes analysed contained at least one gerX operon. Seven different gerX operon configuration types were identified across genomes from C. estertheticum, C. tagluense and C. gasigenes. Differences arose between the C. gasigenes genomes and those belonging to C. tagluense/C. estertheticum in the number and type of genes coding for cortex lytic enzymes, suggesting the germination pathway of C. gasigenes is different. However, the core components of the germination pathway were conserved in all the Clostridium genomes analysed, suggesting that these species undergo the same major steps as Bacillus subtilis for germination to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Burgess
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Faith P Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Gardner
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Mills
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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11
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Wang X, Reilly K, Heathcott R, Biswas A, Johnson LJ, Teasdale S, Grelet GA, Podolyan A, Gregorini P, Attwood GT, Palevich N, Morales SE. Soil Nitrogen Treatment Alters Microbiome Networks Across Farm Niches. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:786156. [PMID: 35237240 PMCID: PMC8882991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is fundamental for food production, and microbiomes support agriculture through multiple essential ecosystem services. Despite the importance of individual (i.e., niche specific) agricultural microbiomes, microbiome interactions across niches are not well-understood. To observe the linkages between nearby agricultural microbiomes, multiple approaches (16S, 18S, and ITS) were used to inspect a broad coverage of niche microbiomes. Here we examined agricultural microbiome responses to 3 different nitrogen treatments (0, 150, and 300 kg/ha/yr) in soil and tracked linked responses in other neighbouring farm niches (rumen, faecal, white clover leaf, white clover root, rye grass leaf, and rye grass root). Nitrogen treatment had little impact on microbiome structure or composition across niches, but drastically reduced the microbiome network connectivity in soil. Networks of 16S microbiomes were the most sensitive to nitrogen treatment across amplicons, where ITS microbiome networks were the least responsive. Nitrogen enrichment in soil altered soil and the neighbouring microbiome networks, supporting our hypotheses that nitrogen treatment in soil altered microbiomes in soil and in nearby niches. This suggested that agricultural microbiomes across farm niches are ecologically interactive. Therefore, knock-on effects on neighbouring niches should be considered when management is applied to a single agricultural niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinYue Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kerri Reilly
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rosemary Heathcott
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ambarish Biswas
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda J. Johnson
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suliana Teasdale
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Pablo Gregorini
- Department of Agricultural Science, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Graeme T. Attwood
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sergio E. Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Sengupta K, Hivarkar SS, Palevich N, Chaudhary PP, Dhakephalkar PK, Dagar SS. Genomic architecture of three newly isolated unclassified Butyrivibrio species elucidate their potential role in the rumen ecosystem. Genomics 2022; 114:110281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Abstract
We present a detailed method for extraction of high-molecular weight genomic DNA suitable for numerous DNA sequencing applications, and a straightforward in silico approach for reconstructing novel mitochondrial (mt) genomes directly from total genomic DNA extracts derived from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data sets. The in silico post-sequencing pipeline described is fast, accurate, and highly efficient, with modest memory requirements that can be performed using a standard desktop computer. The approach is particularly effective for obtaining mitochondrial genomes for species with little or no mitochondrial sequence information currently available and overcomes many of the limitations of traditional strategies. The described methodologies are also applicable for metagenomics sequencing from mixed or pooled samples containing multiple species and subsequent specific assembly of specific mitochondrial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Paul Haydon Maclean
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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Trumbić Ž, Hrabar J, Palevich N, Carbone V, Mladineo I. Molecular and evolutionary basis for survival, its failure, and virulence factors of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii. Genomics 2021; 113:2891-2905. [PMID: 34186188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism is a highly successful life strategy and a driving force in genetic diversity that has evolved many times over. Accidental infections of non-targeted hosts represent an opportunity for lateral host switches and parasite niche expansion. However, if directed toward organisms that are phylogenetically distant from parasite's natural host, such as humans, it may present a dead-end environment where the parasite fails to mature or is even killed by host immunity. One example are nematodes of Anisakidae family, genus Anisakis, that through evolution have lost the ability to propagate in terrestrial hosts, but can survive for a limited time in humans causing anisakiasis. To scrutinize versatility of Anisakis to infect an evolutionary-distant host, we performed transcriptomic profiling of larvae successfully migrating through the rat, a representative model of accidental human infection and compared it to that of larvae infecting an evolutionary-familiar, paratenic host (fish). In a homeothermic accidental host Anisakis upregulated ribosome-related genes, cell division, cuticle constituents, oxidative phosphorylation, in an unsuccessful attempt to molt to the next stage. In contrast, in the paratenic poikilothermic host where metabolic pathways were moderately upregulated or silenced, larvae prepared for dormancy by triggering autophagy and longevity pathways. Identified differences and the modelling of handful of shared transcripts, provide the first insights into evolution of larval nematode virulence, warranting their further investigation as potential drug therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Trumbić
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Vincenzo Carbone
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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15
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Palevich N, Maclean PH, Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, Rakonjac J, Attwood GT. Complete Genome Sequence of the Polysaccharide-Degrading Rumen Bacterium Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans MA3014 Reveals an Incomplete Glycolytic Pathway. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1566-1572. [PMID: 32770231 PMCID: PMC7523725 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial species belonging to the genus Pseudobutyrivibrio are important members of the rumen microbiome contributing to the degradation of complex plant polysaccharides. Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans MA3014 was selected for genome sequencing to examine its ability to breakdown and utilize plant polysaccharides. The complete genome sequence of MA3014 is 3.58 Mb, consists of three replicons (a chromosome, chromid, and plasmid), has an overall G + C content of 39.6%, and encodes 3,265 putative protein-coding genes (CDS). Comparative pan-genomic analysis of all cultivated and currently available P. xylanivorans genomes has revealed a strong correlation of orthologous genes within this rumen bacterial species. MA3014 is metabolically versatile and capable of growing on a range of simple mono- or oligosaccharides derived from complex plant polysaccharides such as pectins, mannans, starch, and hemicelluloses, with lactate, butyrate, and formate as the principal fermentation end products. The genes encoding these metabolic pathways have been identified and MA3014 is predicted to encode an extensive range of Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes with 78 glycoside hydrolases, 13 carbohydrate esterases, and 54 glycosyl transferases, suggesting an important role in solubilization of plant matter in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H Maclean
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Sinead C Leahy
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graeme T Attwood
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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16
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Palevich N, Carvalho L, Maclean P. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand parasitic blowfly Calliphora vicina (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1270-1272. [PMID: 33829105 PMCID: PMC8008873 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1906775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the New Zealand parasitic blowfly Calliphora vicina (blue bottle blowfly) field strain NZ_CalVic_NP was generated using next-generation sequencing technology and annotated. The 16,518 bp mt genome consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a 1689 bp non-coding region, similar to the two other available C. vicina and most metazoan mt genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. vicina NZ_CalVic_NP forms a monophyletic cluster with the remaining three Calliphorinae species. The complete mt genome sequence of C. vicina NZ_CalVic_NP is a resource to facilitate future species- and strain-level identification research and investigations into the evolutionary provenance within the Calliphoridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Luis Carvalho
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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Palevich N, Carvalho L, Maclean P. The complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand parasitic blowfly Lucilia sericata (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1267-1269. [PMID: 33829104 PMCID: PMC8008940 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1906774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the New Zealand parasitic blowfly Lucilia sericata (green bottle blowfly) field strain NZ_LucSer_NP was generated using next-generation sequencing technology. The length of complete the mt genome is 15,938 bp, with 39.4% A, 13.0% C, 9.3% G, and 38.2% T nucleotide distribution. The complete mt genome consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a 1124 bp non-coding region, similar to most metazoan mt genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that L. sericata NZ_LucSer_NP forms a monophyletic cluster with the remaining six Lucilia species and the Calliphoridae are polyphyletic. This study provides the first complete mt genome sequence for a L. sericata blowfly species derived from New Zealand to facilitate species identification and phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Luis Carvalho
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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18
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Umair S, Bouchet C, Palevich N, Simpson HV. Characterisation and structural analysis of glyoxylate cycle enzymes of Teladorsagia circumcincta. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 240:111335. [PMID: 33058935 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A 1332 bp full length cDNA encoding Teladorsagia circumcincta isocitrate lyase (TciICL) and a 1575 bp full length cDNA encoding T. circumcincta malate synthase (TciMS) were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant proteins purified. The predicted TciICL protein of 444 amino acids was present as a single band of about 52 kDa on SDS-PAGE and the recombinant TciMS of 525 amino acids formed a single band about 62 kDa. Multiple alignments of the combined bifunctional TciICL-MS protein sequence with homologues from other nematodes showed that the greatest similarity (89-92 %) to the homologues of Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei and 71-87 % similarity to the other nematode sequences. The 3-dimensional structures, binding and catalytic sites were determined for TciICL and TciMS and shown to be highly conserved. Substrate and metal ion binding sites were identified and were completely conserved in other homologues. TciICL was confirmed as a functional enzyme. At 30 °C, the optimum pH was pH 7.5, the Vmax was 275 ± 23 nmoles.min-1. mg-1 protein and the apparent Km for the substrate isocitrate was 0.7 ± 0.01μM (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Addition of 10 mM metal ions (except Mg2+) or 1 mM inhibitors reduced the recombinant TciICL activity by 60-90 %. Antibodies in both serum and saliva from field-immune, but not nematode-naïve, sheep recognised recombinant TciICL in ELISA, supporting similar antigenicity to that of the native enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Umair
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Heather V Simpson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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19
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Palevich N, Maclean PH, Choi YJ, Mitreva M. Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Sibling Species of Parasitic Roundworms, Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Front Genet 2020; 11:573395. [PMID: 33133162 PMCID: PMC7578395 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.573395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta are among the two most pathogenic internal parasitic nematodes infecting small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, and are a global animal health issue. Accurate identification and delineation of Haemonchidae species is essential for development of diagnostic and control strategies with high resolution for Trichostrongyloidea infection in ruminants. Here, we describe in detail and compare the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the New Zealand H. contortus and T. circumcincta field strains to improve our understanding of species- and strain-level evolution in these closely related roundworms. In the present study, we performed extensive comparative bioinformatics analyses on the recently sequenced complete mt genomes of the New Zealand H. contortus NZ_Hco_NP and T. circumcincta NZ_Teci_NP field strains. Amino acid sequences inferred from individual genes of each of the two mt genomes were compared, concatenated and subjected to phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Maximum Parsimony (MP). The AT-rich mt genomes of H. contortus NZ_Hco_NP and T. circumcincta NZ_Teci_NP are 14,001 bp (A+T content of 77.4%) and 14,081 bp (A+T content of 77.3%) in size, respectively. All 36 of the typical nematode mt genes are transcribed in the forward direction in both species and comprise of 12 protein-encoding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rrn) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (trn) genes. The secondary structures for the 22 trn genes and two rrn genes differ between H. contortus NZ_Hco_NP and T. circumcincta NZ_Teci_NP, however the gene arrangements of both are consistent with other Trichostrongylidea sequenced to date. Comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial nucleotide sequences, PCGs, A+T rich and non-coding repeat regions of H. contortus NZ_Hco_NP and T. circumcincta NZ_Teci_NP further reinforces the high levels of diversity and gene flow observed among Trichostrongylidea, and supports their potential as ideal markers for strain-level identification from different hosts and geographical regions with high resolution for future studies. The complete mt genomes of H. contortus NZ_Hco_NP and T. circumcincta NZ_Teci_NP presented here provide useful novel markers for further studies of the meta-population connectivity and the genetic mechanisms driving evolution in nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Maclean
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Umair S, Bouchet CLG, Deng Q, Palevich N, Simpson HV. Characterisation of a Teladorsagia circumcincta glutathione transferase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 239:111316. [PMID: 32889102 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A 615 bp full length cDNA encoding a Teladorsagia circumcincta glutathione transferase (TcGST) was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified and its kinetic properties determined. The predicted protein consisted of 205 amino acids and was present as a single band of about 24 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Multiple alignments of the protein sequence of TcGST with homologues from other helminths showed that the highest identity of 53-68% with haem-binding nematode proteins designated as members of the nu class of GSTs. Substrate binding sites and conserved regions were identified and were generally conserved. The predicted 3-dimensional structures of TcGST and HcGST revealed highly open binding cavities typical of this class of GST, considered to allow greater accessibility to diverse ligands compared with other classes of GST. At 25 °C, the optimum pH for TcGST activity was pH 7, the Vmax was 1535 ± 33 nmoles.min-1. mg-1 protein and the apparent Km for the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was 0.22 ± 0.01 mM (mean ± SD, n = 2). Antibodies in both serum and saliva from field-immune, but not nematode-naïve, sheep, recognised recombinant TcGST in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The recognition of the recombinant protein by antibodies generated by exposure of sheep to the native enzyme indicates similar antigenicity of the two proteins. These findings could aid in the design of novel drugs and vaccine antigens for economically important parasites of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Umair
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | - Qing Deng
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Heather V Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Palevich N, Maclean PH, Mitreva M, Scott R, Leathwick D. The complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand parasitic roundworm Teladorsagia circumcincta (Trichostrongyloidea: Haemonchidae) field strain NZ_Teci_NP. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:2869-2871. [PMID: 33365767 PMCID: PMC7706463 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1660241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand parasitic nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta field strain NZ_Teci_NP was sequenced and annotated. The 14,083 bp-long mitogenome contains 12 protein-coding genes (atp8 gene missing), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. circumcincta NZ_Teci_NP forms a monophyletic cluster with the remaining Haemonchidae species and further reinforces the high levels of diversity and gene flow observed among Trichostrongylidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul H. Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard Scott
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Leathwick
- AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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22
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Palevich N, Maclean P, Baten A, Scott R, Leathwick DM. The complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand parasitic roundworm Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongyloidea: Haemonchidae) field strain NZ_Hco_NP. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:2208-2210. [PMID: 33365477 PMCID: PMC7687515 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1624634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of the New Zealand parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus field strain NZ_Hco_NP was sequenced and annotated. The 14,001 bp-long mitogenome contains 12 protein-coding genes (atp8 gene missing), two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a 583 bp non-coding region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. contortus NZ_Hco_NP forms a monophyletic cluster with the remaining three Haemonchidae species, and further illustrates the high levels of diversity and gene flow among Trichostrongylidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Maclean
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Abdul Baten
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard Scott
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David M Leathwick
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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23
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Palevich N, Maclean PH, Baten A, Scott RW, Leathwick DM. The Genome Sequence of the Anthelmintic-Susceptible New Zealand Haemonchus contortus. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1965-1970. [PMID: 31263885 PMCID: PMC6644846 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal parasitic nematodes are a global animal health issue causing drastic losses in livestock. Here, we report a H. contortus representative draft genome to serve as a genetic resource to the scientific community and support future experimental research of molecular mechanisms in related parasites. A de novo hybrid assembly was generated from PCR-free whole genome sequence data, resulting in a chromosome-level assembly that is 465 Mb in size encoding 22,341 genes. The genome sequence presented here is consistent with the genome architecture of the existing Haemonchus species and is a valuable resource for future studies regarding population genetic structures of parasitic nematodes. Additionally, comparative pan-genomics with other species of economically important parasitic nematodes have revealed highly open genomes and strong collinearities within the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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24
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Palevich N, Britton C, Kamenetzky L, Mitreva M, de Moraes Mourão M, Bennuru S, Quack T, Scholte LLS, Tyagi R, Slatko BE. Tackling Hypotheticals in Helminth Genomes. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:179-183. [PMID: 29249363 PMCID: PMC11021132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in genome sequencing have led to the rapid accumulation of uncharacterized 'hypothetical proteins' in the public databases. Here we provide a community perspective and some best-practice approaches for the accurate functional annotation of uncharacterized genomic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Palevich
- Molecular Parasitology, Animal Science, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Quack
- BFS, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rahul Tyagi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barton E Slatko
- Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, MA, USA
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