Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei to increase growth performance and immune system of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) due to Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Background and Aim

Catfish has a high economic value and is popular among consumers. To ensure well-stocked catfish stocks, good fisheries management must also be ensured. The high demand for catfish must be supplemented by preventive measures against pathogenic bacterial infections using probiotics with high potential for Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus subtilis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation consisting of a combination of L. casei and B. subtilis probiotics on the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Materials and Methods

This study used a completely randomized study with eight treatments and three replications. The manipulated factor was the probiotic concentration [0% (A), 0.5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D)] in groups of catfish infected and uninfected with A. hydrophila. Combination of B. subtilis, and L. casei that were used in a 1:1 ratio of 108 colony forming unit/mL. The study lasted for 42 days. On the 35th day, A. hydrophila was infected by intramuscular injection into fish. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used to analyze data on growth, immune system, and water quality.

Results

Providing probiotics in feed can increase the nutritional value of feed based on proximate test results. There were significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) parameters in the group of catfish infected with A. hydrophila (p > 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and percentage weight gain. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly different between treatments C and D. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α parameters were significantly different between treatments A and C, whereas the phagocytic activity of treatment A was significantly different from that of treatment D. There was a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the growth parameters of SGR, ADG, and FCR in the group of fish that were not infected with A. hydrophila, with the best treatment being a probiotic concentration of 15%, but there was no significant difference in the SR parameters. IL-1β and TNF-α levels significantly differed between E and E0 (15% probiotics) but were not significantly different in terms of phagocytosis parameters.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that using a combination of probiotics L. casei and B. subtilis can improve the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with A. hydrophila.

The effect of halotolerant bacteria isolated from saline soil on the growth and yield of maize in saline soil

<p>Salinity is a common problem of abiotic stress in the world. Salinity stress causes yield loss in cultivated crops, such as maize. The yield of maize exposed to salinity stress can be increased with the application of some beneficial microorganisms. Three isolates of halotolerant bacteria from saline fields can potentially be used as biostimulants (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). A field experiment to study the effect of halotolerant bacteria isolates application on the growth and yield of maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) in saline soil was arranged in a randomized block design with a combination of isolate types and frequency applications, and it was repeated three times. In this study, four bacterial strains used were SN13 (<em>Streptomyces </em>sp.), SN22 (<em>Bacillus megaterium</em>), SN23 (<em>Bacillus</em> sp.) and SN26 (<em>Bacillus aryabhattai</em>) isolated from the soil of saline-prone regions of Lamongan, in coastal East Java, Indonesia. Results indicated that an application of halotolerant bacteria was able to improve the yield and nutrient uptake of maize in saline soil. However, the application of halotolerant bacteria significantly improved leaf total chlorophyll content (105.94%), plant dry weight (56.14%), Grain weight per cob (108.11%) and had a positive trend in increasing N uptake (61.19%), and Na uptake (73.09%) compared to control. It is concluded that the application of halotolerant bacteria is able to alleviate the salinity stress of maize in saline soil.</p>

The Effectiveness Interpersonal Communication Increasing Success of Pokdarwis Arumsari

Organizing that involves the community is one of the factors that can determine the success of implementing tourism village activities. One of the tourism village managers whose organization involves the community is the Arumsari Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) in the Pandansari Tourism Village. To achieve the success of Pokdarwis Arumsari, it is necessary to have effective interpersonal communication between members, so, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of interpersonal communication and its influence on the success of Pokdarwis Arumsari. The research location was conducted in Pandansari Village, Batang Regency, Central Java. The research method uses the case study method on all members of Pokdarwis Arumsari totaling 37 people as the respondents. Data collection techniques are closed interviews, observation, and literacy studies. Then analyzed by using Partial Least Square (PLS). The effectiveness of interpersonal communication and the success of Pokdarwis Arumsari are included in the high category with a percentage score of 81.2% and 79.2%, respectively. The value of the path coefficient is 0.859, the direction of the relationship between the effectiveness of interpersonal communication on the success of Pokdarwis Arumsari is positive, there is an effort to increase the effectiveness of interpersonal communication within the group, the success of Pokdarwis will increase. The results of the analysis show that the effectiveness of interpersonal communication can explain 73.9% of the success of Pokdarwis Arumsari. Pokdarwis Arumsari has a good and positive effect on interpersonal communication effectiveness so that success is realized in achieving the goals of Pokdarwis Arumsari.

Siam orange (Citrus nobilis L.) nectar characteristics with variations in stabilizer and sucrose level

The Siam orange (Citrus nobilis L.) has low economic value because of its sour taste and unattractive appearance. However, processing the fruit into nectar can increase its value. Nectar production requires the addition of sugar and the appropriate stabilizer for consumer acceptance. This research aimed to study the ideal combination of sucrose and stabilizer in Siam orange nectar production. A factorial completely randomized design was employed with two factors, the concentration of sucrose (10%, 15%, and 20%) and the type of stabilizer (CMC, carrageenan, pectin). As more sucrose was added to the juice, the moisture content decreased and the volume of soluble solids increased. The type of stabilizer only affected nectar pH and viscosity. CMC produced the highest nectar pH, followed by carrageenan and pectin. However, based on the results of the analysis of all parameters using the effectiveness index, carrageenan was the best stabilizer. Orange nectar with 20% sucrose and 0.5% carrageenan contained 24.2% total soluble solids, 76.6% moisture content, 7.9% reducing sugar, 23.5% vitamin C, and 3.38% crude fibre, with a viscosity of 109 cP and pH of 3.7. The product’s sensory characteristics were an orange colour, a sweet, citrus aroma, and a slightly thick texture. Additional research on the storage stability of this nectar formulation is necessary.

Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Epiphytic Orchid in the Nirmala Tea Plantation, Bogor West Java

Tea plantations can provide microclimate conditions for many epiphytic species, including orchids, but information on their diversity is not yet available. Epiphytic orchid diversity study has been carried out at the Nirmala Tea Plantation, Bogor, West Java. The main objective of this study was to reveal the diversity of epiphytic orchids in the Nirmala Tea Plantation. The data were obtained by vegetation analysis using the purposive sampling method by making 54 plots sized 5 x 5m2 at two different altitudes, 1050 and 1500 masl. The quantitative data were analyzed by calculating the critical value and morisita indices. The correlation between epiphytic orchid and microclimate variables was processed using Spearman bivariate correlation, performed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. A total of 15 epiphytic orchids were found at an altitude of 1050 m asl and 10 species of epiphytic orchids at an altitude of 1500 m asl. Seven species, Agrostophyllum longifolium Rchb.f., Appendicula reflexa Blume, Bulbophyllum sp.2, Dendrochilum sp., Eria sp.1, Flickingeria sp, Pholidota carnea Lindl, were found at both altitudes. The diversity of epiphytic orchids is affected by altitude, light intensity, and wind speed. The distribution pattern of epiphytic orchids in Nirmala Tea Plantation is clumped. The results of this study report the diversity of orchids grown in tea plantations for the first time. This information is helpful for the cultivation and conservation of orchid diversity in the future.

Pengaruh Peran Keluarga Terhadap Keragaman Pangan Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Sukowono

  Gizi buruk dan anemia pada ibu hamil merupakan salah satu masalah gizi di Indonesia. Kondisi ini erat kaitannya dengan rendahnya nilai keanekaragaman pangan. Dukungan keluarga, pendapatan keluarga dan ukuran keluarga berperan penting dalam mempengaruhi keragaman pola makan pada ibu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendapatan keluarga, jumlah keluarga dan dukungan keluarga terhadap keragaman pangan pada ibu hamil. Selain itu juga untuk menganalisis faktor keluarga yang paling dominan mempengaruhi keragaman pola makan ibu hamil. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil trimester II dan III yang berdomisili di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sukowono Kabupaten Jember. Besar sampel 82 ibu hamil ditentukan secara stratified random sampling. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dalam dua tahap, yaitu analisis data bivariat menggunakan regresi logistik sederhana dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Analisis regresi logistik sederhana menunjukkan bahwa variabel pendapatan keluarga, ukuran keluarga dan dukungan keluarga berpotensi mempengaruhi keragaman pangan (p-value < 0,25). Hasil regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan bahwa ukuran keluarga (p-value 0,03) dan dukungan keluarga (p-value 0,009) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keragaman pangan ibu hamil. Pendapatan keluarga (p-value 0,068) tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap keragaman pangan ibu hamil. Dukungan keluarga merupakan faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi keragaman pangan pada ibu hamil karena memiliki pengaruh paling besar dengan nilai Exp.B tertinggi sebesar 2,20. Untuk itu perlu ditingkatkan upaya pemberian informasi dan edukasi kepada keluarga mengenai dukungan keluarga terhadap ibu hamil dan pentingnya keragaman pangan dengan harapan dapat mencegah dan mengatasi masalah gizi di Indonesia.   Keywords: Keluarga, dukungan, keragaman makanan

Parents' Psychological Aspect in Caring for the Child During COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: COVID-19 is unprecedented, especially for parents with children aged 2-12 years old who are prone to infection due to their activities. The psychological condition of parents will be affected as they are worried about their children being infected with COVID-19.Methods: This study aims to identify and analyse the psychological aspects of parents who are caring for children during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: The results showed that as many as 236 parents (80.9%) showed an emotional anxiety response. The social reaction to the COVID-19 situation was more likely to be a positive response (73.8%) rather than a negative response.Conclusion: The reactions that occur in parents who have pre-school and school-aged children regarding the COVID-19 were anxiety and worry. Reactions arise due to the information obtained being less verifiable, namely social media.

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli surveillance in the human, food chain, and environment sectors: Tricycle project (pilot) in Indonesia

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing antimicrobial surveillance with a "One Health" approach, known as the Global Surveillance ESBL E. coli Tricycle Project. We describe the implementation of the Tricycle Project (pilot) in Indonesia, focusing on its results, challenges and recommendations. The samples were 116 patients with bloodstream infections caused by ESBL E. coli, 100 rectal swabs collected from pregnant women, 240 cecums of broiler, and 119 environmental samples, using the standardized method according to the guidelines. ESBL-producing E. coli was found in 40 (40%) of the 100 pregnant women, while the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was 57.7% among the total E. coli-induced bloodstream infections. ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 161 (67.1%) out of 240 broilers. On the other hand, the average concentration of E. coli in the water samples was 2.0 × 108 CFU/100 mL, and the ratio of ESBL-producing E. coli was 12.8% of total E. coli. Unfortunately, 56.7% of questionnaires for patients were incomplete. The Tricycle Project (pilot) identified that the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was very high in all types of samples, and several challenges and obstacles were encountered during the implementation of the study in Indonesia. The finding of this study have implication to health/the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. We recommend continuing this project and extending this study to other provinces to determine the AMR burden as the baseline in planning AMR control strategies in Indonesia. We also recommend improving the protocol of this study to minimize obstacles in the field.

Profil Physalis minima L. dari Berbagai Etnis di 9 (Sembilan) Provinsi Indonesia Secara HPLC dan Kemometrik

Many Indonesian people use plants for medicine and health care. In 2017, the Center for Research and Development of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicines (B2P2TOOT), the National Institute of Health Research and Development (Badan Litbangkes) conducted a Research on Medicinal Plants and Herbs (Ristoja) by collecting 30 types of medicinal plants. Physalis minima L. (ciplukan) is one of the Ristoja plants that has been studied at the Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Center of Health Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, Badan Litbangkes. This study aimed to determine the chromatogram profile of plants to obtain plant quality and clusters between plants from different geographic origins using chemometric applications. There were 66 ciplukan samples collected from 15 ethnic groups in 9 provinces in Indonesia. Analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector at a wavelength (λ) of 254 nm and 366 nm. From the optimization results, the HPLC eluent used was a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol with a gradient system. The results from HPLC were chemometrically processed with data interpretation using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA results of HPLC chromatograms at λ 254 nm and 366 nm, showed 2 clusters, which indicated that Physalis minima L. Ristoja results had 2 phytochemical profiles. The peak detected at λ 366 nm was more complex than at λ 254 nm. Abstrak Masyarakat Indonesia banyak memanfaatkan tanaman untuk pengobatan maupun perawatan kesehatan. Pada tahun 2017, Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional (B2P2TOOT), Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (Badan Litbangkes) telah melakukan Riset Tanaman Obat dan Jamu (Ristoja) dengan mengumpulkan 30 jenis tanaman obat. Physalis minima L. (ciplukan) merupakan salah satu tanaman hasil Ristoja yang telah diteliti di Laboratorium Farmasi, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan, Badan Litbangkes. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui profil kromatogram tanaman untuk mendapatkan kualitas mutu tanaman dan klaster antara tanaman dari asal geografis yang berbeda menggunakan aplikasi kemometrik. Sampel ciplukan yang terkumpul berjumlah 66 buah dari 15 etnis pada 9 provinsi di Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) dengan detektor Photo Diode Array (PDA) pada panjang gelombang (λ) 254 nm dan 366 nm. Dari hasil optimasi, eluen HPLC yang digunakan adalah campuran asetonitril dan metanol dengan sistem gradien. Hasil dari HPLC diolah secara kemometrik dengan interpretasi data menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil PCA dengan HPLC pada λ 254 nm and 366 nm, masing-masing memiliki 2 klaster yang menunjukkan bahwa Physalis minima L. hasil Ristoja memiliki 2 profil fitokimia. Puncak yang terdeteksi pada λ 366 nm lebih kompleks dibanding λ 254 nm.

Test, Trace, and Treatment Strategy to Control COVID-19 Infection Among Hospital Staff in a COVID-19 Referral Hospital in Indonesia

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 infection is caused by a novel coronavirus. One of the most used strategies that can be used to control the spread of COVID-19 is the 3T (test, trace, and treatment) strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the 3T strategy to control COVID-19 infection in a COVID-19 Referral Hospital in Depok, West Java, Indonesia.

METHODS

this is a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Indonesia Hospital. The study was conducted in June 2020 with 742 participants (staff members) using secondary data from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results. We presented data in the descriptive form and performed bivariate analysis using the chi-square/Fischer test for categorical data.

RESULTS

the PCR test results were positive in 83 (11.1%) participants, with a case-per-tracing ratio of 1:24 and 1:2 in the first and third phases of tracing, respectively. The COVID-19 case graph for the participants decreased along with the implementation of the 3T strategy. The positivity rate in the first phase of tracing was 20% and decreased to 5% in the third phase of tracing. Staff with confirmed positive test results were advised to isolate themselves (hospital or self-isolation). Hospital isolation was found to be associated with the duration of PCR test conversion (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

the 3T strategy is effective for controlling the spread of COVID-19. The strategy should be implemented simultaneously with other health precautions to reduce the risk of spreading infection.

Formulation of low-fat cheese analogue from sweet corn extract using papain and lime extract as coagulant

Cheese is not only created using cow's milk and can also be made from a mixture of vegetable extracts, including corn extract. Cheese from corn extract has the advantages of low-fat and high-carotene. Notably, papain can be used as a coagulant in the production of cheese analogue, while maltodextrin functions to increase volume and total solids for greater yield. The objectives of the present study was 1) to optimize the formula composition between lime extract, papain, and maltodextrin to create a cheese analogue from sweet corn extract with high yield and protein as well as good sensory properties, 2) to study the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the cheese analogue using the optimal formula, and 3) to compare analog cheese from corn milk to cow's milk cheese. The experimental design involved response surface methodology with three factors (lime extract, papain, and maltodextrin). The results of the study produced the optimal cheese analogue formula from corn extract with the addition of lime extract (2.283%), papain (0.022%), and maltodextrin (15%). The characteristics of this cheese analogue include a yield of 20.3%; pH of 5.4; 14oBrix soluble solids; water content of 65.3%; protein content of 13.5%; total-carotene of 544.4 ppm and of fat content 4.6%. The cheese analogue has sensory characteristics of soft texture, the ability to spread evenly, the typical color of cheese (i.e. yellowish-white), and was preferred by panelists. Cheese analogue has protein content of 7.1%, fat content of 4.55%, total carotene of 544.4 mg/g, cholesterol 0.02 mg/g; while commercial cheese from cow’s milk has protein content 6.3%, fat content 24.53%, total carotene 5.32 mg/g and cholesterol 0.19 mg/g. Thus, sweet corn can potentially be used as a raw material for producing low-fat cheese analogues.

ANALISIS & PERANCANGAN SISTEM ADMINISTRASI KEUANGAN UNTUK USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH KAMPUNG KUE DI SURABAYA

UKM adalah salah satu pelaku ekonomi dalam jumlah terbesar di Indonesia, pada tahun 2013. Hal ini diketahui dari perkiraan jumlah UKM di Indonesia sebanyak 55,2 juta yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia (Kementrian KUKM,3013). Akan tetapi, faktanya UKM merasa kesulitan dalam melakukan pencatatan dan menyusun laporan keuangan. Mulai dari laporan keuangan awal dari permodalan yang berasalah dari perbankan, sebagai syarat administrative sampai dengan laporan laba rugi dan neraca. Hal ini diperberat lagi dengan adanya Undang-undang perpajakan tentang pengenaan PPh final 1% dari peredaran bruto bagi UKM. Permasalahan tersebut membutuhkan solusi nyata yang didukung oleh perkembangan teknologi saat ini secara komputerisasi (Sistem Informasi Akuntansi). Cara ini akan mengurangi tingkat kesulitan dibandingkan jika menggunakan pencatatan secara manual dan juga mengurangi adanya kesalahan data akibat human error. Sistem Informasi Akuntansi tersebut perlu diawali dengan pengembangandesain terlebih dahulu agar secara tepat dapat tepat guna sesuai dengan informasi akuntansi yang ada pada UKM.Kata Kunci: UKM, keuangan, desain sistem informasi,akuntansi

Hubungan Riwayat Pola Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dengan Perkembangan Anak PraSekolah di Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang

Pemberian  ASI  ekslusif  sebagai  makanan  terbaik  untuk  bayi  di  enam  bulan pertama  kehidupan belum dilaksanakan dengan baik. Hal ini d sebabkan berbagai factor baik internal maupun eksternal. Hal ini di tunjukkan dengan cakupan ASI eksklusif yang belum mencapai target. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan riwayat pola pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan perkembangan anak prasekolah. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan survey analitik cross sectional, dilaksanakan dari Februari 2016 sampai Januari 2017 di Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik purposive sampling, sehingga didapatkan 110 anak prasekolah berusia 4-6 tahun. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner ASI dan Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 110 sampel didapatkan 43 anak prasekolah yang mendapatkan ASI eksklusif, diperoleh perkembangan yang sesuai usia sejumlah 37 anak (86,0%) sedangkan 5 anak (11,6%) meragukan dan penyimpangan sebesar 1 anak (2,3%). Dari 67 anak prasekolah yang tidak ASI eksklusif, ada sebanyak 40 anak (59,7%) anak dengan perkembangan sesuai usianya , 23 anak (34,3%) meragukan dan 4 anak (6%) mengalami penyimpangan. Hasil uji analisis chisquare diperoleh nilai p=0.013 (p<0.05), Simpulan studi ini adalah ada hubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan perkembangan anak prasekolah.

Hubungan Riwayat Pola Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dengan Perkembangan Anak PraSekolah di Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang

Pemberian  ASI  ekslusif  sebagai  makanan  terbaik  untuk  bayi  di  enam  bulan pertama  kehidupan belum dilaksanakan dengan baik. Hal ini d sebabkan berbagai factor baik internal maupun eksternal. Hal ini di tunjukkan dengan cakupan ASI eksklusif yang belum mencapai target. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan riwayat pola pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan perkembangan anak prasekolah. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan survey analitik cross sectional, dilaksanakan dari Februari 2016 sampai Januari 2017 di Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik purposive sampling, sehingga didapatkan 110 anak prasekolah berusia 4-6 tahun. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner ASI dan Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 110 sampel didapatkan 43 anak prasekolah yang mendapatkan ASI eksklusif, diperoleh perkembangan yang sesuai usia sejumlah 37 anak (86,0%) sedangkan 5 anak (11,6%) meragukan dan penyimpangan sebesar 1 anak (2,3%). Dari 67 anak prasekolah yang tidak ASI eksklusif, ada sebanyak 40 anak (59,7%) anak dengan perkembangan sesuai usianya , 23 anak (34,3%) meragukan dan 4 anak (6%) mengalami penyimpangan. Hasil uji analisis chisquare diperoleh nilai p=0.013 (p<0.05), Simpulan studi ini adalah ada hubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan perkembangan anak prasekolah.