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Smith SJ, Sichlau MJ, Smith BH, Knight DR, Chen B, Rowe PC. Improvement in chronic pelvic pain, orthostatic intolerance and interstitial cystitis symptoms after treatment of pelvic vein insufficiency. Phlebology 2024; 39:202-213. [PMID: 38050791 DOI: 10.1177/02683555231219737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comorbidities associated with venous origin chronic pelvic pain (VO-CPP) were evaluated pre and post venous treatment to assess change. MATERIALS AND METHODS 45 women with VO-CPP were treated with venous stenting and/or embolization. Four surveys assessed symptoms pre- and post-treatment: IPPS (chronic pelvic pain), PUF (interstitial cystitis), OHQ (dysautonomia), and modified ROME III (IBS). Prevalence of joint hypermobility was investigated. RESULTS Ages were 18-65. Pretreatment, 64% and 49% of women were in the severe range for PUF and OHQ, respectively. 40% and 56% met criteria for IBS and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome/Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (EDS/HSD), respectively. 17eceived an iliac stent, 5 pelvic embolization, and 23 both. Post-treatment, average scores improved: IPPS (by 55%), PUF (34%), and OHQ (49%). Rome III improved only slightly. CONCLUSION Pelvic pain, interstitial cystitis, and dysautonomia were frequently found with VO-CPP and improved after venous treatment. EDS/HSD and IBS were common in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- Vascular and Interventional Professionals, LLC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Sichlau
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Vascular and Interventional Professionals, Hinsdale, IL, USA
| | - B Holly Smith
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dacre Rt Knight
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Brenda Chen
- Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Rowe
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Mahajan PS, Smith SJ, Li M, Craigie R, Hughes SH, Zhao XZ, Burke TR. N-Substituted Bicyclic Carbamoyl Pyridones: Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors that Potently Inhibit Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Integrase Mutants. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:917-927. [PMID: 38346249 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an important molecular target for the development of anti-AIDS drugs. A recently FDA-approved second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) cabotegravir (CAB, 2021) is being marketed for use in long-duration antiviral formulations. However, missed doses during extended therapy can potentially result in persistent low levels of CAB that could select for resistant mutant forms of IN, leading to virological failure. We report a series of N-substituted bicyclic carbamoyl pyridones (BiCAPs) that are simplified analogs of CAB. Several of these potently inhibit wild-type HIV-1 in single-round infection assays in cultured cells and retain high inhibitory potencies against a panel of viral constructs carrying resistant mutant forms of IN. Our lead compound, 7c, proved to be more potent than CAB against the therapeutically important resistant double mutants E138K/Q148K (>12-fold relative to CAB) and G140S/Q148R (>36-fold relative to CAB). A significant number of the BiCAPs also potently inhibit the drug-resistant IN mutant R263K, which has proven to be problematic for the FDA-approved second-generation INSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj S Mahajan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Steven J Smith
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Min Li
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert Craigie
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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3
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Cha J, Filatov G, Smith SJ, Gammaitoni AR, Lothe A, Reeder T. Fenfluramine increases survival and reduces markers of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:300-313. [PMID: 38018342 PMCID: PMC10839300 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with Dravet syndrome (DS), fenfluramine reduced convulsive seizure frequency and provided clinical benefit in nonseizure endpoints (e.g., executive function, survival). In zebrafish mutant scn1 DS models, chronic fenfluramine treatment preserved neuronal cytoarchitecture prior to seizure onset and prevented gliosis; here, we extend these findings to a mammalian model of DS (Scn1a+/- mice) by evaluating the effects of fenfluramine on neuroinflammation (degenerated myelin, activated microglia) and survival. METHODS Scn1a+/- DS mice were treated subcutaneously once daily with fenfluramine (15 mg/kg) or vehicle from postnatal day (PND) 7 until 35-37. Sagittal brain sections were processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies to degraded myelin basic protein (D-MBP) for degenerated myelin, or CD11b for activated (inflammatory) microglia; sections were scored semi-quantitatively. Apoptotic nuclei were quantified by TUNEL assay. Statistical significance was evaluated by 1-way ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett's test (D-MBP, CD11b, and TUNEL) or Logrank Mantel-Cox (survival). RESULTS Quantitation of D-MBP immunostaining per 0.1 mm2 unit area of the parietal cortex and hippocampus CA3 yielded significantly higher spheroidal and punctate myelin debris counts in vehicle-treated DS mice than in wild-type mice. Fenfluramine treatment in DS mice significantly reduced these counts. Activated CD11b + microglia were more abundant in DS mouse corpus callosum and hippocampus than in wild-type controls. Fenfluramine treatment of DS mice resulted in significantly fewer activated CD11b + microglia than vehicle-treated DS mice in these brain regions. TUNEL staining in corpus callosum was increased in DS mice relative to wild-type controls. Fenfluramine treatment in DS mice lowered TUNEL staining relative to vehicle-treated DS mice. By PND 35-37, 55% of control DS mice had died, compared with 24% of DS mice receiving fenfluramine treatment (P = 0.0291). SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of anti-neuroinflammation and pro-survival after fenfluramine treatment in a mammalian DS model. These results corroborate prior data in humans and animal models and suggest important pharmacological activities for fenfluramine beyond seizure reduction. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Dravet syndrome is a severe epilepsy disorder that impairs learning and causes premature death. Clinical studies in patients with Dravet syndrome show that fenfluramine reduces convulsive seizures. Additional studies suggest that fenfluramine may have benefits beyond seizures, including promoting survival and improving control over emotions and behavior. Our study is the first to use a Dravet mouse model to investigate nonseizure outcomes of fenfluramine. Results showed that fenfluramine treatment of Dravet mice reduced neuroinflammation significantly more than saline treatment. Fenfluramine-treated Dravet mice also lived longer than saline-treated mice. These results support clinical observations that fenfluramine may have benefits beyond seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cha
- University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Zogenix, Inc. (now a part of UCB)EmeryvilleCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gregory Filatov
- Zogenix, Inc. (now a part of UCB)EmeryvilleCaliforniaUSA
- Crosshair Therapeutics, Inc.SunnyvaleCaliforniaUSA
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Zogenix, Inc. (now a part of UCB)EmeryvilleCaliforniaUSA
- WuXi AppTec, Inc.San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Thadd Reeder
- Zogenix, Inc. (now a part of UCB)EmeryvilleCaliforniaUSA
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4
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Li M, Oliveira Passos D, Shan Z, Smith SJ, Sun Q, Biswas A, Choudhuri I, Strutzenberg TS, Haldane A, Deng N, Li Z, Zhao XZ, Briganti L, Kvaratskhelia M, Burke TR, Levy RM, Hughes SH, Craigie R, Lyumkis D. Mechanisms of HIV-1 integrase resistance to dolutegravir and potent inhibition of drug-resistant variants. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg5953. [PMID: 37478179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection depends on the integration of viral DNA into host chromatin. Integration is mediated by the viral enzyme integrase and is blocked by integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), first-line antiretroviral therapeutics widely used in the clinic. Resistance to even the best INSTIs is a problem, and the mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. Here, we analyze combinations of the mutations E138K, G140A/S, and Q148H/K/R, which confer resistance to INSTIs. The investigational drug 4d more effectively inhibited the mutants compared with the approved drug Dolutegravir (DTG). We present 11 new cryo-EM structures of drug-resistant HIV-1 intasomes bound to DTG or 4d, with better than 3-Å resolution. These structures, complemented with free energy simulations, virology, and enzymology, explain the mechanisms of DTG resistance involving E138K + G140A/S + Q148H/K/R and show why 4d maintains potency better than DTG. These data establish a foundation for further development of INSTIs that potently inhibit resistant forms in integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Zelin Shan
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Qinfang Sun
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Avik Biswas
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Indrani Choudhuri
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Allan Haldane
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Nanjie Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, 10038, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lorenzo Briganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ronald M Levy
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Robert Craigie
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Narayan KB, Smith SJ, Fioletov VE, McLinden CA. Evaluation of Uncertainties in the Anthropogenic SO 2 Emissions in the USA from the OMI Point Source Catalog. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37467360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Satellite remote sensing is a promising method of monitoring emissions that may be missing in inventories, but the accuracy of these estimates is often not clear. We demonstrate here a comprehensive evaluation of errors in anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission estimates from NASA's OMI point source catalog for the contiguous US by comparing emissions from the catalog with high-quality emission inventory data over different dimensions including size of individual sources, aggregate vs individual source errors, and potential bias in individual source estimates over time. For sources that are included in the catalog, we find that errors in aggregate (sum of error for all included sources) are relatively low. Errors for individual sources in any given year can be substantial, however, with over- or underestimates in terms of total error ranging from -80 to 110 kt (roughly 10-90th percentile). We find that these errors are not necessarily random over time and that there can be consistently positive or negative biases for individual sources. We did not find any overall statistical relationship between the degree of isolation of a source and bias, either at a 40 or 70 km scales. For a sub-set of sources where inventory emissions over a radius of 70 km around an OMI detection are larger than twice the emissions within 40 km, the OMI value is consistently overestimated. We find, as expected, that emission sources not included in the catalog are the largest aggregate source of difference between the satellite estimates and inventories, especially in more recent years where source emission magnitudes have been decreasing and note that trends in satellite detections do not necessarily track trends in total emissions. We find that the OMI-based SO2 emissions are accurate in aggregate, when summed over a number of sources, but must be interpreted more cautiously at the individual source level. Similar analyses would be valuable for other satellite emission estimates; however, in many cases, the appropriate high-quality reference data may need to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka B Narayan
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Washington D.C. 20740, United States
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Washington D.C. 20740, United States
| | - Vitali E Fioletov
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
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6
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Chatterjee D, McDuffie EE, Smith SJ, Bindle L, van Donkelaar A, Hammer MS, Venkataraman C, Brauer M, Martin RV. Source Contributions to Fine Particulate Matter and Attributable Mortality in India and the Surrounding Region. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37419491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is a leading mortality risk factor in India and the surrounding region of South Asia. This study evaluates the contribution of emission sectors and fuels to PM2.5 mass for 29 states in India and 6 surrounding countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar) by combining source-specific emission estimates, stretched grid simulations from a chemical transport model, high resolution hybrid PM2.5, and disease-specific mortality estimates. We find that 1.02 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.78-1.26) million deaths in South Asia attributable to ambient PM2.5 in 2019 were primarily from three leading sectors: residential combustion (28%), industry (15%), and power generation (12%). Solid biofuel is the leading combustible fuel contributing to the PM2.5-attributable mortality (31%), followed by coal (17%), and oil and gas (14%). State-level analyses reveal higher residential combustion contributions (35%-39%) in states (Delhi, Uttar-Pradesh, Haryana) with high ambient PM2.5 (>95 μg/m3). The combined mortality burden associated with residential combustion (ambient) and household air pollution (HAP) in India is 0.72 million (95% CI:0.54-0.89) (68% attributable to HAP, 32% attributable to residential combustion). Our results illustrate the potential to reduce PM2.5 mass and improve population health by reducing emissions from traditional energy sources across multiple sectors in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Liam Bindle
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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7
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Mahajan PS, Smith SJ, Hughes SH, Zhao X, Burke TR. A Practical Approach to Bicyclic Carbamoyl Pyridones with Application to the Synthesis of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031428. [PMID: 36771093 PMCID: PMC9919513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthetic method has been developed for the preparation of bicyclic carbamoyl pyridones from the known common intermediate methyl 5-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)carbamoyl)-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-3-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-2-carboxylate (8). The scalable protocol is facile and employs readily available reagents, needing only a single purification as the final step. The utility of the approach was demonstrated by preparing a library of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) that differ by the presence or absence of a double bond in the B-ring of the bicyclic carbamoyl pyridines 6 and 7. Several of the analogs show good antiviral potencies in single-round HIV-1 replication antiviral assays and show no cytotoxicity in cell culture assays. In general, the compounds with a B-ring double bond have higher antiviral potencies than their saturated congeners. Our methodology should be applicable to the synthesis of a range of new metal-chelating analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj S. Mahajan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xuezhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-846-5906; Fax: +1-301-846-6033
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8
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Ou Y, Iyer G, Fawcett A, Hultman N, McJeon H, Ragnauth S, Smith SJ, Edmonds J. Role of non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions in limiting global warming. One Earth 2022; 5:1312-1315. [PMID: 37829194 PMCID: PMC10569087 DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Current climate pledges are insufficient to achieve the aspirational goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Here we discuss the critical role that non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions might play in global climate change stabilization, and challenges and opportunities to pivot research and policy focus towards accelerated reductions of non-CO2 gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland; College Park, USA
| | - Gokul Iyer
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland; College Park, USA
| | - Allen Fawcett
- US Environmental Protection Agency; Washington DC, USA
| | - Nathan Hultman
- Center for Global Sustainability, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland; College Park, USA
| | - Haewon McJeon
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland; College Park, USA
| | | | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland; College Park, USA
| | - James Edmonds
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland; College Park, USA
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9
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Smith SJ, Sichlau M, Sewall LE, Smith BH, Chen B, Khurana N, Rowe PC. An online survey of pelvic congestion support group members regarding comorbid symptoms and syndromes. Phlebology 2022; 37:596-601. [PMID: 35831253 DOI: 10.1177/02683555221112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Patients with pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) often report overlapping somatic symptoms and syndromes. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of co-existing symptoms and self-reported syndrome diagnoses among women with PCS and to inform future research hypotheses. Methods A brief online survey was offered to members of a PCS support group website. Responses were assessed for self-reported co-existing symptoms and formal diagnoses, including: chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, postural tachycardia syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, migraines, interstitial cystitis, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Results Of a total of 6000 members, there were 398 respondents; 232 (59%) had not yet been treated for PCS. Among these, the most prevalent co-existing symptoms were as follows: severe fatigue (72%), dizziness (63%), IBS symptoms (61%), brain fog (33%), migraines (49%), polyuria or dysuria (41%), excessive sweating (31%), TMJ pain (31%), and loose skin or lax joints (18%). These are much higher than reported for the general female population. The most commonly self-reported comorbid syndrome diagnoses for the overall group of 398 were: irritable bowel syndrome (29%), fibromyalgia (13%), spinal nerve problems (18%), interstitial cystitis (10%), postural tachycardia syndrome (9%), hypertension (11%), chronic fatigue syndrome (10%), and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (6%). Other than with hypertension, these rates are variably higher than in the general population. Conclusion Several self-reported co-existing symptoms and syndromes are more prevalent in members of a PCS support group relative to the reported prevalence in the general population. More formal investigation is warranted to evaluate this finding and to investigate potential etiologic links. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome appears to be common in self identifying PCS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- Vascular and Interventional Professionals, LLC, Hinsdale, IL, USA
| | - Michael Sichlau
- Vascular and Interventional Professionals, LLC, Hinsdale, IL, USA
| | - Luke E Sewall
- Vascular and Interventional Professionals, LLC, Hinsdale, IL, USA
| | - B Holly Smith
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brenda Chen
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neal Khurana
- Vascular and Interventional Specialists of Siouxland, Dakota Dunes, ND, USA
| | - Peter C Rowe
- Dept of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Mahalingam G, Torres R, Kapner D, Trautman ET, Fliss T, Seshamani S, Perlman E, Young R, Kinn S, Buchanan J, Takeno MM, Yin W, Bumbarger DJ, Gwinn RP, Nyhus J, Lein E, Smith SJ, Reid RC, Khairy KA, Saalfeld S, Collman F, Macarico da Costa N. A scalable and modular automated pipeline for stitching of large electron microscopy datasets. eLife 2022; 11:76534. [PMID: 35880860 PMCID: PMC9427110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial-section electronmicroscopy (ssEM) is themethod of choice for studyingmacroscopic biological samples at extremely high resolution in three dimensions. In the nervous system, nanometer-scale images are necessary to reconstruct dense neural wiring diagrams in the brain, so called connectomes. In order to use this data, consisting of up to 108 individual EM images, it must be assembled into a volume, requiring seamless 2D stitching from each physical section followed by 3D alignment of the stitched sections. The high throughput of ssEM necessitates 2D stitching to be done at the pace of imaging, which currently produces tens of terabytes per day. To achieve this, we present a modular volume assembly software pipeline ASAP (Assembly Stitching and Alignment Pipeline) that is scalable to datasets containing petabytes of data and parallelized to work in a distributed computational environment. The pipeline is built on top of the Render (27) services used in the volume assembly of the brain of adult Drosophilamelanogaster (30). It achieves high throughput by operating on themeta-data and transformations of each image stored in a database, thus eliminating the need to render intermediate output. ASAP ismodular, allowing for easy incorporation of new algorithms without significant changes in the workflow. The entire software pipeline includes a complete set of tools for stitching, automated quality control, 3D section alignment, and final rendering of the assembled volume to disk. ASAP has been deployed for continuous stitching of several large-scale datasets of the mouse visual cortex and human brain samples including one cubic millimeter of mouse visual cortex (28; 8) at speeds that exceed imaging. The pipeline also has multi-channel processing capabilities and can be applied to fluorescence and multi-modal datasets like array tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Russel Torres
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Daniel Kapner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Eric T Trautman
- Scientific Computing, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, United States
| | - Tim Fliss
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Samuel Kinn
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - JoAnn Buchanan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Marc M Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Wenjing Yin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Ryder P Gwinn
- Epilepsy Surgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Steven J Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Khaled A Khairy
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
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11
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Smith SJ, Ferris A, Zhao X, Pauly G, Schneider JP, Burke TR, Hughes SH. INSTIs and NNRTIs Potently Inhibit HIV-1 Polypurine Tract Mutants in a Single Round Infection Assay. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122501. [PMID: 34960770 PMCID: PMC8705849 DOI: 10.3390/v13122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are a class of antiretroviral compounds that prevent the insertion of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host genome by targeting the viral enzyme integrase (IN). Dolutegravir (DTG) is a leading INSTI that is given, usually in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), to treat HIV-1 infections. The emergence of resistance to DTG and other leading INSTIs is rare. However, there are recent reports suggesting that drug resistance mutations can occur at positions outside the integrase gene either in the HIV-1 polypurine tract (PPT) or in the envelope gene (env). Here, we used single round infectivity assays to measure the antiviral potencies of several FDA-approved INSTIs and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) against a panel of HIV-1 PPT mutants. We also tested several of our promising INSTIs and NNRTIs in these assays. No measurable loss in potency was observed for either INSTIs or NNRTIs against the HIV-1 PPT mutants. This suggests that HIV-1 PPT mutants are not able, by themselves, to confer resistance to INSTIs or NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.J.S.); (A.F.)
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (G.P.); (J.P.S.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Andrea Ferris
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.J.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Xuezhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (G.P.); (J.P.S.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Gary Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (G.P.); (J.P.S.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Joel P. Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (G.P.); (J.P.S.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (G.P.); (J.P.S.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.J.S.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ou Y, Kittner N, Babaee S, Smith SJ, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. Evaluating long-term emission impacts of large-scale electric vehicle deployment in the US using a human-Earth systems model. Appl Energy 2021; 300:1-117364. [PMID: 34764534 PMCID: PMC8576614 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While large-scale adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) globally would reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and traditional air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, emissions from the electric sector, refineries, and potentially other sources would change in response. Here, a multi-sector human-Earth systems model is used to evaluate the net long-term emission implications of large-scale EV adoption in the US over widely differing pathways of the evolution of the electric sector. Our results indicate that high EV adoption would decrease net CO2 emissions through 2050, even for a scenario where all electric sector capacity additions through 2050 are fossil fuel technologies. Greater net CO2 reductions would be realized for scenarios that emphasize renewables or decarbonization of electricity production. Net air pollutant emission changes in 2050 are relatively small compared to expected overall decreases from recent levels to 2050. States participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative experience greater CO2 and air pollutant reductions on a percentage basis. These results suggest that coordinated, multi-sector planning can greatly enhance the climate and environmental benefits of EVs. Additional factors are identified that influence the net emission impacts of EVs, including the retirement of coal capacity, refinery operations under reduced gasoline demands, and price-induced fuel switching in residential heating and in the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Noah Kittner
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samaneh Babaee
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow, USA
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniel H. Loughlin
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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13
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Barski MS, Vanzo T, Zhao XZ, Smith SJ, Ballandras-Colas A, Cronin NB, Pye VE, Hughes SH, Burke TR, Cherepanov P, Maertens GN. Publisher Correction: Structural basis for the inhibition of HTLV-1 integration inferred from cryo-EM deltaretroviral intasome structures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5927. [PMID: 34611170 PMCID: PMC8492615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michal S Barski
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK.,International Institute of Molecular Mechanisms and Machines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Vanzo
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK.,Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Povo-Trento, Italy
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Nora B Cronin
- LonCEM Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK.,Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Goedele N Maertens
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
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14
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Butler CA, McMichael AJ, Honeyford K, Wright L, Logan J, Holmes J, Busby J, Hanratty CE, Yang F, Smith SJ, Murray K, Chaudhuri R, Heaney LG. Utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide suppression as a prediction tool for progression to biologic therapy. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00273-2021. [PMID: 34549044 PMCID: PMC8450452 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00273-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (F ENO) suppression (FeNOSuppT) to identify non-adherence to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment has previously been reported, but whether it can predict clinical outcome remains unclear. Objectives We examined the utility of FeNOSuppT in prediction of progression to biologic agents or discharge from specialist care. Methods FeNOSuppT was measured at home using remote monitoring technology of inhaler use alongside daily F ENO measurement over 7 days. Long-term clinical outcomes in terms of progression to biologic agent or discharge from specialist care were compared for non-suppressors and suppressors. Measurements and main results Of the 162 subjects, 135 successfully completed the test with 81 (60%) positive F ENO suppression tests. Subjects with a negative FeNOSuppT were more likely to proceed to biologic therapy (39 of 54 patients, 72%) compared to those with a positive FeNOSuppT (35 of 81 patients, 43%, p=0.001). In subjects with a positive FeNOSuppT, predictors of progression to biologic therapy included higher dose of maintenance steroid at initial assessment and prior intensive care unit admission. These subjects had a significant rise in F ENO between post-suppression test and follow-up (median, 33 (IQR 25-55) versus 71 (IQR 24-114); p=0.009), which was not explained by altered corticosteroid dose. Conclusions A negative FeNOSuppT correlates with progression to biologic therapy. A positive FeNOSuppT, with subsequent maintenance of "optimised" F ENO, predicts a subgroup of patients in whom asthma control is preserved with adherence to high-dose ICS/long-acting β2 agonist and who can be discharged from specialist care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Freda Yang
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steven J Smith
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kirsty Murray
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rekha Chaudhuri
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam G Heaney
- Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK.,Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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15
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Barski MS, Vanzo T, Zhao XZ, Smith SJ, Ballandras-Colas A, Cronin NB, Pye VE, Hughes SH, Burke TR, Cherepanov P, Maertens GN. Structural basis for the inhibition of HTLV-1 integration inferred from cryo-EM deltaretroviral intasome structures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4996. [PMID: 34404793 PMCID: PMC8370991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 10 and 20 million people worldwide are infected with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Despite causing life-threatening pathologies there is no therapeutic regimen for this deltaretrovirus. Here, we screened a library of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) candidates built around several chemical scaffolds to determine their effectiveness in limiting HTLV-1 infection. Naphthyridines with substituents in position 6 emerged as the most potent compounds against HTLV-1, with XZ450 having highest efficacy in vitro. Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy we visualised XZ450 as well as the clinical HIV-1 INSTIs raltegravir and bictegravir bound to the active site of the deltaretroviral intasome. The structures reveal subtle differences in the coordination environment of the Mg2+ ion pair involved in the interaction with the INSTIs. Our results elucidate the binding of INSTIs to the HTLV-1 intasome and support their use for pre-exposure prophylaxis and possibly future treatment of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal S Barski
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- International Institute of Molecular Mechanisms and Machines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Vanzo
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Povo-Trento, Italy
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Nora B Cronin
- LonCEM Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Goedele N Maertens
- Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
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16
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Passos DO, Pye VE, Cherepanov P, Lyumkis D, Burke TR, Hughes SH. HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors with Modifications That Affect Their Potencies against Drug Resistant Integrase Mutants. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1469-1482. [PMID: 33686850 PMCID: PMC8205226 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
(INSTIs) block the integration
step of the retroviral lifecycle and are first-line drugs used for
the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. INSTIs have a polycyclic core with heteroatom
triads, chelate the metal ions at the active site, and have a halobenzyl
group that interacts with viral DNA attached to the core by a flexible
linker. The most broadly effective INSTIs inhibit both wild-type (WT)
integrase (IN) and a variety of well-known mutants. However, because
there are mutations that reduce the potency of all of the available
INSTIs, new and better compounds are needed. Models based on recent
structures of HIV-1 and red-capped mangabey SIV INs suggest modifications
in the INSTI structures that could enhance interactions with the 3′-terminal
adenosine of the viral DNA, which could improve performance against
INSTI resistant mutants. We designed and tested a series of INSTIs
having modifications to their naphthyridine scaffold. One of the new
compounds retained good potency against an expanded panel of HIV-1
IN mutants that we tested. Our results suggest the possibility of
designing inhibitors that combine the best features of the existing
compounds, which could provide additional efficacy against known HIV-1
IN mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Dario Oliveira Passos
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
- St Mary’s Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, U.K
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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17
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Passos DO, Pye VE, Cherepanov P, Lyumkis D, Burke TR, Hughes SH. HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors with Modifications That Affect Their Potencies against Drug Resistant Integrase Mutants. ACS Infect Dis 2021. [PMID: 33686850 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00819/suppl_file/id0c00819_liveslides.mp4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) block the integration step of the retroviral lifecycle and are first-line drugs used for the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. INSTIs have a polycyclic core with heteroatom triads, chelate the metal ions at the active site, and have a halobenzyl group that interacts with viral DNA attached to the core by a flexible linker. The most broadly effective INSTIs inhibit both wild-type (WT) integrase (IN) and a variety of well-known mutants. However, because there are mutations that reduce the potency of all of the available INSTIs, new and better compounds are needed. Models based on recent structures of HIV-1 and red-capped mangabey SIV INs suggest modifications in the INSTI structures that could enhance interactions with the 3'-terminal adenosine of the viral DNA, which could improve performance against INSTI resistant mutants. We designed and tested a series of INSTIs having modifications to their naphthyridine scaffold. One of the new compounds retained good potency against an expanded panel of HIV-1 IN mutants that we tested. Our results suggest the possibility of designing inhibitors that combine the best features of the existing compounds, which could provide additional efficacy against known HIV-1 IN mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Dario Oliveira Passos
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
- St Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, U.K
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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18
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Passos DO, Lyumkis D, Burke TR, Hughes SH. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Are Effective Anti-HIV Drugs. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020205. [PMID: 33572956 PMCID: PMC7912079 DOI: 10.3390/v13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently recommended for the first line treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. The first-generation INSTIs are effective but can select for resistant viruses. Recent advances have led to several potent second-generation INSTIs that are effective against both wild-type (WT) HIV-1 integrase and many of the first-generation INSTI-resistant mutants. The emergence of resistance to these new second-generation INSTIs has been minimal, which has resulted in alternative treatment strategies for HIV-1 patients. Moreover, because of their high antiviral potencies and, in some cases, their bioavailability profiles, INSTIs will probably have prominent roles in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Herein, we review the current state of the clinically relevant INSTIs and discuss the future outlook for this class of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.Z.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Dario Oliveira Passos
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.O.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.O.P.); (D.L.)
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.Z.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Smith SJ, Busby J, Heaney LG, Pfeffer PE, Jackson DJ, Yang F, Fowler SJ, Menzies-Gow A, Idris E, Brown T, Gore R, Faruqi S, Dennison P, Dodd JW, Doe S, Mansur AH, Priyadarshi R, Holmes J, Hearn A, Al-Aqqad H, Loewenthal L, Cooper A, Fox L, Selvan M, Crooks MG, Thompson A, Higbee D, Fawdon M, Nathwani V, Holmes L, Chaudhuri R. The impact of the first COVID-19 surge on severe asthma patients in the UK. Which is worse: the virus or the lockdown? ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00768-2020. [PMID: 33564672 PMCID: PMC7681958 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00768-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma therapy, including monoclonal antibodies, was not associated with #COVID19 infection or hospitalisation in a UK severe asthma population. Shielding led to a reported worsening of mental health in nearly half of patients contacted (47%). https://bit.ly/3jImUsG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Smith
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Paul E. Pfeffer
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bart's Health NHS Trust, London & Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J. Jackson
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London & King's College London, London, UK
| | - Freda Yang
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen J. Fowler
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James W. Dodd
- Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol and North Bristol Lung Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon Doe
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK
| | - Adel H. Mansur
- Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Radhika Priyadarshi
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bart's Health NHS Trust, London & Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Hearn
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London & King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hamsa Al-Aqqad
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Lauren Fox
- Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Higbee
- Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol and North Bristol Lung Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Vishal Nathwani
- Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - LeanneJo Holmes
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rekha Chaudhuri
- Gartnavel General Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Knuttinen MG, Zurcher KS, Khurana N, Patel I, Foxx-Orenstein A, Harris LA, Lawrence A, Aguilar F, Sichlau M, Smith BH, Smith SJ. Imaging findings of pelvic venous insufficiency in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Phlebology 2020; 36:32-37. [PMID: 32757696 DOI: 10.1177/0268355520947610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) demonstrate improved dysautonomic symptoms following treatment for pelvic venous insufficiency (PVI). This study assessed the prevalence of significant left common iliac vein (LCIV) compression in POTS patients. METHODS Radiologists retrospectively reviewed CT images of pelvic veins for 216 women (191 with POTS and 25 age-comparable controls).Quantitative vascular analysis identified percent-diameter compression of the LCIV by the right common iliac artery. Significant LCIV compression was defined as >50%. RESULTS Significant LCIV compression was found in 69% (131/191) of females with POTS versus 40% (10/25) in controls. The hypothesis that venous compression and presence of POTS are independent was rejected (p = .005). CONCLUSIONS Significant LCIV compression was noted in a majority of female POTS patients, suggesting that incidence of iliac venous obstruction may be higher than the general population. Patients with POTS and symptoms of PVI may benefit from assessment for venous outflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B Holly Smith
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Vascular and Interventional Professionals, LLC., Hinsdale, IL, USA
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21
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Smith SJ, Pauly GT, Hewlett K, Schneider JP, Hughes SH. Structure-based non-nucleoside inhibitor design: Developing inhibitors that are effective against resistant mutants. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:4-17. [PMID: 32743937 PMCID: PMC7821153 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) inhibit reverse transcription and block the replication of HIV-1. Currently, NNRTIs are usually used as part of a three-drug combination given to patients as antiretroviral therapy. These combinations involve other classes of anti-HIV-1 drugs, commonly nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). However, attempts are being made to develop two-drug maintenance therapies, some of which involve an NNRTI and an integrase strand transfer inhibitor. This has led to a renewed interest in developing novel NNRTIs, with a major emphasis on designing compounds that can effectively inhibit the known NNRTI-resistant mutants. We have generated and tested novel rilpivirine (RPV) analogs. The new compounds were designed to exploit a small opening in the upper right periphery of the NNRTI-binding pocket. The best of the new compounds, 12, was a more potent inhibitor of the NNRTI-resistant mutants we tested than either doravirine or efavirenz but was inferior to RPV. We describe the limitations on the modifications that can be appended to the "upper right side" of the RPV core and the effects of substituting other cores for the central pyrimidine core of RPV and make suggestions about how this information can be used in NNRTI design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gary T Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Katharine Hewlett
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joel P Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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22
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Sampedro J, Smith SJ, Arto I, González-Eguino M, Markandya A, Mulvaney KM, Pizarro-Irizar C, Van Dingenen R. Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply. Environ Int 2020; 136:105513. [PMID: 32006762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the reductions in air pollution emissions and subsequent beneficial health effects from different global mitigation pathways consistent with the 2 °C stabilization objective of the Paris Agreement. We use an integrated modelling framework, demonstrating the need for models with an appropriate level of technology detail for an accurate co-benefit assessment. The framework combines an integrated assessment model (GCAM) with an air quality model (TM5-FASST) to obtain estimates of premature mortality and then assesses their economic cost. The results show that significant co-benefits can be found for a range of technological options, such as introducing a limitation on bioenergy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) or nuclear power. Cumulative premature mortality may be reduced by 17-23% by 2020-2050 compared to the baseline, depending on the scenarios. However, the ratio of health co-benefits to mitigation costs varies substantially, ranging from 1.45 when a bioenergy limitation is set to 2.19 when all technologies are available. As for regional disaggregation, some regions, such as India and China, obtain far greater co-benefits than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Sampedro
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain; Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740, USA; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA
| | - Iñaki Arto
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel González-Eguino
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Kathleen M Mulvaney
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Pizarro-Irizar
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rita Van Dingenen
- Joint Research Centre, Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
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23
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Ou Y, West JJ, Smith SJ, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. Air pollution control strategies directly limiting national health damages in the US. Nat Commun 2020; 11:957. [PMID: 32075975 PMCID: PMC7031358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from fuel combustion significantly contributes to global and US mortality. Traditional control strategies typically reduce emissions for specific air pollutants and sectors to maintain pollutant concentrations below standards. Here we directly set national PM2.5 mortality cost reduction targets within a global human-earth system model with US state-level energy systems, in scenarios to 2050, to identify endogenously the control actions, sectors, and locations that most cost-effectively reduce PM2.5 mortality. We show that substantial health benefits can be cost-effectively achieved by electrifying sources with high primary PM2.5 emission intensities, including industrial coal, building biomass, and industrial liquids. More stringent PM2.5 reduction targets expedite the phaseout of high emission intensity sources, leading to larger declines in major pollutant emissions, but very limited co-benefits in reducing CO2 emissions. Control strategies limiting health damages achieve the greatest emission reductions in the East North Central and Middle Atlantic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- ORISE Participant at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - J Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Christopher G Nolte
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Daniel H Loughlin
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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24
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Passos DO, Li M, Jóźwik IK, Zhao XZ, Santos-Martins D, Yang R, Smith SJ, Jeon Y, Forli S, Hughes SH, Burke TR, Craigie R, Lyumkis D. Structural basis for strand-transfer inhibitor binding to HIV intasomes. Science 2020; 367:810-814. [PMID: 32001521 PMCID: PMC7357238 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The HIV intasome is a large nucleoprotein assembly that mediates the integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into host chromatin. Intasomes are targeted by the latest generation of antiretroviral drugs, integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Challenges associated with lentiviral intasome biochemistry have hindered high-resolution structural studies of how INSTIs bind to their native drug target. Here, we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of HIV intasomes bound to the latest generation of INSTIs. These structures highlight how small changes in the integrase active site can have notable implications for drug binding and design and provide mechanistic insights into why a leading INSTI retains efficacy against a broad spectrum of drug-resistant variants. The data have implications for expanding effective treatments available for HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Oliveira Passos
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Min Li
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Ilona K. Jóźwik
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Renbin Yang
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Youngmin Jeon
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Robert Craigie
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, CA, 92037,Correspondence to:
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25
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Yu H, Yang Y, Wang H, Tan Q, Chin M, Levy RC, Remer LA, Smith SJ, Yuan T, Shi Y. Interannual variability and trends of combustion aerosol and dust in major continental outflows revealed by MODIS retrievals and CAM5 simulations during 2003-2017. Atmos Chem Phys 2020; 20:139-161. [PMID: 33204243 PMCID: PMC7668156 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-139-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emissions and long-range transport of mineral dust and combustion-related aerosol from burning fossil fuels and biomass vary from year to year, driven by the evolution of the economy and changes in meteorological conditions and environmental regulations. This study offers both satellite and model perspectives on the interannual variability and possible trends of combustion aerosol and dust in major continental outflow regions over the past 15 years (2003-2017). The decade-long record of aerosol optical depth (AOD, denoted as τ), separately for combustion aerosol (τ c) and dust (τ d), over global oceans is derived from the Collection 6 aerosol products of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard both Terra and Aqua. These MODIS Aqua datasets, complemented by aerosol source-tagged simulations using the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5), are then analyzed to understand the interannual variability and potential trends of τ c and τ d in the major continental outflows. Both MODIS and CAM5 consistently yield a similar decreasing trend of -0.017 to -0.020 per decade for τ c over the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea that is attributable to reduced emissions from North America and Europe, respectively. On the contrary, both MODIS and CAM5 display an increasing trend of +0.017 to +0.036 per decade for τ c over the tropical Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea, which reflects the influence of increased anthropogenic emissions from South Asia and the Middle East in the last 2 decades. Over the northwestern Pacific Ocean, which is often affected by East Asian emissions of pollution and dust, the MODIS retrievals show a decreasing trend of -0.021 per decade for τ c and -0.012 per decade for τ d, which is, however, not reproduced by the CAM5 model. In other outflow regions strongly influenced by biomass burning smoke or dust, both MODIS retrievals and CAM5 simulations show no statistically significant trends; the MODIS-observed interannual variability is usually larger than that of the CAM5 simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yu
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Qian Tan
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Petaluma, CA, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Mian Chin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Robert C. Levy
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine A. Remer
- Joint Center for Earth Science & Technology, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Tianle Yuan
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Science & Technology, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yingxi Shi
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Science & Technology, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Ou Y, Smith SJ, West JJ, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. State-level drivers of future fine particulate matter mortality in the United States. Environ Res Lett 2019; 14:124071. [PMID: 32133038 PMCID: PMC7055525 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab59cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Future fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and resulting health impacts will be largely determined by factors such as energy use, fuel choices, emission controls, state and national policies, and demographcs. In this study, a human-earth system model is used to estimate PM2.5 mortality costs (PMMC) due to air pollutant emissions from each US state over the period 2015 to 2050, considering current major air quality and energy regulations. Contributions of various socioeconomic and energy factors to PMMC are quantified using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. National PMMC are estimated to decrease 25% from 2015 to 2050, driven by decreases in energy intensity and PMMC per unit consumption of electric sector coal and transportation liquids. These factors together contribute 68% of the decrease, primarily from technology improvements and air quality regulations. States with greater population and economic growth, but with fewer clean energy resources, are more likely to face significant challenges in reducing future PMMC from their emissions. In contrast, states with larger projected decreases in PMMC have smaller increases in population and per capita GDP, and greater decreases in electric sector coal share and PMMC per unit fuel consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, United States of America
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - J Jason West
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Christopher G Nolte
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, United States of America
| | - Daniel H Loughlin
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, United States of America
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27
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Smith SJ, Parveen S, Sass C, Drury M, Oyebode JR, Surr CA. An audit of dementia education and training in UK health and social care: a comparison with national benchmark standards. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:711. [PMID: 31638974 PMCID: PMC6802111 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite people living with dementia representing a significant proportion of health and social care users, until recently in the United Kingdom (UK) there were no prescribed standards for dementia education and training. This audit sought to review the extent and nature of dementia education and training offered to health and social care staff in the UK against the standards described in the 2015 Dementia Training Standards Framework, which describes the knowledge and skills required of the UK dementia workforce. METHODS This audit presents national data concerning the design, delivery, target audience, length, level, content, format of training, number of staff trained and frequency of delivery within existing dementia training programmes offered to health and social care staff. The Dementia Training Standards Framework was used as a reference for respondents to describe the subjects and learning outcomes associated with their training. RESULTS The findings are presented from 614 respondents offering 386 training packages, which indicated variations in the extent and quality of training. Many training packages addressed the subjects of 'person-centred care', 'communication', 'interaction and behaviour in dementia care', and 'dementia awareness'. Few training packages addressed subjects concerning 'pharmacological interventions in dementia care', 'leadership' and 'end of life care'. Fewer than 40% of The Dementia Training Standards Framework learning outcomes targeted to staff with regular contact with people with dementia or in leadership roles were covered by the reported packages. However, for training targeted at increasing dementia awareness more than 70% of the learning outcomes identified in The Dementia Training Standards Framework were addressed. Many training packages are not of sufficient duration to derive impact; although the majority employed delivery methods likely to be effective. CONCLUSIONS The development of new and existing training and education should take account of subjects that are currently underrepresented and ensure that training reflects the Training Standard Framework and evidence regarding best practice for delivery. Lessons regarding the limitations of training in the UK serve as a useful illustration of the challenge of implementing national dementia training standards; particularly for countries who are developing or have recently implemented national dementia strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Smith
- Centre for Dementia Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
| | - S Parveen
- Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD5 0BB, UK
| | - C Sass
- Centre for Dementia Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - M Drury
- Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD5 0BB, UK
| | - J R Oyebode
- Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD5 0BB, UK
| | - C A Surr
- Centre for Dementia Research, School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
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28
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Durkin M, Adams JS, Bandler SR, Chervenak JA, Chaudhuri S, Dawson CS, Denison EV, Doriese WB, Duff SM, Finkbeiner FM, FitzGerald CT, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Irwin KD, Joe YI, Kelley RL, Kilbourne CA, Miniussi AR, Morgan KM, O'Neil GC, Pappas CG, Porter FS, Reintsema CD, Rudman DA, SaKai K, Smith SJ, Stevens RW, Swetz DS, Szypryt P, Ullom JN, Vale LR, Wakeham N, Weber JC, Young BA. Demonstration of Athena X-IFU Compatible 40-Row Time-Division-Multiplexed Readout. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 2019; 29:2101005. [PMID: 31160861 PMCID: PMC6544157 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2904472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is the backup readout technology for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), a 3,168-pixel X-ray transition-edge sensor (TES) array that will provide imaging spectroscopy for ESA's Athena satellite mission. X-0IFU design studies are considering readout with a multiplexing factor of up to 40. We present data showing 40-row TDM readout (32 TES rows + 8 repeats of the last row) of TESs that are of the same type as those being planned for X-IFU, using measurement and analysis parameters within the ranges specified for X-IFU. Singlecolumn TDM measurements have best-fit energy resolution of (1.91 ± 0.01) eV for the Al Kα complex (1.5 keV), (2.10 ± 0.02) eV for Ti Kα (4.5 keV), (2.23 ± 0.02) eV for Mn Kα (5.9 keV), (2.40 ± 0.02) eV for Co Kα (6.9 keV), and (3.44 ± 0.04) eV for Br Kα (11.9 keV). Three-column measurements have best-fit resolution of (2.03 ± 0.01) eV for Ti Kα and (2.40 ± 0.01) eV for Co Kα. The degradation due to the multiplexed readout ranges from 0.1 eV at the lower end of the energy range to 0.5 eV at the higher end. The demonstrated performance meets X-IFU's energy-resolution and energy-range requirements. True 40-row TDM readout, without repeated rows, of kilopixel scale arrays of X-IFU-like TESs is now under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J S Adams
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - S R Bandler
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - J A Chervenak
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - S Chaudhuri
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - C S Dawson
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S M Duff
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - F M Finkbeiner
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - C T FitzGerald
- Santa Clara University Dept. of Physics, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - R L Kelley
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - C A Kilbourne
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - A R Miniussi
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C G Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - F S Porter
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D A Rudman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - K SaKai
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - S J Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - R W Stevens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - P Szypryt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - N Wakeham
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - J C Weber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - B A Young
- Santa Clara University Dept. of Physics, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA
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29
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Jaeckel FT, Ambarish CV, Christensen N, Gruenke R, Hu L, McCammon D, McPheron M, Meyer M, Nelms KL, Roy A, Wulf D, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Adams JS, Bandler SR, Chervenak JA, Datesman AM, Eckart ME, Ewin AJ, Finkbeiner FM, Kelley R, Kilbourne CA, Miniussi AR, Porter FS, Sadleir JE, Sakai K, Smith SJ, Wakeham N, Wassell E, Yoon W, Morgan KM, Schmidt DR, Swetz DS, Ullom JN. Energy calibration of high-resolution X-Ray TES microcalorimeters with 3 eV optical photons. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 2019; 29:2100104. [PMID: 31186605 PMCID: PMC6557579 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2899856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the improving energy resolution of transitionedge sensor (TES) based microcalorimeters, performance verification and calibration of these detectors has become increasingly challenging, especially in the energy range below 1 keV where fluorescent atomic X-ray lines have linewidths that are wider than the detector energy resolution and require impractically high statistics to determine the gain and deconvolve the instrumental profile. Better behaved calibration sources such as grating monochromators are too cumbersome for space missions and are difficult to use in the lab. As an alternative, we are exploring the use of pulses of 3 eV optical photons delivered by an optical fiber to generate combs of known energies with known arrival times. Here, we discuss initial results of this technique obtained with 2 eV and 0.7 eV resolution X-ray microcalorimeters. With the 2 eV detector, we have achieved photon number resolution for pulses with mean photon number up to 133 (corresponding to 0.4 keV).
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Jaeckel
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - C V Ambarish
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - N Christensen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - R Gruenke
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - L Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D McCammon
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M McPheron
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K L Nelms
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - A Roy
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D Wulf
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J S Adams
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - S R Bandler
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - J A Chervenak
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - A M Datesman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - M E Eckart
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - A J Ewin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - F M Finkbeiner
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - R Kelley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - C A Kilbourne
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - A R Miniussi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - F S Porter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - J E Sadleir
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - K Sakai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - S J Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - N Wakeham
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - E Wassell
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - W Yoon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
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Brown MR, Baptista JC, Lunn M, Swan DL, Smith SJ, Davenport RJ, Allen BD, Sloan WT, Curtis TP. Coupled virus - bacteria interactions and ecosystem function in an engineered microbial system. Water Res 2019; 152:264-273. [PMID: 30682570 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are thought to control bacterial abundance, affect community composition and influence ecosystem function in natural environments. Yet their dynamics have seldom been studied in engineered systems, or indeed in any system, for long periods of time. We measured virus abundance in a full-scale activated sludge plant every week for two years. Total bacteria and ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) abundances, bacterial community profiles, and a suite of environmental and operational parameters were also monitored. Mixed liquor virus abundance fluctuated over an order of magnitude (3.18 × 108-3.41 × 109 virus's mL-1) and that variation was statistically significantly associated with total bacterial and AOB abundance, community composition, and effluent concentrations of COD and NH4+- N and thus system function. This suggests viruses play a far more important role in the dynamics of activated sludge systems than previously realised and could be one of the key factors controlling bacterial abundance, community structure and functional stability and may cause reactors to fail. These findings are based on statistical associations, not mechanistic models. Nevertheless, viral associations with abiotic factors, such as pH, make physical sense, giving credence to these findings and highlighting the role that physical factors play in virus ecology. Further work is needed to identify and quantify specific bacteriophage and their hosts to enable us to develop mechanistic models of the ecology of viruses in wastewater treatment systems. However, since we have shown that viruses can be related to effluent quality and virus quantification is simple and cheap, practitioners would probably benefit from quantifying viruses now.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Brown
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - J C Baptista
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - M Lunn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - D L Swan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - S J Smith
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - R J Davenport
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - B D Allen
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - W T Sloan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - T P Curtis
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
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31
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Doriese WB, Bandler SR, Chaudhuri S, Dawson CS, Denison EV, Duff SM, Durkin M, FitzGerald CT, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hilton GC, Irwin KD, Joe YI, Morgan KM, O'Neil GC, Pappas CG, Reintsema CD, Rudman DA, Smith SJ, Stevens RW, Swetz DS, Szypryt P, Ullom JN, Vale LR, Weber JC, Young BA. Optimization of Time- and Code-Division-Multiplexed Readout for Athena X-IFU. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 2019; 29:10.1109/TASC.2019.2905577. [PMID: 31360051 PMCID: PMC6662226 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2905577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Readout of a large, spacecraft-based array of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) requires careful management of the layout area and power dissipation of the cryogenic-circuit components. We present three optimizations of our time- (TDM) and code-division-multiplexing (CDM) systems for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), a several-thousand-pixel-TES array for the planned Athena-satellite mission. The first optimization is a new readout scheme that is a hybrid of CDM and TDM. This C/TDM architecture balances CDM's noise advantage with TDM's layout compactness. The second is a redesign of a component: the shunt resistor that provides a dc-voltage bias to the TESs. A new layout and a thicker Pd-Au resistive layer combine to reduce this resistor's area by more than a factor of 5. Third, we have studied the power dissipated by the first-stage SQUIDs (superconducting quantum-interference devices) and the readout noise versus the critical current of the first-stage SqUIDs. As a result, the X-IFU TDM and C/TDM SQUIDs will have a specified junction critical current of 5 μA. Based on these design optimizations and TDM experiments described by Durkin, et al. (these proceedings), TDM meets all requirements to be X-IFU's backup-readout option. Hybrid C/TDM is another viable option that could save spacecraft resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S R Bandler
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - S Chaudhuri
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - C S Dawson
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S M Duff
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - M Durkin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C T FitzGerald
- Santa Clara University Dept. of Physics, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - K D Irwin
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C G Pappas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D A Rudman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - S J Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - R W Stevens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - P Szypryt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J C Weber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - B A Young
- Stanford University Dept. of Physics, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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32
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Zhou Y, Ambarish CV, Gruenke R, Jaeckel FT, Kripps KL, McCammon D, Morgan KM, Wulf D, Zhang S, Adams JS, Bandler SR, Chervenak JA, Datesman AM, Eckart ME, Ewin AJ, Finkbeiner FM, Kelley RL, Kilbourne CA, Miniussi AR, Porter FS, Sadleir JE, Sakai K, Smith SJ, Wakeham NA, Wassell EJ, Yoon W. Mapping TES Temperature Sensitivity and Current Sensitivity as a Function of Temperature, Current, and Magnetic Field with IV curve and Complex Admittance Measurements. J Low Temp Phys 2018; 193:321-327. [PMID: 31186584 PMCID: PMC6557576 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have specialized astronomical applications for X-ray microcalorimeters with superconducting transition edge sensors (TESs) that require exceptionally good TES performance, but which operate in the small-signal regime. We have therefore begun a program to carefully characterize the entire transition surface of TESs with and without the usual zebra stripes to see if there are reproducible local "sweet spots" where the performance is much better than average. These measurements require precise knowledge of the circuit parameters. Here, we show how the Shapiro effect can be used to precisely calibrate the value of the shunt-resistor. We are also investigating the effects of stress and external magnetic fields to better understand reproducibility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C V Ambarish
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R Gruenke
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - F T Jaeckel
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K L Kripps
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D McCammon
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K M Morgan
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D Wulf
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J S Adams
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S R Bandler
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J A Chervenak
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - A M Datesman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M E Eckart
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - A J Ewin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - R L Kelley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C A Kilbourne
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - A R Miniussi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F S Porter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J E Sadleir
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - K Sakai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S J Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - N A Wakeham
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - E J Wassell
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - W Yoon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Burke TR, Hughes SH. HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors That Are Broadly Effective against Drug-Resistant Mutants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01035-18. [PMID: 29987149 PMCID: PMC6125528 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01035-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have emerged as clinically effective therapeutics that inhibit HIV-1 replication by blocking the strand transfer reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase (IN). Of the three FDA-approved INSTIs, dolutegravir (DTG) is the least apt to select for resistance. However, recent salvage therapy regimens had low response rates with therapies that included DTG, suggesting that DTG resistance can be selected in patients. Using a single-round infection assay, we evaluated a collection of our best inhibitors and DTG against a broad panel of INSTI-resistant mutants. Two of the new compounds, 4c and 4d, had antiviral profiles against the mutants we tested superior to that of DTG. The susceptibility profiles of 4c and 4d suggest that the compounds are candidates for development as INSTIs. Modeling the binding of 4d to HIV-1 IN reinforced the significance of mimicking the DNA substrate in developing compounds that are broadly effective in their abilities to inhibit HIV-1 INs with mutations in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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34
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Burke TR, Hughes SH. Efficacies of Cabotegravir and Bictegravir against drug-resistant HIV-1 integrase mutants. Retrovirology 2018; 15:37. [PMID: 29769116 PMCID: PMC5956922 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs most recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. INSTIs block the strand transfer reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase (IN) and have been shown to potently inhibit infection by wild-type HIV-1. Of the three current FDA-approved INSTIs, Dolutegravir (DTG), has been the most effective, in part because treatment does not readily select for resistant mutants. However, recent studies showed that when INSTI-experienced patients are put on a DTG-salvage therapy, they have reduced response rates. Two new INSTIs, Cabotegravir (CAB) and Bictegravir (BIC), are currently in late-stage clinical trials. Results Both CAB and BIC had much broader antiviral profiles than RAL and EVG against the INSTI-resistant single, double, and triple HIV-1 mutants used in this study. BIC was more effective than DTG against several INSTI-resistant mutants. Overall, in terms of their ability to inhibit a broad range of INSTI-resistant IN mutants, BIC was superior to DTG, and DTG was superior to CAB. Modeling the binding of CAB, BIC, and DTG within the active site of IN suggested that the “left side” of the INSTI pharmacophore (the side away from the viral DNA) was important in determining the ability of the compound to inhibit the IN mutants we tested. Conclusions Of the two INSTIs in late stage clinical trials, BIC appears to be better able to inhibit the replication of a broad range of IN mutants. BIC retained potency against several of the INSTI-resistant mutants that caused a decrease in susceptibility to DTG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-018-0420-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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35
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Ou Y, Shi W, Smith SJ, Ledna CM, West JJ, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. Estimating environmental co-benefits of U.S. low-carbon pathways using an integrated assessment model with state-level resolution. Appl Energy 2018; 216:482-493. [PMID: 29713111 PMCID: PMC5920560 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There are many technological pathways that can lead to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. However, these pathways can have substantially different impacts on other environmental endpoints, such as air quality and energy-related water demand. This study uses an integrated assessment model with state-level resolution of the energy system to compare environmental impacts of alternative low-carbon pathways for the United States. One set of pathways emphasizes nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage, while another set emphasizes renewable energy, including wind, solar, geothermal power, and bioenergy. These are compared with pathways in which all technologies are available. Air pollutant emissions, mortality costs attributable to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter, and energy-related water demands are evaluated for 50% and 80% carbon dioxide reduction targets in 2050. The renewable low-carbon pathways require less water withdrawal and consumption than the nuclear and carbon capture pathways. However, the renewable low-carbon pathways modeled in this study produce higher particulate matter-related mortality costs due to greater use of biomass in residential heating. Environmental co-benefits differ among states because of factors such as existing technology stock, resource availability, and environmental and energy policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Catherine M. Ledna
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, United States
| | - J. Jason West
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Daniel H. Loughlin
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Markandya A, Sampedro J, Smith SJ, Van Dingenen R, Pizarro-Irizar C, Arto I, González-Eguino M. Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris Agreement: a modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2018; 2:e126-e133. [PMID: 29615227 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the co-benefits from addressing problems related to both climate change and air pollution have been recognised, there is not much evidence comparing the mitigation costs and economic benefits of air pollution reduction for alternative approaches to meeting greenhouse gas targets. We analysed the extent to which health co-benefits would compensate the mitigation cost of achieving the targets of the Paris climate agreement (2°C and 1·5°C) under different scenarios in which the emissions abatement effort is shared between countries in accordance with three established equity criteria. METHODS Our study had three stages. First, we used an integrated assessment model, the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), to investigate the emission (greenhouse gases and air pollutants) pathways and abatement costs of a set of scenarios with varying temperature objectives (nationally determined contributions, 2°C, or 1·5°C) and approaches to the distribution of climate change methods (capability, constant emission ratios, and equal per capita). The resulting emissions pathways were transferred to an air quality model (TM5-FASST) to estimate the concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the atmosphere and the resulting associated premature deaths and morbidity. We then applied a monetary value to these health impacts by use of a term called the value of statistical life and compared these values with those of the mitigation costs calculated from GCAM, both globally and regionally. Our analysis looked forward to 2050 in accordance with the socioeconomic narrative Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2. FINDINGS The health co-benefits substantially outweighed the policy cost of achieving the target for all of the scenarios that we analysed. In some of the mitigation strategies, the median co-benefits were double the median costs at a global level. The ratio of health co-benefit to mitigation cost ranged from 1·4 to 2·45, depending on the scenario. At the regional level, the costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions could be compensated with the health co-benefits alone for China and India, whereas the proportion the co-benefits covered varied but could be substantial in the European Union (7-84%) and USA (10-41%), respectively. Finally, we found that the extra effort of trying to pursue the 1·5°C target instead of the 2°C target would generate a substantial net benefit in India (US$3·28-8·4 trillion) and China ($0·27-2·31 trillion), although this positive result was not seen in the other regions. INTERPRETATION Substantial health gains can be achieved from taking action to prevent climate change, independent of any future reductions in damages due to climate change. Some countries, such as China and India, could justify stringent mitigation efforts just by including health co-benefits in the analysis. Our results also suggest that the statement in the Paris Agreement to pursue efforts to limit temperature increase to 1·5°C could make economic sense in some scenarios and countries if health co-benefits are taken into account. FUNDING European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Sampedro
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rita Van Dingenen
- Joint Research Centre, Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Ispra, Italy
| | - Cristina Pizarro-Irizar
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arto
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel González-Eguino
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Brandt-Rauf PW, Niman HL, Smith SJ. Correlation between Serum Oncogene Protein Expression and the Development of Neoplastic Disease in a Worker Exposed to Carcinogens. J R Soc Med 2018; 83:594-5. [PMID: 2213815 PMCID: PMC1292827 DOI: 10.1177/014107689008300922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P W Brandt-Rauf
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032
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38
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Shi W, Ou Y, Smith SJ, Ledna CM, Nolte CG, Loughlin DH. Projecting state-level air pollutant emissions using an integrated assessment model: GCAM-USA. Appl Energy 2017; 208:511-521. [PMID: 30046218 PMCID: PMC6054859 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) characterize the interactions among human and earth systems. IAMs typically have been applied to investigate future energy, land use, and emission pathways at global to continental scales. Recent directions in IAM development include enhanced technological detail, greater spatial and temporal resolution, and the inclusion of air pollutant emissions. These developments expand the potential applications of IAMs to include support for air quality management and for coordinated environmental, climate, and energy planning. Furthermore, these IAMs could help decision makers more fully understand tradeoffs and synergies among policy goals, identify important cross-sector interactions, and, via scenarios, consider uncertainties in factors such as population and economic growth, technology development, human behavior, and climate change. A version of the Global Change Assessment Model with U.S. state-level resolution (GCAM-USA) is presented that incorporates U.S.-specific emission factors, pollutant controls, and air quality and energy regulations. Resulting air pollutant emission outputs are compared to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2011 and projected inventories. A Quality Metric is used to quantify GCAM-USA performance for several pollutants at the sectoral and state levels. This information provides insights into the types of applications for which GCAM-USA is currently well suited and highlights where additional refinement may be warranted. While this analysis is specific to the U.S., the results indicate more generally the importance of enhanced spatial resolution and of considering national and sub-national regulatory constraints within IAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shi
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yang Ou
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Catherine M Ledna
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Christopher G Nolte
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Daniel H Loughlin
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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39
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Zhang Y, Smith SJ, Bowden JH, Adelman Z, West JJ. Co-benefits of global, domestic, and sectoral greenhouse gas mitigation for US air quality and human health in 2050. Environ Res Lett 2017; 12:114033. [PMID: 33204303 PMCID: PMC7668559 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8f76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can bring ancillary benefits of improved air quality and reduced premature mortality, in addition to slowing climate change. Here we study the co-benefits of global and domestic GHG mitigation on US air quality and human health in 2050 at fine resolution using dynamical downscaling of meteorology and air quality from global simulations to the continental US, and quantify for the first time the co-benefits from foreign GHG mitigation. Relative to the reference scenario from which RCP4.5 was created, global GHG reductions in RCP4.5 avoid 16000 PM2.5-related all-cause deaths yr-1 (90% confidence interval, 11700-20300), and 8000 (3600-12400) O3-related respiratory deaths yr-1 in the US in 2050. Foreign GHG mitigation avoids 15% and 62% of PM2.5- and O3-related total avoided deaths, highlighting the importance of foreign mitigation for US health. GHG mitigation in the US residential sector brings the largest co-benefits for PM2.5-related deaths (21% of total domestic co-benefits), and industry for O3 (17%). Monetized benefits for avoided deaths from ozone and PM2.5 are $137 ($87-187) per ton CO2 at high valuation and $45 ($29-62) at low valuation, of which 31% are from foreign GHG reductions. These benefits likely exceed the marginal cost of GHG reductions in 2050. The US gains significantly greater air quality and health co-benefits when its GHG emission reductions are concurrent with reductions in other nations. Similarly, previous studies estimating co-benefits locally or regionally may greatly underestimate the full co-benefits of coordinated global actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Now at Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jared H. Bowden
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachariah Adelman
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Jason West
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Hohenwalter EJ, Stone JR, O’Moore PV, Smith SJ, Selby JB, Lewandowski RJ, Samuels S, Kiproff PM, Trost DW, Madoff DC, Handel J, Gandras EJ, Vlahos A, Rilling WS. Multicenter Trial of the VenaTech Convertible Vena Cava Filter. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 28:1353-1362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Klazura G, Khurana N, Smith SJ. Endovascular Retrieval of a Retained Temporary Ventricular Support Device. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 28:1312-1314.e1. [PMID: 28841949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Klazura
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neal Khurana
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 911 N. Elm St., Hinsdale, IL 60621
| | - Steven J Smith
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 911 N. Elm St., Hinsdale, IL 60621
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Zhao XZ, Smith SJ, Maskell DP, Métifiot M, Pye VE, Fesen K, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Cherepanov P, Hughes SH, Burke TR. Structure-Guided Optimization of HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7315-7332. [PMID: 28737946 PMCID: PMC5601359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrase mutations can reduce the effectiveness of the first-generation FDA-approved integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG). The second-generation agent, dolutegravir (DTG), has enjoyed considerable clinical success; however, resistance-causing mutations that diminish the efficacy of DTG have appeared. Our current findings support and extend the substrate envelope concept that broadly effective INSTIs can be designed by filling the envelope defined by the DNA substrates. Previously, we explored 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamides as an INSTI scaffold, making a limited set of derivatives, and concluded that broadly effective INSTIs can be developed using this scaffold. Herein, we report an extended investigation of 6-substituents as well the first examples of 7-substituted analogues of this scaffold. While 7-substituents are not well-tolerated, we have identified novel substituents at the 6-position that are highly effective, with the best compound (6p) retaining better efficacy against a broad panel of known INSTI resistant mutants than any analogues we have previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel P Maskell
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute , London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute , London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Fesen
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute , London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London , St-Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Wassell EJ, Adams JS, Bandler SR, Betancourt-Martinez GL, Chiao MP, Chang MP, Chervenak JA, Datesman AM, Eckart ME, Ewin AJ, Finkbeiner FM, Ha JY, Kelley R, Kilbourne CA, Miniussi AR, Sakai K, Porter F, Sadleir JE, Smith SJ, Wakeham NA, Yoon W. Fabrication of X-ray Microcalorimeter Focal Planes Composed of Two Distinct Pixel Types. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 2017; 27:2300205. [PMID: 28804229 PMCID: PMC5548520 DOI: 10.1109/tasc.2016.2633783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We are developing superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter focal planes for versatility in meeting specifications of X-ray imaging spectrometers including high count-rate, high energy resolution, and large field-of-view. In particular, a focal plane composed of two sub-arrays: one of fine-pitch, high count-rate devices and the other of slower, larger pixels with similar energy resolution, offers promise for the next generation of astrophysics instruments, such as the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) instrument on the European Space Agency's Athena mission. We have based the sub-arrays of our current design on successful pixel designs that have been demonstrated separately. Pixels with an all gold X-ray absorber on 50 and 75 micron scales where the Mo/Au TES sits atop a thick metal heatsinking layer have shown high resolution and can accommodate high count-rates. The demonstrated larger pixels use a silicon nitride membrane for thermal isolation, thinner Au and an added bismuth layer in a 250 micron square absorber. To tune the parameters of each sub-array requires merging the fabrication processes of the two detector types. We present the fabrication process for dual production of different X-ray absorbers on the same substrate, thick Au on the small pixels and thinner Au with a Bi capping layer on the larger pixels to tune their heat capacities. The process requires multiple electroplating and etching steps, but the absorbers are defined in a single ion milling step. We demonstrate methods for integrating heatsinking of the two types of pixel into the same focal plane consistent with the requirements for each sub-array, including the limiting of thermal crosstalk. We also discuss fabrication process modifications for tuning the intrinsic transition temperature (Tc) of the bilayers for the different device types through variation of the bilayer thicknesses. The latest results on these "hybrid" arrays will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Wassell
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. Stinger-Ghaffarian Technologies, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - J S Adams
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. CRESST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S R Bandler
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - G L Betancourt-Martinez
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M P Chiao
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - M P Chang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J A Chervenak
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - A M Datesman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. Stinger-Ghaffarian Technologies, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - M E Eckart
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - A J Ewin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - F M Finkbeiner
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. Wyle Information Systems, McLean, VA 22102 USA
| | - J Y Ha
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. SB Microsystems Inc., Glen Burnie, MD 20161 USA
| | - R Kelley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - C A Kilbourne
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - A R Miniussi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - K Sakai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. Universities Space Research Association, MD, USA
| | - F Porter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J E Sadleir
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - S J Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. CRESST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - N A Wakeham
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. Universities Space Research Association, MD, USA
| | - W Yoon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA. Universities Space Research Association, MD, USA
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Muratori M, Smith SJ, Kyle P, Link R, Mignone BK, Kheshgi HS. Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:3526-3533. [PMID: 28240022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for a range of climate change mitigation scenarios and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO2 emissions from freight have historically grown with a correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation scenarios that apply a price to GHG emissions, mitigation of freight emissions (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such scenarios, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play a relatively small role in reducing freight emissions in GCAM. By contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight emissions mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Muratori
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Steven J Smith
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Page Kyle
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Robert Link
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Bryan K Mignone
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company , Corporate Strategic Research, 1545 U.S. 22, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Haroon S Kheshgi
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company , Corporate Strategic Research, 1545 U.S. 22, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
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Varadarajan J, McWilliams MJ, Mott BT, Thomas CJ, Smith SJ, Hughes SH. Drug resistant integrase mutants cause aberrant HIV integrations. Retrovirology 2016; 13:71. [PMID: 27682062 PMCID: PMC5041404 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
HIV-1 integrase is the target for three FDA-approved drugs, raltegravir, elvitegravir, and dolutegravir. All three drugs bind at the active site of integrase and block the strand transfer step of integration. We previously showed that sub-optimal doses of the anti-HIV drug raltegravir can cause aberrant HIV integrations that are accompanied by a variety of deletions, duplications, insertions and inversions of the adjacent host sequences. Results We show here that a second drug, elvitegravir, also causes similar aberrant integrations. More importantly, we show that at least two of the three clinically relevant drug resistant integrase mutants we tested, N155H and G140S/Q148H, which reduce the enzymatic activity of integrase, can cause the same sorts of aberrant integrations, even in the absence of drugs. In addition, these drug resistant mutants have an elevated IC50 for anti-integrase drugs, and concentrations of the drugs that would be optimal against the WT virus are suboptimal for the mutants. Conclusions We previously showed that suboptimal doses of a drug that binds to the HIV enzyme integrase and blocks the integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into host DNA can cause aberrant integrations that involve rearrangements of the host DNA. We show here that suboptimal doses of a second anti-integrase drug can cause similar aberrant integrations. We also show that drug-resistance mutations in HIV integrase can also cause aberrant integrations, even in the absence of an anti-integrase drug. HIV DNA integrations in the oncogenes BACH2 and MKL2 that do not involve rearrangements of the viral or host DNA can stimulate the proliferation of infected cells. Based on what is known about the association of DNA rearrangements and the activation of oncogenes in human tumors, it is possible that some of the deletions, duplications, insertions, and inversions of the host DNA that accompany aberrant HIV DNA integrations could increase the chances that HIV integrations could lead to the development of a tumor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0305-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Varadarajan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mary Jane McWilliams
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Bryan T Mott
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Zhang Y, Bowden JH, Adelman Z, Naik V, Horowitz LW, Smith SJ, West JJ. Co-benefits of global and regional greenhouse gas mitigation on U.S. air quality in 2050. Atmos Chem Phys 2016; 16:9533-9548. [PMID: 30245703 PMCID: PMC6150466 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-9533-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Policies to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will not only slow climate change, but can also have ancillary benefits of improved air quality. Here we examine the co-benefits of both global and regional GHG mitigation on U.S. air quality in 2050 at fine resolution, using dynamical downscaling methods, building on a previous global co-benefits study (West et al., 2013). The co-benefits for U.S. air quality are quantified via two mechanisms: through reductions in co-emitted air pollutants from the same sources, and by slowing climate change and its influence on air quality, following West et al. (2013). Additionally, we separate the total co-benefits into contributions from domestic GHG mitigation versus mitigation in foreign countries. We use the WRF model to dynamically downscale future global climate to the regional scale, the SMOKE program to directly process global anthropogenic emissions into the regional domain, and we provide dynamical boundary conditions from global simulations to the regional CMAQ model. The total co-benefits of global GHG mitigation from the RCP4.5 scenario compared with its reference are estimated to be higher in the eastern U.S. (ranging from 0.6-1.0 μg m-3) than the west (0-0.4 μg m-3) for PM2.5, with an average of 0.47 μg m-3 over U.S.; for O3, the total co-benefits are more uniform at 2-5 ppb with U.S. average of 3.55 ppb. Comparing the two mechanisms of co-benefits, we find that reductions of co-emitted air pollutants have a much greater influence on both PM2.5 (96% of the total co-benefits) and O3 (89% of the total) than the second co-benefits mechanism via slowing climate change, consistent with West et al. (2013). GHG mitigation from foreign countries contributes more to the U.S. O3 reduction (76% of the total) than that from domestic GHG mitigation only (24%), highlighting the importance of global methane reductions and the intercontinental transport of air pollutants. For PM2.5, the benefits of domestic GHG control are greater (74% of total). Since foreign contributions to co-benefits can be substantial, with foreign O3 benefits much larger than those from domestic reductions, previous studies that focus on local or regional co-benefits may greatly underestimate the total co-benefits of global GHG reductions. We conclude that the U.S. can gain significantly greater domestic air quality co-benefits by engaging with other nations to control GHGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jared H. Bowden
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zachariah Adelman
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Vaishali Naik
- UCAR/NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | | | - Steven J. Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740
| | - J. Jason West
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Zhao XZ, Metifiot M, Smith SJ, Maddali K, Marchand C, Hughes SH, Pommier Y, Burke TR. 6,7-Dihydroxyisoindolin-1-one and 7,8-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin- 1(2H)-one Based HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:435-40. [PMID: 26268341 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150813150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) is an essential viral enzyme required for HIV-1 replication, which has been targeted by anti-AIDS therapeutics. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) represent a new class of antiretroviral agents developed for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Important structural features that are shared by many INSTIs include a coplanar arrangement of three heteroatoms that chelate two catalytic Mg(2+) ions in the IN active site and a linked halophenyl ring that binds in the hydrophobic pocket formed by the complex of IN with viral DNA. We recently reported bicyclic 6,7-dihydroxyoxoisoindolin-1-one-based IN inhibitors. In the current study, we modified these inhibitors in three ways. First, we increased the spacer length between the metalchelating triad and the halophenyl group. Second, we replaced the indoline [5,6] bicycle with a fused dihydroxyisoquinolinones [6,6] ring system. Finally, we prepared bis-6,7-dihydroxyisoindolin-1-one-4-sulfonamides as dimeric HIV-1 IN inhibitors. These new analogues showed low micromolar inhibitory potency in in vitro HIV-1 integrase assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between gender and deprivation and rates of admission to a national neurorehabilitation facility following subarachnoid haemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Design: Retrospective analysis of hospital activity data. Setting: Lothian Health Board hospital activity; national neurorehabilitation centre. Subjects: Patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Methods: We obtained data for hospital discharge for subarachnoid haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury for patients living in the Lothian Health Board area for the five years 1995 to 1999 by age (15 and over), sex and deprivation category of home residence from nationally held data sets. Similar data were extracted for discharges from the national neurorehabilitation unit. Main measures: Rates of neurorehabilitation admission per 1000 hospital admissions. Chi-squared testing was used to assess statistical significance. Results: Data for 13 338 hospital admissions and 329 neurorehabilitation admissions were available. We observed higher than expected rates of rehabilitation admission for men with subarachnoid haemorrhage and for patients from more affluent postcode sectors with traumatic brain injury. Conclusion: Higher rehabilitation rates are seen among men following subarachnoid haemorrhage and may indicate a focus on return-to-work in the referral or assessment of those suitable for or requiring neurorehabilitation. Higher rehabilitation rates in head injury in those from Carstairs Deprivation Category (DepCat) 2 postcode sectors may represent a bias favouring those from affluent areas in the interaction between the individual and the health service in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Macleod
- Clinical Neurosciences, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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Wobus C, Flanner M, Sarofim MC, Moura MCP, Smith SJ. Future Arctic temperature change resulting from a range of aerosol emissions scenarios. Earths Future 2016; 4:270-281. [PMID: 31423454 PMCID: PMC6686618 DOI: 10.1002/2016ef000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic temperature response to emissions of aerosols-specifically black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate-depends on both the sector and the region where these emissions originate. Thus, the net Arctic temperature response to global aerosol emissions reductions will depend strongly on the blend of emissions sources being targeted. We use recently published equilibrium Arctic temperature response factors for BC, OC, and sulfate to estimate the range of present-day and future Arctic temperature changes from seven different aerosol emissions scenarios. Globally, Arctic temperature changes calculated from all of these emissions scenarios indicate that present-day emissions from the domestic and transportation sectors generate the majority of present-day Arctic warming from BC. However, in all of these scenarios, this warming is more than offset by cooling resulting from SO2 emissions from the energy sector. Thus, long-term climate mitigation strategies that are focused on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector could generate short-term, aerosol-induced Arctic warming. A properly phased approach that targets BC-rich emissions from the transportation sector as well as the domestic sectors in key regions-while simultaneously working toward longer-term goals of CO2 mitigation-could potentially avoid some amount of short-term Arctic warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Flanner
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | | | - Maria Cecilia P Moura
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory College Park Maryland USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory College Park Maryland USA
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50
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Zhao XZ, Smith SJ, Maskell DP, Metifiot M, Pye VE, Fesen K, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Cherepanov P, Hughes SH, Burke TR. HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors with Reduced Susceptibility to Drug Resistant Mutant Integrases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1074-81. [PMID: 26808478 PMCID: PMC4836387 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
HIV
integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are among
the newest anti-AIDS drugs; however, mutant forms of IN can confer
resistance. We developed noncytotoxic naphthyridine-containing INSTIs
that retain low nanomolar IC50 values against HIV-1 variants
harboring all of the major INSTI-resistant mutations. We found by
analyzing crystal structures of inhibitors bound to the IN from the
prototype foamy virus (PFV) that the most successful inhibitors show
striking mimicry of the bound viral DNA prior to 3′-processing
and the bound host DNA prior to strand transfer. Using this concept
of “bi-substrate mimicry,” we developed a new broadly
effective inhibitor that not only mimics aspects of both the bound
target and viral DNA but also more completely fills the space they
would normally occupy. Maximizing shape complementarity and recapitulating
structural components encompassing both of the IN DNA substrates could
serve as a guiding principle for the development of new INSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel P. Maskell
- Clare
Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Metifiot
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Clare
Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Fesen
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Clare
Hall Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, St-Mary’s
Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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