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Žero S, Žužul S, Huremović J, Pehnec G, Bešlić I, Rinkovec J, Godec R, Kittner N, Pavlović K, Požar N, Castillo JJ, Sanchez S, Manousakas MI, Furger M, Prevot AS, Močnik G, Džepina K. New Insight into the Measurements of Particle-Bound Metals in the Urban and Remote Atmospheres of the Sarajevo Canton and Modeled Impacts of Particulate Air Pollution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7052-7062. [PMID: 35234030 PMCID: PMC9178787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018 (SAFICA) was a project that took place in winter 2017-2018 with an aim to characterize the chemical composition of aerosol in the Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), which has one of the worst air qualities in Europe. This paper presents the first characterization of the metals in PM10 (particulate matter aerodynamic diameters ≤10 μm) from continuous filter samples collected during an extended two-months winter period at the urban background Sarajevo and remote Ivan Sedlo sites. We report the results of 18 metals detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The average mass concentrations of metals were higher at the Sarajevo site than at Ivan Sedlo and ranged from 0.050 ng/m3 (Co) to 188 ng/m3 (Fe) and from 0.021 ng/m3 (Co) to 61.8 ng/m3 (Fe), respectively. The BenMAP-CE model was used for estimating the annual BiH health (50% decrease in PM2.5 would save 4760+ lives) and economic benefits (costs of $2.29B) of improving the air quality. Additionally, the integrated energy and health assessment with the ExternE model provided an initial estimate of the additional health cost of BiH's energy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Žero
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Sarajevo, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Silva Žužul
- Environmental
Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research
and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Huremović
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Sarajevo, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Environmental
Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research
and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Environmental
Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research
and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rinkovec
- Environmental
Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research
and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Godec
- Environmental
Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research
and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Noah Kittner
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Karla Pavlović
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nino Požar
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Sergio Sanchez
- Clean Air
Institute, Washington, DC 20005, United States
| | - Manousos I. Manousakas
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andre S.H. Prevot
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Griša Močnik
- Center
for
Atmospheric Research, University of Nova
Gorica, SI-5270, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Katja Džepina
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
- Center
for
Atmospheric Research, University of Nova
Gorica, SI-5270, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg
1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Eyring N, Kittner N. High-resolution electricity generation model demonstrates suitability of high-altitude floating solar power. iScience 2022; 25:104394. [PMID: 35663025 PMCID: PMC9157236 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Eyring
- Group for Sustainability and Technology, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Noah Kittner
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Corresponding author
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Yu Y, Yamaguchi K, Kittner N. How do imports and exports affect green productivity? New evidence from partially linear functional-coefficient models. J Environ Manage 2022; 308:114422. [PMID: 35123201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globalization and income disparities have raised an urgent need to re-examine the environmental consequences of international trade. Using a global panel dataset covering 93 economies from 1980 to 2017, this paper explores the heterogeneous impacts of international trade on green productivity. Unlike previous studies that impose strict linear assumptions on functional forms, we adopt a newly developed partially linear functional-coefficient model to estimate the specific response functions of green productivity to imports and exports at different income levels, thus emphasizing the potential role of income heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that (1) imports and exports have different non-linear effects on green productivity; (2) imports do not significantly affect green productivity in lower-income countries (relative income level is less than 0.5), but imports increasingly promote green productivity in high-income countries; (3) exports hinder green productivity in extremely low-income countries (relative income level is less than 0.1), while gradually improving green productivity in high-income countries (relative income level is larger than 0.6); and (4) imports and exports promote green productivity more significantly by technological progress rather than efficiency improvements. The stimulus effect from induced technological progress is only observed in higher-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Kensuke Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noah Kittner
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA; Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Abstract
Energy inequity is an issue of increasing urgency. Few policy-relevant datasets evaluate the energy burden of typical American households. Here, we develop a framework using Net Energy Analysis and household socioeconomic data to measure systematic energy inequity among critical groups that need policy attention. We find substantial instances of energy poverty in the United States - 16% of households experience energy poverty as presently defined as spending more than 6% of household income on energy expenditures. More than 5.2 million households above the Federal Poverty Line face energy poverty, disproportionately burdening Black, Hispanic, and Native American communities. For solar, wind, and energy efficiency to address socioeconomic mobility, programs must reduce energy expenditures by expanding eligibility requirements for support and access to improved conservation measures, efficiency upgrades, and distributed renewables. We recommend the United States develop a more inclusive federal energy poverty categorization that increases assistance for household energy costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Scheier
- Emergi Foundation, Carrboro, NC, USA
- Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah Kittner
- Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of City and Regional Planning, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Ou Y, Kittner N, Babaee S, Smith SJ, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. Evaluating long-term emission impacts of large-scale electric vehicle deployment in the US using a human-Earth systems model. Appl Energy 2021; 300:1-117364. [PMID: 34764534 PMCID: PMC8576614 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While large-scale adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) globally would reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and traditional air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, emissions from the electric sector, refineries, and potentially other sources would change in response. Here, a multi-sector human-Earth systems model is used to evaluate the net long-term emission implications of large-scale EV adoption in the US over widely differing pathways of the evolution of the electric sector. Our results indicate that high EV adoption would decrease net CO2 emissions through 2050, even for a scenario where all electric sector capacity additions through 2050 are fossil fuel technologies. Greater net CO2 reductions would be realized for scenarios that emphasize renewables or decarbonization of electricity production. Net air pollutant emission changes in 2050 are relatively small compared to expected overall decreases from recent levels to 2050. States participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative experience greater CO2 and air pollutant reductions on a percentage basis. These results suggest that coordinated, multi-sector planning can greatly enhance the climate and environmental benefits of EVs. Additional factors are identified that influence the net emission impacts of EVs, including the retirement of coal capacity, refinery operations under reduced gasoline demands, and price-induced fuel switching in residential heating and in the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Noah Kittner
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samaneh Babaee
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow, USA
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniel H. Loughlin
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Jagger P, Sellers S, Kittner N, Das I, Bush GK. Looking for medium-term conservation and development impacts of community management agreements in Uganda's Rwenzori Mountains National Park. Ecol Econ 2018; 152:199-206. [PMID: 31558853 PMCID: PMC6762030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the impact of collaborative management agreements (CMAs) designed to protect forests and raise incomes for smallholders living adjacent to Rwenzori Mountains National Park (RMNP), Uganda. We use a quasi-experimental study design to estimate changes in several income measures, as well as land cover using three waves (2003, 2007, and 2012) of household survey and remote sensing data. Overall, we find no significant impact of CMAs on any of our income measures. However, when disaggregating households by income quartile, we find that access to forest resources in RMNP may have had an income stabilizing effect for poor households. Forest income grew significantly faster among the poorest quartile of treatment relative to control households, partially because poor households recorded very low income from forests at baseline. The effect of CMAs on forest cover is minimal, although we find that conversion of woody savanna and savanna to cropland is more pronounced in villages with CMAs. These findings suggest that in the medium-term, CMAs have failed to deliver conservation or development benefits related to enhancing livelihoods or conserving forests near RMNP. Practitioners should consider different CMA models or other strategies for improving welfare and forest health outcomes in communities neighboring protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Jagger
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Abernathy Hall CB# 3435 Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599 Phone: +01-919-962-6254
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
| | - Samuel Sellers
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE #100 Seattle, WA USA 98105
| | - Noah Kittner
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 94720
| | - Ipsita Das
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Abernathy Hall CB# 3435 Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599 Phone: +01-919-962-6254
| | - Glenn K. Bush
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA USA 02540-1644
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Kittner N, Fadadu RP, Buckley HL, Schwarzman MR, Kammen DM. Trace Metal Content of Coal Exacerbates Air-Pollution-Related Health Risks: The Case of Lignite Coal in Kosovo. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:2359-2367. [PMID: 29301089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 6600 coal-fired power plants serve an estimated five billion people globally and contribute 46% of annual CO2 emissions. Gases and particulate matter from coal combustion are harmful to humans and often contain toxic trace metals. The decades-old Kosovo power stations, Europe's largest point source of air pollution, generate 98% of Kosovo's electricity and are due for replacement. Kosovo will rely on investment from external donors to replace these plants. Here, we examine non-CO2 emissions and health impacts by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze trace metal content in lignite coal from Obilic, Kosovo. We find significant trace metal content normalized per kWh of final electricity delivered (As (22.3 ± 1.7), Cr (44.1 ± 3.5), Hg (0.08 ± 0.010), and Ni (19.7 ± 1.7) mg/kWhe). These metals pose health hazards that persist even with improved grid efficiency. We explore the air-pollution-related risk associated with several alternative energy development pathways. Our analysis estimates that Kosovo could avoid 2300 premature deaths by 2030 with investments in energy efficiency and solar PV backed up by natural gas. Energy policy decisions should account for all associated health risks, as should multilateral development banks before guaranteeing loans on new electricity projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather L Buckley
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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