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Dubowitz J, Ziegler AI, Beare R, Jost-Brinkmann F, Walker AK, Gillis RD, Chang A, Chung NC, Martin OA, Hollande F, Riedel B, Sloan EK. Type of anesthesia for cancer resection surgery: No differential impact on cancer recurrence in mouse models of breast cancer. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293905. [PMID: 38011080 PMCID: PMC10681249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery is essential for curative treatment of solid tumors. Evidence from recent retrospective clinical analyses suggests that use of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia during cancer resection surgery is associated with improved overall survival compared to inhaled volatile anesthesia. Evaluating these findings in prospective clinical studies is required to inform definitive clinical guidelines but will take many years and requires biomarkers to monitor treatment effect. Therefore, we examined the effect of different anesthetic agents on cancer recurrence in mouse models of breast cancer with the overarching goal of evaluating plausible mechanisms that could be used as biomarkers of treatment response. METHODS To test the hypothesis that volatile anesthesia accelerates breast cancer recurrence after surgical resection of the primary tumor, we used three mouse models of breast cancer. We compared volatile sevoflurane anesthesia with intravenous propofol anesthesia and used serial non-invasive bioluminescent imaging to track primary tumor recurrence and metastatic recurrence. To determine short-term perioperative effects, we evaluated the effect of anesthesia on vascular integrity and immune cell changes after surgery in animal models. RESULTS Survival analyses found that the kinetics of cancer recurrence and impact on survival were similar regardless of the anesthetic agent used during cancer surgery. Vascular permeability, immune cell infiltration and cytokine profiles showed no statistical difference after resection with inhaled sevoflurane or intravenous propofol anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical studies found no evidence that choice of anesthetic agent used during cancer resection surgery affected either short-term perioperative events or long-term cancer outcomes in mouse models of breast cancer. These findings raise the possibility that mouse models do not recapitulate perioperative events in cancer patients. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that future evaluation of effects of anesthesia on cancer outcomes should focus on cancer types other than breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dubowitz
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Department of Anaesthesia, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra I. Ziegler
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Peninsula Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fabian Jost-Brinkmann
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité –Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam K. Walker
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Department of Anaesthesia, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan D. Gillis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aeson Chang
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ni-Chun Chung
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernhard Riedel
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Department of Anaesthesia, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica K. Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Department of Anaesthesia, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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MacManus M, Kirby L, Blyth B, Banks O, Martin OA, Yeung MM, Plumridge N, Shaw M, Hegi-Johnson F, Siva S, Ball D, Wong SQ. Early circulating tumor DNA dynamics at the commencement of curative-intent radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for NSCLC. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2023; 43:100682. [PMID: 37808452 PMCID: PMC10551836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The kinetics of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) release following commencement of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy may reflect early tumour cell killing. We hypothesised that an increase in ctDNA may be observed after the first fraction of radiotherapy and that this could have clinical significance. Materials and methods ctDNA analysis was performed as part of a prospective, observational clinical biomarker study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, treated with curative-intent radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Blood was collected at predefined intervals before, during (including 24 h after fraction 1 of radiotherapy) and after radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy. Mutation-specific droplet digital PCR assays used to track ctDNA levels during and after treatment. Results Sequential ctDNA results are available for 14 patients with known tumor-based mutations, including in EGFR, KRAS and TP53, with a median follow-up of 723 days (range 152 to 1110). Treatments delivered were fractionated radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy, in 2-2.75 Gy fractions (n = 12), or stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR, n = 2). An increase in ctDNA was observed after fraction 1 in 3/12 patients treated with fractionated radiotherapy with a complete set of results, including in 2 cases where ctDNA was initially undetectable. Neither SABR patient had detectable ctDNA immediately before or after radiotherapy, but one of these later relapsed systemically with a high detected ctDNA concentration. Conclusions A rapid increase in ctDNA levels was observed after one fraction of fractionated radiotherapy in three cases. Further molecular characterization will be required to understand if a "spike" in ctDNA levels could represent rapid initial tumor cell destruction and could have clinical value as a surrogate for early treatment response and/or as a means of enriching ctDNA for mutational profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael MacManus
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Kirby
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Owen Banks
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam M. Yeung
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mark Shaw
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Hegi-Johnson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Ball
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Q. Wong
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Schneider T, Fernandez-Palomo C, Bertho A, Fazzari J, Iturri L, Martin OA, Trappetti V, Djonov V, Prezado Y. Combining FLASH and spatially fractionated radiation therapy: The best of both worlds. Radiother Oncol 2022; 175:169-177. [PMID: 35952978 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) and spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) are two new therapeutical strategies that use non-standard dose delivery methods to reduce normal tissue toxicity and increase the therapeutic index. Although likely based on different mechanisms, both FLASH-RT and SFRT have shown to elicit radiobiological effects that significantly differ from those induced by conventional radiotherapy. With the therapeutic potential having been established separately for each technique, the combination of FLASH-RT and SFRT could therefore represent a winning alliance. In this review, we discuss the state of the art, advantages and current limitations, potential synergies, and where a combination of these two techniques could be implemented today or in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schneider
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - Annaïg Bertho
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jennifer Fazzari
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorea Iturri
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Olga A Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Verdiana Trappetti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Prezado
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, 91400 Orsay, France.
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4
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Trappetti V, Fazzari J, Fernandez-Palomo C, Smyth L, Potez M, Shintani N, de Breuyn Dietler B, Martin OA, Djonov V. Targeted Accumulation of Macrophages Induced by Microbeam Irradiation in a Tissue-Dependent Manner. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040735. [PMID: 35453485 PMCID: PMC9025837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a vital component of multimodal cancer treatment, and its immunomodulatory effects are a major focus of current therapeutic strategies. Macrophages are some of the first cells recruited to sites of radiation-induced injury where they can aid in tissue repair, propagate radiation-induced fibrogenesis and influence tumour dynamics. Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a unique, spatially fractionated radiation modality that has demonstrated exceptional tumour control and reduction in normal tissue toxicity, including fibrosis. We conducted a morphological analysis of MRT-irradiated normal liver, lung and skin tissues as well as lung and melanoma tumours. MRT induced distinct patterns of DNA damage, reflecting the geometry of the microbeam array. Macrophages infiltrated these regions of peak dose deposition at variable timepoints post-irradiation depending on the tissue type. In normal liver and lung tissue, macrophages clearly demarcated the beam path by 48 h and 7 days post-irradiation, respectively. This was not reflected, however, in normal skin tissue, despite clear DNA damage marking the beam path. Persistent DNA damage was observed in MRT-irradiated lung carcinoma, with an accompanying geometry-specific influx of mixed M1/M2-like macrophage populations. These data indicate the unique potential of MRT as a tool to induce a remarkable accumulation of macrophages in an organ/tissue-specific manner. Further characterization of these macrophage populations is warranted to identify their organ-specific roles in normal tissue sparing and anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Trappetti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Jennifer Fazzari
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Lloyd Smyth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Marine Potez
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nahoko Shintani
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Bettina de Breuyn Dietler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstarsse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (B.d.B.D.); (O.A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Trappetti V, Fazzari JM, Fernandez-Palomo C, Scheidegger M, Volarevic V, Martin OA, Djonov VG. Microbeam Radiotherapy-A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Overcome Radioresistance and Enhance Anti-Tumour Response in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7755. [PMID: 34299373 PMCID: PMC8303317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, due to its invasiveness and limited treatment efficacy. The main therapy for primary melanoma and solitary organ metastases is wide excision. Adjuvant therapy, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapies are mainly used for disseminated disease. Radiotherapy (RT) is a powerful treatment option used in more than 50% of cancer patients, however, conventional RT alone is unable to eradicate melanoma. Its general radioresistance is attributed to overexpression of repair genes in combination with cascades of biochemical repair mechanisms. A novel sophisticated technique based on synchrotron-generated, spatially fractionated RT, called Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT), has been shown to overcome these treatment limitations by allowing increased dose delivery. With MRT, a collimator subdivides the homogeneous radiation field into an array of co-planar, high-dose microbeams that are tens of micrometres wide and spaced a few hundred micrometres apart. Different preclinical models demonstrated that MRT has the potential to completely ablate tumours, or significantly improve tumour control while dramatically reducing normal tissue toxicity. Here, we discuss the role of conventional RT-induced immunity and the potential for MRT to enhance local and systemic anti-tumour immune responses. Comparative gene expression analysis from preclinical tumour models indicated a specific gene signature for an 'MRT-induced immune effect'. This focused review highlights the potential of MRT to overcome the inherent radioresistance of melanoma which could be further enhanced for future clinical use with combined treatment strategies, in particular, immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Trappetti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.M.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.S.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Jennifer M. Fazzari
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.M.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.S.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.M.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.S.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Maximilian Scheidegger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.M.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.S.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.M.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.S.); (O.A.M.)
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Division of Radiation Oncology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Valentin G. Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.T.); (J.M.F.); (C.F.-P.); (M.S.); (O.A.M.)
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Lobachevsky P, Forrester HB, Ivashkevich A, Mason J, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Sprung CN, Djonov VG, Martin OA. Synchrotron X-Ray Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect: An Impact of the Scattered Radiation, Distance From the Irradiated Site and p53 Cell Status. Front Oncol 2021; 11:685598. [PMID: 34094987 PMCID: PMC8175890 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.685598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation, especially microbeam radiotherapy (MRT), has a great potential to improve cancer radiotherapy, but non-targeted effects of synchrotron radiation have not yet been sufficiently explored. We have previously demonstrated that scattered synchrotron radiation induces measurable γ-H2AX foci, a biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks, at biologically relevant distances from the irradiated field that could contribute to the apparent accumulation of bystander DNA damage detected in cells and tissues outside of the irradiated area. Here, we quantified an impact of scattered radiation to DNA damage response in "naïve" cells sharing the medium with the cells that were exposed to synchrotron radiation. To understand the effect of genetic alterations in naïve cells, we utilised p53-null and p53-wild-type human colon cancer cells HCT116. The cells were grown in two-well chamber slides, with only one of nine zones (of equal area) of one well irradiated with broad beam or MRT. γ-H2AX foci per cell values induced by scattered radiation in selected zones of the unirradiated well were compared to the commensurate values from selected zones in the irradiated well, with matching distances from the irradiated zone. Scattered radiation highly impacted the DNA damage response in both wells and a pronounced distance-independent bystander DNA damage was generated by broad-beam irradiations, while MRT-generated bystander response was negligible. For p53-null cells, a trend for a reduced response to scattered irradiation was observed, but not to bystander signalling. These results will be taken into account for the assessment of genotoxic effects in surrounding non-targeted tissues in preclinical experiments designed to optimise conditions for clinical MRT and for cancer treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Advanced Analytical Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Therapeutic Goods Administration, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation (CSIRO) Future Industries, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)/Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris J Hall
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)/Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Olga A Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Martin RF, Martin OA. Doctor on Call: Chernobyl Responder, Jewish Refugee, Radiation Expert. Radiat Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00034.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger F. Martin
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Lumniczky K, Impens N, Armengol G, Candéias S, Georgakilas AG, Hornhardt S, Martin OA, Rödel F, Schaue D. Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system. Environ Int 2021; 149:106212. [PMID: 33293042 PMCID: PMC8784945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation interacts with the immune system in many ways with a multiplicity that mirrors the complexity of the immune system itself: namely the need to maintain a delicate balance between different compartments, cells and soluble factors that work collectively to protect, maintain, and restore tissue function in the face of severe challenges including radiation damage. The cytotoxic effects of high dose radiation are less relevant after low dose exposure, where subtle quantitative and functional effects predominate that may go unnoticed until late after exposure or after a second challenge reveals or exacerbates the effects. For example, low doses may permanently alter immune fitness and therefore accelerate immune senescence and pave the way for a wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological events, including early-onset of age-related degenerative disorders and cancer. By contrast, the so called low dose radiation therapy displays beneficial, anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties in chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases. In this review, epidemiological, clinical and experimental data regarding the effects of low-dose radiation on the homeostasis and functional integrity of immune cells will be discussed, as will be the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the systemic manifestation of localized exposures such as inflammatory reactions. The central conclusion is that ionizing radiation fundamentally and durably reshapes the immune system. Further, the importance of discovery of immunological pathways for modifying radiation resilience amongst other research directions in this field is implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- National Public Health Centre, Department of Radiation Medicine, Budapest, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097, Hungary.
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosciences Expert Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Serge Candéias
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Ingolstaedter Landstr.1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA.
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Forrester HB, Lobachevsky PN, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Martin OA, Sprung CN. Abscopal Gene Expression in Response to Synchrotron Radiation Indicates a Role for Immunological and DNA Damage Response Genes. Radiat Res 2021; 194:678-687. [PMID: 32991732 DOI: 10.1667/rade-19-00014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abscopal effects are an important aspect of targeted radiation therapy due to their implication in normal tissue toxicity from chronic inflammatory responses and mutagenesis. Gene expression can be used to determine abscopal effects at the molecular level. Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy utilizing high-intensity X rays collimated into planar microbeams is a promising cancer treatment due to its reported ability to ablate tumors with less damage to normal tissues compared to conventional broadbeam radiation therapy techniques. The low scatter of synchrotron radiation enables microbeams to be delivered to tissue effectively, and is also advantageous for out-of-field studies because there is minimal interference from scatter. Mouse legs were irradiated at a dose rate of 49 Gy/s and skin samples in the out-of-field areas were collected. The out-of-field skin showed an increase in Tnf expression and a decrease in Mdm2 expression, genes associated with inflammation and DNA damage. These expression effects from microbeam exposure were similar to those found with broadbeam exposure. In immune-deficient Ccl2 knockout mice, we identified a different gene expression profile which showed an early increase in Mdm2, Tgfb1, Tnf and Ccl22 expression in out-of-field skin that was not observed in the immune-proficient mice. Our results suggest that the innate immune system is involved in out-of-field tissue responses and alterations in the immune response may not eliminate abscopal effects, but could change them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Advanced Analytical Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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10
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Tremi I, Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Siva S, Ventura J, Hatzi VI, Martin OA, Georgakilas AG. Inflammation and oxidatively induced DNA damage: A synergy leading to cancer development. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Yin X, Mason J, Lobachevsky PN, Munforte L, Selbie L, Ball DL, Martin RF, Leong T, Siva S, Martin OA. Radiation Therapy Modulates DNA Repair Efficiency in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 103:521-531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Lobachevsky PN, Ventura J, Giannakandropoulou L, Forrester H, Palazzolo JS, Haynes NM, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Mason J, Pollakis G, Pateras IS, Gorgoulis V, Terzoudi GI, Hamilton JA, Sprung CN, Georgakilas AG, Martin OA. A Functional Immune System Is Required for the Systemic Genotoxic Effects of Localized Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:1184-1193. [PMID: 30529375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nontargeted effects of ionizing radiation, by which unirradiated cells and tissues are also damaged, are a relatively new paradigm in radiobiology. We recently reported radiation-induced abscopal effects (RIAEs) in normal tissues; namely, DNA damage, apoptosis, and activation of the local and systemic immune responses in C57BL6/J mice after irradiation of a small region of the body. High-dose-rate, synchrotron-generated broad beam or multiplanar x-ray microbeam radiation therapy was used with various field sizes and doses. This study explores components of the immune system involved in the generation of these abscopal effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS The following mice with various immune deficiencies were irradiated with the microbeam radiation therapy beam: (1) SCID/IL2γR-/- (NOD SCID gamma, NSG) mice, (2) wild-type C57BL6/J mice treated with an antibody-blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, which depletes and alters the function of macrophages, and (3) chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein 1 null mice. Complex DNA damage (ie, DNA double-strand breaks), oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptotic cells in tissues distant from the irradiation site were measured as RIAE endpoints and compared with those in wild-type C57BL6/J mice. RESULTS Wild-type mice accumulated double-strand breaks, oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptosis, enforcing our RIAE model. However, these effects were completely or partially abrogated in mice with immune disruption, highlighting the pivotal role of the immune system in propagation of systemic genotoxic effects after localized irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of not only delineating the best strategies for tumor control but also mitigating systemic radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Ventura
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Royal Women's Hospital
| | - Lina Giannakandropoulou
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Palazzolo
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerasimos Pollakis
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Cancer Sciences and Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga A Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Icazatti AA, Martin OA, Villegas M, Szleifer I, Vila JA. 13Check_RNA: a tool to evaluate 13C chemical shift assignments of RNA. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:4124-4126. [PMID: 29931233 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Chemical shifts (CS) are an important source of structural information of macromolecules such as RNA. In addition to the scarce availability of CS for RNA, the observed values are prone to errors due to a wrong re-calibration or miss assignments. Different groups have dedicated their efforts to correct CS systematic errors on RNA. Despite this, there are not automated and freely available algorithms for evaluating the referencing of RNA 13 C CS before their deposition to the BMRB or re-reference already deposited CS with systematic errors. Results Based on an existent method we have implemented an open source python module to correct 13 C CS (from here on 13Cexp) systematic errors of RNAs and then return the results in 3 formats including the nmrstar one. Availability and implementation This software is available on GitHub at https://github.com/BIOS-IMASL/13Check_RNA under a MIT license. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Icazatti
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - O A Martin
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - M Villegas
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - I Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J A Vila
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
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Abstract
The idea for this Special Issue originated from our recent review in Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology entitled "Does the mobilization of circulating tumour cells during cancer therapy cause metastasis?" Martin et al. (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 14:32-44, 2017). While preparing this review, it became evident that an overwhelming number of preclinical and clinical papers were implicating the involvement of all the major and indispensable cancer treatment modalities in causing increased numbers of tumour cells in circulation (CTCs), and potentially increased risk of distant metastasis. This led to our decision to expand the topic by addressing some of the issues associated with therapy-induced tumour progression. Here, we present papers from ten research groups who give a comprehensive coverage of the biological processes and clinical procedures that can lead to enhanced metastasis and/or tumour recurrence. Our authors provide evidence that all the common therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, fine needle biopsies, surgical procedures and anaesthesia have the potential to contribute to tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. .,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Herschtal A, Martin RF, Leong T, Lobachevsky P, Martin OA. A Bayesian Approach for Prediction of Patient Radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 102:627-634. [PMID: 30244880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A priori identification of the small proportion of radiation therapy patients who prove to be severely radiosensitive is a long-held goal in radiation oncology. A number of published studies indicate that analysis of the DNA damage response after ex vivo irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes, using the γ-H2AX assay to detect DNA damage, provides a basis for a functional assay for identification of the small proportion of severely radiosensitive cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS We introduce a new, more rigorous, integrated approach to analysis of radiation-induced γ-H2AX response, using Bayesian statistics. RESULTS This approach shows excellent discrimination between radiosensitive and non-radiosensitive patient groups described in a previously reported data set. CONCLUSIONS Bayesian statistical analysis provides a more appropriate and reliable methodology for future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Herschtal
- Centre for Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor Leong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Ventura J, Lobachevsky P, Palazzolo J, Forrester H, Haynes N, Ivashkevich A, Stevenson A, Hall C, Gorgoulis V, Hamilton J, Georgakilas A, Sprung C, Martin OA. Abstract 4573: Localized synchrotron radiation in mice induces persistent systemic genotoxic events mediated by the functional immune system. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of the radiation-induced bystander effect has expanded knowledge of radiobiological mechanisms of ionizing radiation. A counterpart in vivo phenomenon is the radiation-induced abscopal effect (RIAE). It is not known how radiation settings affect non-targeted normal tissues and therefore the risk of adverse RIAE. At the Australian Synchrotron we examined systemic effects of microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) and broad beam (BB) configurations, in mice that were locally exposed to a very short pulse of a high dose-rate synchrotron beam (49 Gy/sec). We determined how radiation volume and dose impact the RIAE. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with 10 or 40 Gy incident dose of MRT or BB in an 8x8, 8x1, or 2x2-mm area of the right hind leg. Blood samples, irradiated skin and a variety of normal unirradiated tissues were collected for DNA damage analysis of double-strand breaks (DSBs) quantified as gamma-H2AX foci and oxidatitive clustered DNA lesions (OCDL). OCDLs elevated in a wide variety of unirradiated normal tissues. In out-of-field duodenum, a trend for elevated apoptotic cells was observed, however DSBs elevated only after exposure to lower doses. These genotoxic events were accompanied by changes in concentrations of MDC, CCL2/MCP1, Eotaxin, IL-10, TIMP-1, VEGF, TGFβ-1 and TGFβ-2 plasma cytokines and by changes in frequencies of macrophages, neutrophils and T-lymphocytes in duodenum. Overall, systemic radiation responses were dose-independent (1). The MRT irradiations was repeated in immune-deficient mice: NSG, CCL2 knock-outs, and in C57BL/6 mice treated with anti-CSF1R antibody which effectively depletes macrophages. Strikingly, these effects and the abscopal innate and adaptive immune effector responses were completely or partially abrogated in the mice with various immune deficiencies, highlighting the role of the functional immune system in propagation of systemic genotoxic effects of radiation. These findings have implications for the planning of therapeutic and diagnostic radiation to reduce the risk of radiation-related adverse systemic effects. 1. Ventura et al, Cancer Research, e-pub (2017).
Citation Format: Jessica Ventura, Pavel Lobachevsky, Jason Palazzolo, Helen Forrester, Nicole Haynes, Alesia Ivashkevich, Andrew Stevenson, Christopher Hall, Vassilis Gorgoulis, John Hamilton, Alexandros Georgakilas, Calr Sprung, Olga A. Martin. Localized synchrotron radiation in mice induces persistent systemic genotoxic events mediated by the functional immune system [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4573.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Calr Sprung
- 3Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
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18
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Mason J, Blyth B, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer and circulating tumor cells. Lung Cancer Manag 2017; 6:129-139. [PMID: 30643579 PMCID: PMC6310303 DOI: 10.2217/lmt-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the main curative therapy for patients with localized non-small-cell lung cancer while radiotherapy (RT), alone or with concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy, remains the primary curative modality for locoregionally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The risk of distant metastasis is high after curative-intent treatment, largely attributable to the presence of undetected micrometastases, but which could also be related to treatment-related increases in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTC mobilization by RT or systemic therapies might either reflect efficient tumor destruction with improved prognosis, or might promote metastasis and thus represent a potential therapeutic target. RT may induce prometastatic biological alterations in CTC at the cellular level, which are detectable by 'liquid biopsies', though their rarity represents a major challenge. Improved methods of isolation and ex vivo propagation will be essential for the future of CTC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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20
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Ventura J, Lobachevsky PN, Palazzolo JS, Forrester H, Haynes NM, Ivashkevich A, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Ntargaras A, Kotsaris V, Pollakis GC, Potsi G, Skordylis K, Terzoudi G, Pateras IS, Gorgoulis VG, Georgakilas AG, Sprung CN, Martin OA. Localized Synchrotron Irradiation of Mouse Skin Induces Persistent Systemic Genotoxic and Immune Responses. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6389-6399. [PMID: 29113972 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of nontargeted (systemic) effects of ionizing radiation is attracting increasing attention. Exploiting synchrotron radiation generated by the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, we studied radiation-induced nontargeted effects in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were locally irradiated with a synchrotron X-ray broad beam and a multiplanar microbeam radiotherapy beam. To assess the influence of the beam configurations and variations in peak dose and irradiated area in the response of normal tissues outside the irradiated field at 1 and 4 days after irradiation, we monitored oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions (OCDL), DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), apoptosis, and the local and systemic immune responses. All radiation settings induced pronounced persistent systemic effects in mice, which resulted from even short exposures of a small irradiated area. OCDLs were elevated in a wide variety of unirradiated normal tissues. In out-of-field duodenum, there was a trend for elevated apoptotic cell death under most irradiation conditions; however, DSBs were elevated only after exposure to lower doses. These genotoxic events were accompanied by changes in plasma concentrations of macrophage-derived cytokine, eotaxin, IL10, TIMP1, VEGF, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2, along with changes in tissues in frequencies of macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. Overall, our findings have implications for the planning of therapeutic and diagnostic radiation treatments to reduce the risk of radiation-related adverse systemic effects. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6389-99. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ventura
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Palazzolo
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Radiation Oncology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Ntargaras
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Kotsaris
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Ch Pollakis
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gianna Potsi
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Skordylis
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology and Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Habash M, Bohorquez LC, Kyriakou E, Kron T, Martin OA, Blyth BJ. Clinical and Functional Assays of Radiosensitivity and Radiation-Induced Second Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110147. [PMID: 29077012 PMCID: PMC5704165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the near instantaneous physical interaction of radiation energy with living cells leaves little opportunity for inter-individual variation in the initial yield of DNA damage, all the downstream processes in how damage is recognized, repaired or resolved and therefore the ultimate fate of cells can vary across the population. In the clinic, this variability is observed most readily as rare extreme sensitivity to radiotherapy with acute and late tissue toxic reactions. Though some radiosensitivity can be anticipated in individuals with known genetic predispositions manifest through recognizable phenotypes and clinical presentations, others exhibit unexpected radiosensitivity which nevertheless has an underlying genetic cause. Currently, functional assays for cellular radiosensitivity represent a strategy to identify patients with potential radiosensitivity before radiotherapy begins, without needing to discover or evaluate the impact of the precise genetic determinants. Yet, some of the genes responsible for extreme radiosensitivity would also be expected to confer susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer, which can be considered another late adverse event associated with radiotherapy. Here, the utility of functional assays of radiosensitivity for identifying individuals susceptible to radiotherapy-induced second cancer is discussed, considering both the common mechanisms and important differences between stochastic radiation carcinogenesis and the range of deterministic acute and late toxic effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habash
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Luis C Bohorquez
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kyriakou
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Tomas Kron
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Abstract
Upon DNA damage or other stressors, the tumor suppressor p53 is activated, leading to transient expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21. This either triggers momentary G1 cell cycle arrest or leads to a chronic state of senescence or apoptosis, a form of genome guardianship. In the clinic, the presence of p21 has been considered an indicator of wildtype p53 activity. However, recent evidence suggests that p21 also acts as an oncogenic factor in a p53-deficient environment. Here, we discuss the controversial aspects of the two-faced involvement of p21 in cancer and speculate on how this new information may increase our understanding of its role in cancer pathogenesis. Prevailing notions indicate that p21 might also act as antiapoptotic agent, which may have relevant implications for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Iroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - William M Bonner
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Nikitaki Z, Nikolov V, Mavragani IV, Mladenov E, Mangelis A, Laskaratou DA, Fragkoulis GI, Hellweg CE, Martin OA, Emfietzoglou D, Hatzi VI, Terzoudi GI, Iliakis G, Georgakilas AG. Measurement of complex DNA damage induction and repair in human cellular systems after exposure to ionizing radiations of varying linear energy transfer (LET). Free Radic Res 2016; 50:S64-S78. [PMID: 27593437 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1232484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR) are correlated to the varying efficiency of IR to induce complex DNA damage. A double strand break (DSB) can be considered the simpler form of complex DNA damage. These types of damage can consist of DSBs, single strand breaks (SSBs) and/or non-DSB lesions such as base damages and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; abasic) sites in different combinations. Enthralling theoretical (Monte Carlo simulations) and experimental evidence suggests an increase in the complexity of DNA damage and therefore repair resistance with linear energy transfer (LET). In this study, we have measured the induction and processing of DSB and non-DSB oxidative clusters using adaptations of immunofluorescence. Specifically, we applied foci colocalization approaches as the most current methodologies for the in situ detection of clustered DNA lesions in a variety of human normal (FEP18-11-T1) and cancerous cell lines of varying repair efficiency (MCF7, HepG2, A549, MO59K/J) and radiation qualities of increasing LET, that is γ-, X-rays 0.3-1 keV/μm, α-particles 116 keV/μm and 36Ar ions 270 keV/μm. Using γ-H2AX or 53BP1 foci staining as DSB probes, we calculated a DSB apparent rate of 5-16 DSBs/cell/Gy decreasing with LET. A similar trend was measured for non-DSB oxidized base lesions detected using antibodies against the human repair enzymes 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) or AP endonuclease (APE1), that is damage foci as probes for oxidized purines or abasic sites, respectively. In addition, using colocalization parameters previously introduced by our groups, we detected an increasing clustering of damage for DSBs and non-DSBs. We also make correlations of damage complexity with the repair efficiency of each cell line and we discuss the biological importance of these new findings with regard to the severity of IR due to the complex nature of its DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- a Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Vladimir Nikolov
- b Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - Ifigeneia V Mavragani
- a Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Emil Mladenov
- b Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - Anastasios Mangelis
- a Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Danae A Laskaratou
- a Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios I Fragkoulis
- a Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Christine E Hellweg
- c Radiation Biology Department , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine , Linder Höhe , Köln , Germany
| | - Olga A Martin
- d Research Division , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,e Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,f Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Dimitris Emfietzoglou
- g Medical Physics Laboratory , Medical School, University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
| | - Vasiliki I Hatzi
- h Laboratory of Health Physics , Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" , Athens , Greece
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- h Laboratory of Health Physics , Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" , Athens , Greece
| | - George Iliakis
- b Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- a Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences , National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) , Zografou , Athens , Greece
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24
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Martin OA, Anderson RL, Narayan K, MacManus MP. Does the mobilization of circulating tumour cells during cancer therapy cause metastasis? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:32-44. [PMID: 27550857 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite progressive improvements in the management of patients with locoregionally confined, advanced-stage solid tumours, distant metastasis remains a very common - and usually fatal - mode of failure after attempted curative treatment. Surgery and radiotherapy are the primary curative modalities for these patients, often combined with each other and/or with chemotherapy. Distant metastasis occurring after treatment can arise from previously undetected micrometastases or, alternatively, from persistent locoregional disease. Another possibility is that treatment itself might sometimes cause or promote metastasis. Surgical interventions in patients with cancer, including biopsies, are commonly associated with increased concentrations of circulating tumour cells (CTCs). High CTC numbers are associated with an unfavourable prognosis in many cancers. Radiotherapy and systemic antitumour therapies might also mobilize CTCs. We review the preclinical and clinical data concerning cancer treatments, CTC mobilization and other factors that might promote metastasis. Contemporary treatment regimens represent the best available curative options for patients who might otherwise die from locally confined, advanced-stage cancers; however, if such treatments can promote metastasis, this process must be understood and addressed therapeutically to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kailash Narayan
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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25
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Parekh PR, Choudhuri R, Weyemi U, Martin OA, Bonner WM, Redon CE. Evaluation of surrogate tissues as indicators of drug activity in a melanoma skin model. Cancer Med 2016; 5:1731-41. [PMID: 27339860 PMCID: PMC4971901 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel cancer treatments is a challenging task, partly because results from model systems often fail to predict drug efficacy in humans, and also tumors are often inaccessible for biochemical analysis, preventing effective monitoring of drug activity in vivo. Utilizing a model system, we evaluated the use of drug-induced DNA damage in surrogate tissues as indicators of drug efficacy. Samples of a commercially available melanoma skin model (Mattek MLNM-FT-A375) containing keratinocyte and fibroblast layers with melanoma nodules were subjected to various chemotherapeutic regimens for one, four, or eight days. At these times they were analyzed for DNA double-stranded breaks (γH2AX foci) and apoptosis (TUNEL). A wide range of drug responses in both tumor and normal tissues were observed and cataloged. For the melanoma, the most common drug response was apoptosis. The basal keratinocyte layer, which was the most reliable indicator of drug response in the melanoma skin model, responded with γH2AX foci formation that was abrupt and transient. The relationships between tumor and surrogate tissue drug responses are complex, indicating that while surrogate tissue drug responses may be useful clinical tools, careful control of variables such as the timing of sampling may be important in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak R Parekh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Greenbaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.,Genomic Integrity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rohini Choudhuri
- Genomic Integrity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Urbain Weyemi
- Genomic Integrity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Olga A Martin
- Genomic Integrity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging and Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William M Bonner
- Genomic Integrity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Genomic Integrity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Siva S, Lobachevsky P, MacManus MP, Kron T, Möller A, Lobb RJ, Ventura J, Best N, Smith J, Ball D, Martin OA. Radiotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Induces DNA Damage Response in Both Irradiated and Out-of-field Normal Tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4817-4826. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Martin OA, Yin X, Forrester HB, Sprung CN, Martin RF. Potential strategies to ameliorate risk of radiotherapy-induced second malignant neoplasms. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 37-38:65-76. [PMID: 26721424 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at the issue of radiation-induced second malignant neoplasms (SMN), which has become an important problem with the increasing success of modern cancer radiotherapy (RT). It is imperative to avoid compromising the therapeutic ratio while addressing the challenge of SMN. The dilemma is illustrated by the role of reactive oxygen species in both the mechanisms of tumor cell kill and of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. We explore the literature focusing on three potential routes of amelioration to address this challenge. An obvious approach to avoiding compromise of the tumor response is the use of radioprotectors or mitigators that are selective for normal tissues. We also explore the opportunities to avoid protection of the tumor by topical/regional radioprotection of normal tissues, although this strategy limits the scope of protection. Finally, we explore the role of the bystander/abscopal phenomenon in radiation carcinogenesis, in association with the inflammatory response. Targeted and non-targeted effects of radiation are both linked to SMN through induction of DNA damage, genome instability and mutagenesis, but differences in the mechanisms and kinetics between targeted and non-targeted effects may provide opportunities to lessen SMN. The agents that could be employed to pursue each of these strategies are briefly reviewed. In many cases, the same agent has potential utility for more than one strategy. Although the parallel problem of chemotherapy-induced SMN shares common features, this review focuses on RT associated SMN. Also, we avoid the burgeoning literature on the endeavor to suppress cancer incidence by use of antioxidants and vitamins either as dietary strategies or supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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28
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Lobachevsky P, Ivashkevich A, Forrester HB, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Sprung CN, Martin OA. Assessment and Implications of Scattered Microbeam and Broadbeam Synchrotron Radiation for Bystander Effect Studies. Radiat Res 2015; 184:650-9. [PMID: 26632855 DOI: 10.1667/rr13720.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation is an excellent tool for investigating bystander effects in cell and animal models because of the well-defined and controllable configuration of the beam. Although synchrotron radiation has many advantages for such studies compared to conventional radiation, the contribution of dose exposure from scattered radiation nevertheless remains a source of concern. Therefore, the influence of scattered radiation on the detection of bystander effects induced by synchrotron radiation in biological in vitro models was evaluated. Radiochromic XRQA2 film-based dosimetry was employed to measure the absorbed dose of scattered radiation in cultured cells at various distances from a field exposed to microbeam radiotherapy and broadbeam X-ray radiation. The level of scattered radiation was dependent on the distance, dose in the target zone and beam mode. The number of γ-H2AX foci in cells positioned at the same target distances was measured and used as a biodosimeter to evaluate the absorbed dose. A correlation of absorbed dose values measured by the physical and biological methods was identified. The γ-H2AX assay successfully quantitated the scattered radiation in the range starting from 10 mGy and its contribution to the observed radiation-induced bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,e College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,d Hudson Institute, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,f Monash University, Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- g CSIRO Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,h Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Chris J Hall
- g CSIRO Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- c MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research and.,d Hudson Institute, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, VIC, Australia;,f Monash University, Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- a Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,b Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;,i Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Lobachevsky P, Woodbine L, Hsiao KC, Choo S, Fraser C, Gray P, Smith J, Best N, Munforte L, Korneeva E, Martin RF, Jeggo PA, Martin OA. Evaluation of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and Combined Immunodeficiency Pediatric Patients on the Basis of Cellular Radiosensitivity. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:560-75. [PMID: 26151233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric patients with severe or nonsevere combined immunodeficiency have increased susceptibility to severe, life-threatening infections and, without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, may fail to thrive. A subset of these patients have the radiosensitive (RS) phenotype, which may necessitate conditioning before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and this conditioning includes radiomimetic drugs, which may significantly affect treatment response. To provide statistical criteria for classifying cellular response to ionizing radiation as the measure of functional RS screening, we analyzed the repair capacity and survival of ex vivo irradiated primary skin fibroblasts from five dysmorphic and/or developmentally delayed pediatric patients with severe combined immunodeficiency and combined immunodeficiency. We developed a mathematical framework for the analysis of γ histone 2A isoform X foci kinetics to quantitate DNA-repair capacity, thus establishing crucial criteria for identifying RS. The results, presented in a diagram showing each patient as a point in a 2D RS map, were in agreement with findings from the assessment of cellular RS by clonogenic survival and from the genetic analysis of factors involved in the nonhomologous end-joining repair pathway. We provide recommendations for incorporating into clinical practice the functional assays and genetic analysis used for establishing RS status before conditioning. This knowledge would enable the selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen, reducing the risk for severe therapy-related adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Woodbine
- Sussex Centre for Genome Damage and Stability, University of Sussex-Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kuang-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Fraser
- Oncology Unit, Children's Health Services, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Gray
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nickala Best
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Munforte
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Korneeva
- Sussex Centre for Genome Damage and Stability, University of Sussex-Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Sussex Centre for Genome Damage and Stability, University of Sussex-Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Olga A Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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30
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Denoyer D, Lobachevsky P, Jackson P, Thompson M, Martin OA, Hicks RJ. Analysis of 177Lu-DOTA-Octreotate Therapy–Induced DNA Damage in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:505-11. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.145581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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31
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Kovalchuk IP, Golubov A, Koturbash IV, Kutanzi K, Martin OA, Kovalchuk O. Age-dependent changes in DNA repair in radiation-exposed mice. Radiat Res 2015; 182:683-94. [PMID: 25409128 DOI: 10.1667/rr13697.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a well-known human carcinogen. Young and adult individuals are known to respond to radiation in a different manner. In this study, we analyzed changes in the spleen of juvenile (two-week-old), adult (two-month-old) and old (18-month-old) C57BL/6 male mice subjected to a whole-body exposure to 1 Gy of X rays. We measured the number of γ-H2AX foci and ATM protein levels as a reflection of the level of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and found that old animals had a high frequency of occurrence of noninduced DSBs. Exposure to X rays resulted in a rapid increase in the number of DSBs in juvenile and adult animals at 6 h postirradiation followed by a return to preirradiated DSB values at 96 h postirradiation. No changes were observed in old animals. The analysis of the levels of proteins involved in DNA damage base excision and mismatch repair pathways, including KU70, RAD51, POL β, POL δ, POL ε, APE1 and MSH2 showed substantial age-dependent radiation-induced differences. Finally, we demonstrated that old animals had a higher background level of cell apoptosis compared to younger animals, but in contrast to younger animals, old animals were not able to commit spleen cells to apoptosis after being irradiated. Thus, spleen cells of old mice have a high level of spontaneous DNA damage, but they are not able to deal with additional radiation-induced damage as efficiently as younger animals, substantiating age-depending differences in radiation-induced DNA damage and repair response and its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Kovalchuk
- a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Sprung CN, Forrester HB, Siva S, Martin OA. Immunological markers that predict radiation toxicity. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:191-7. [PMID: 25681035 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a major modality of cancer treatment responsible for a large proportion of cancer that is cured. Radiation exposure induces an inflammatory response which can be influenced by genetic, epigenetic, tumour, health and other factors which can lead to very different treatment outcomes between individuals. Molecules involved in the immunological response provide excellent potential biomarkers for the prediction of radiation-induced toxicity. The known molecular and cellular immunological responses in relation to radiation and the potential to improve cancer treatment are presented in this review. In particular, immunological biomarkers of radiation-induced fibrosis and pneumonitis in cancer radiotherapy patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunology and Infectious Disease, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunology and Infectious Disease, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Vic., Australia
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33
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Haikerwal SJ, Hagekyriakou J, MacManus M, Martin OA, Haynes NM. Building immunity to cancer with radiation therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:198-208. [PMID: 25592036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in the focus of cancer research toward understanding how the body's immune defenses can be harnessed to promote the effectiveness of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. The ability of ionizing radiation to elicit anti-cancer immune responses capable of controlling tumor growth has led to the emergence of promising combination-based radio-immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Herein we review the immunoadjuvant properties of localized radiation therapy and discuss how technological advances in radio-oncology and developments in the field of tumor-immunotherapy have started to revolutionize the therapeutic application of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh J Haikerwal
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Jim Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Michael MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
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Martin OA, Redon CE, Dickey JS, Nakamura AJ, Bonner WM. Para-inflammation mediates systemic DNA damage in response to tumor growth. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Siva S, Callahan J, Kron T, Martin OA, MacManus MP, Ball DL, Hicks RJ, Hofman MS. A prospective observational study of Gallium-68 ventilation and perfusion PET/CT during and after radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:740. [PMID: 25277150 PMCID: PMC4192760 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancers, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Radiation therapy (RT), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, is the standard of care for curative intent treatment of patients with locally advanced or inoperable NSCLC. The ability to intensify treatment to achieve a better chance for cure is limited by the risk of injury to the surrounding lung. Methods/Design This is a prospective observational study of 60 patients with NSCLC receiving curative intent RT. Independent human ethics board approval was received from the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ethics committee. In this research, Galligas and Gallium-68 macroaggregated albumin (MAA) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging will be used to measure ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) in the lungs. This is combined with computed tomography (CT) and both performed with a four dimensional (4D) technique that tracks respiratory motion. This state-of-the-art scan has superior resolution, accuracy and quantitative ability than previous techniques. The primary objective of this research is to observe changes in ventilation and perfusion secondary to RT as measured by 4D V/Q PET/CT. Additionally, we plan to model personalised RT plans based on an individual’s lung capacity. Increasing radiation delivery through areas of poorly functioning lung may enable delivery of larger, more effective doses to tumours without increasing toxicity. By performing a second 4D V/Q PET/CT scan during treatment, we plan to simulate biologically adapted RT depending on the individual’s accumulated radiation injury. Tertiary aims of the study are assess the prognostic significance of a novel combination of clinical, imaging and serum biomarkers in predicting for the risk of lung toxicity. These biomarkers include spirometry, 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT, gamma-H2AX signals in hair and lymphocytes, as well as assessment of blood cytokines. Discussion By correlating these biomarkers to toxicity outcomes, we aim to identify those patients early who will not tolerate RT intensification during treatment. This research is an essential step leading towards the design of future biologically adapted radiotherapy strategies to mitigate the risk of lung injury during dose escalation for patients with locally advanced lung cancer. Trials registration Universal Trial Number (UTN) U1111-1138-4421.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne 3002, Australia.
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MacManus M, Anderson R, Russell P, Cox A, Swierczak A, Doherty JP, Jacobs D, Smith J, Siva S, Daly PE, Ball DL, Martin RF, Martin OA. Abstract 4826: Mobilization of tumor cells into the circulation during radiation therapy for lung cancer. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thousands of patients die annually with distant metastasis after curative-intent or “radical” radiation therapy (RT). Because non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, exhibits an especially high rate of distant metastasis after radical RT or chemo-RT for locoregionally-advanced disease, it represents a suitable model to investigate the relationship between RT and metastasis. We hypothesized that disruption of tumour architecture during RT could result in the release of viable tumor cells into the peripheral circulation.
We enumerated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by fluorescence microscopy of blood samples immunostained with conventional CTC markers. We measured their DNA damage levels using γ-H2AX, a biomarker for radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, either by fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS) or by immunofluorescence microscopy. Twenty seven RT-treated NSCLC patients had blood samples analyzed by one or more methods. We identified increased CTC numbers after commencement of RT in 7 of 9 patients treated with palliative RT, and in 4 of 8 patients treated with curative-intent RT. CTCs were also identified, singly and in clumps in large numbers during RT by cytopathologic examination (in all 5 cases studied). Elevated γ-H2AX signal in post-RT blood samples signified the presence of CTCs derived from irradiated tumors. Blood taken after the commencement of RT contained tumor cells that proliferated extensively in vitro (in all 6 cases studied), and first experiments revealed that these cells survive in bloodstream of NOD/SCID mice for several months. CTCs formed γ-H2AX foci in response to ex vivo irradiation providing further evidence of their viability.
Although of concern, these findings could represent an opportunity to monitor and target CTCs during RT. They provide a rationale for the development of strategies to reduce the concentration of viable CTCs by modulating RT fractionation or by co-administering systemic therapies.
Citation Format: Michael MacManus, Robin Anderson, Prudence Russell, Ashley Cox, Agnieszka Swierczak, Judy P. Doherty, Daphne Jacobs, Jai Smith, Shankar Siva, Patricia E. Daly, David L. Ball, Roger F. Martin, Olga A. Martin. Mobilization of tumor cells into the circulation during radiation therapy for lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4826. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4826
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Anderson
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ashley Cox
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Daphne Jacobs
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David L. Ball
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Olga A. Martin
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
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Forrester HB, Ivashkevich A, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Lobachevsky P, Sprung CN, Martin OA. Abstract 3938: Localized synchrotron radiation affects serum cytokine levels and modulates gene expression in irradiated mouse skin and in skin distant from the irradiated site. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation has great potential to improve cancer radiotherapy, a major cancer treatment received by about 50% cancer patients annually. A new synchrotron-based modality, microbeam radiotherapy (MRT), has shown promise for cancer treatment. MRT utilizes high intensity X-rays collimated to planar microbeams 25 μm-wide and with 200 μm period. MRT effectively ablates tumours but causes less damage to normal tissues compared to conventional broadbeam (BB) radiotherapy techniques. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this remarkable result.
We initiated a study of systemic (“abscopal”, “distant bystander”) effects1,2 of MRT and BB irradiation in C57BL/6J mice. Skin areas (2x2 and 8x8 mm) were irradiated with 10 or 40 Gy, and blood and skin samples were collected at 24 and 96 hours post-irradiation. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be induced by radiation or to mediate the bystander effect, were measured. In parallel, gene expression was measured in irradiated and non-irradiated skin using real time PCR.
Statistically significant changes were identified for known radiation responsive genes in both targeted and non-targeted dermal tissue after both BB and MRT treatments. Down-regulation of some genes in distant skin that were up-regulated at the site of irradiation were identified in an apparent contrasting response between these two sets of tissues. Also, the expression for some genes showed differences between MRT and BB-treated mice. MRT-specific bystander responses were also observed in distant tissue, including gene expression of TP53 for which the protein product has a fundamental role in cell fate. Levels of various cytokines in the serum were also altered in response to both BB and MRT. In some cases, the cytokine response was different for MRT compared to BB-treated samples which could potentially explain the benefits of MRT. These results advance the understanding of the biological responses to synchrotron-generated radiation and provide a potential mechanism for MRT.
References
1. Sprung, CN, Ivashkevich, A, Forrester, HB, Redon, CE, Georgakilas, AG, Martin, OA. Oxidative DNA damage caused by inflammation may link to stress-induced non-targeted effects (Cancer Letters 2013, e-pub).
2. Siva, S, MacManus, MP, Martin, RF, Martin, OA. Abscopal effects of radiation therapy: a clinical review for the radiobiologist (Cancer Letters 2013, e-pub).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the NHMRC grant 10275598 and by the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program. We thank the Australian Synchrotron for use of the IMBL and facilities.
Citation Format: Helen B. Forrester, Alesia Ivashkevich, Andrew W. Stevenson, Christopher J. Hall, Pavel Lobachevsky, Carl N. Sprung, Olga A. Martin. Localized synchrotron radiation affects serum cytokine levels and modulates gene expression in irradiated mouse skin and in skin distant from the irradiated site. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3938. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3938
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga A. Martin
- 4Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Aidukaitis, CNA L, Allensworth JL, Andallu B, Aqil F, Arora V, Aziz, MD K, Baba Y, Bae YJ, Baveja A, Bisoffi M, Burky R, Bynum D, Calaf GM, Canuto, MD RA, Catalano, MD MG, Chakraborty K, Chen YC, Chen RJ, Chi CW, Chopra K, Coccia R, Cohen J, Cruz A, Das S, Datta P, Del Bo’ C, Devi GR, Evans, MD MK, Fadda M, Fajardo AM, Farias-Eisner R, Finocchiaro C, Foppoli C, Georgakilas AG, Gilaberte Y, Gonzalez S, Goya L, Gupta RC, Hamilton C, Hatzi VI, Hayashi S, Hummel C, Jeyabalan J, Joshi T, Joshua Loke WS, Juarranz A, Kang D, Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Krishnan K, Kuhad A, Lee SA, Lewis CR, Lim MY, Liu P, Maggiora M, Martin OA, Martín MA, Mehrotra S, Munagala R, Muzio G, Naito S, Nakajo M, Nishizawa T, Nowsheen S, O’Neill K, Olas B, Parrado C, Perluigi M, Philips N, Pramanik KC, Rajeshwari C, Ramos S, Ramsauer VP, Riso P, Robison R, Sachdeva AK, Saha SK, Sauer SJ, Schena M, Shiota M, Shobha R, Singh IP, Singh P, Siomyk H, Siva S, Sonoda S, Srivastava SK, Stone W, Sung MK, Sung MT, Suzuki H, Thomas PS, Tosuji N, Vendrame S, Wang YJ, White M, Yokomizo A. List of Contributors. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.01002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Martin OA, Anderson RL, Russell PA, Cox RA, Ivashkevich A, Swierczak A, Doherty JP, Jacobs DHM, Smith J, Siva S, Daly PE, Ball DL, Martin RF, MacManus MP. Mobilization of viable tumor cells into the circulation during radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 88:395-403. [PMID: 24315565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether radiation therapy (RT) could mobilize viable tumor cells into the circulation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS We enumerated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by fluorescence microscopy of blood samples immunostained with conventional CTC markers. We measured their DNA damage levels using γ-H2AX, a biomarker for radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, either by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Twenty-seven RT-treated NSCLC patients had blood samples analyzed by 1 or more methods. We identified increased CTC numbers after commencement of RT in 7 of 9 patients treated with palliative RT, and in 4 of 8 patients treated with curative-intent RT. Circulating tumor cells were also identified, singly and in clumps in large numbers, during RT by cytopathologic examination (in all 5 cases studied). Elevated γ-H2AX signal in post-RT blood samples signified the presence of CTCs derived from irradiated tumors. Blood taken after the commencement of RT contained tumor cells that proliferated extensively in vitro (in all 6 cases studied). Circulating tumor cells formed γ-H2AX foci in response to ex vivo irradiation, providing further evidence of their viability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a rationale for the development of strategies to reduce the concentration of viable CTCs by modulating RT fractionation or by coadministering systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - R Ashley Cox
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Laboratory of DNA Repair and Genomics, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Swierczak
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy P Doherty
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daphne H M Jacobs
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia E Daly
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Ball
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Siva S, MacManus MP, Martin RF, Martin OA. Abscopal effects of radiation therapy: a clinical review for the radiobiologist. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:82-90. [PMID: 24125863 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An "abscopal" effect occurs when localized irradiation perturbs the organism as a whole, with consequences that can be either beneficial or detrimental. Mechanistic explanations of this effect are challenging. From the oncologist's perspective, the term refers to distant tumor regression after localized irradiation. On the other hand, from a biologist's point of view, abscopal effects include induction of genomic instability, cell death, and oncogenic transformation in normal tissues. This conceptual dichotomy is explored in this review, with a focus on clinically documented cases of anti-tumor abscopal effects and abscopal effects in normal tissues. This review also outlines several suggested mechanisms for abscopal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Sprung CN, Ivashkevich A, Forrester HB, Redon CE, Georgakilas A, Martin OA. Oxidative DNA damage caused by inflammation may link to stress-induced non-targeted effects. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:72-81. [PMID: 24041866 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A spectrum of radiation-induced non-targeted effects has been reported during the last two decades since Nagasawa and Little first described a phenomenon in cultured cells that was later called the "bystander effect". These non-targeted effects include radiotherapy-related abscopal effects, where changes in organs or tissues occur distant from the irradiated region. The spectrum of non-targeted effects continue to broaden over time and now embrace many types of exogenous and endogenous stressors that induce a systemic genotoxic response including a widely studied tumor microenvironment. Here we discuss processes and factors leading to DNA damage induction in non-targeted cells and tissues and highlight similarities in the regulation of systemic effects caused by different stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandros Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga A Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Martin OA, Ivashkevich A, Choo S, Woodbine L, Jeggo PA, Martin RF, Lobachevsky P. Statistical analysis of kinetics, distribution and co-localisation of DNA repair foci in irradiated cells: cell cycle effect and implications for prediction of radiosensitivity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:844-55. [PMID: 23891250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Detection of γ-H2AX foci as a measure of DNA double strand break induction and repair provides the basis of a rapid approach to establish individual radiosensitivity. However, the assignment of criteria to define increased radiosensitivity is not straightforward. Experimental end points, analytical methods and proliferative status of the cells sampled for analysis are important. All these issues are addressed in the present study, which was prompted by a clinical request to assess the radiosensitivity status of an SCID paediatric patient being considered for bone marrow transplantation. We investigated the kinetics of repair of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci in proliferating and confluent cultures of skin fibroblasts obtained from the patient, and from normal and radiosensitive (Artemis-deficient) controls. As well as the standard approach of averaging foci per cell over the entire population ("standard average"), we also examined foci per cell frequency distributions and calculated average foci per cell values in the major Poisson-distributed subpopulation ("principal average"). This approach allowed to avoid distortions such as that due to the S/G2 population in proliferating cells, with focus numbers approaching twice the normal, and to detect subpopulations of cells with defects in focus formation and repair. From the "standard average" analysis and co-localisation of γ-H2AX foci with 53BP1 we assigned the patient's repair status as close-to-normal. However, analysis of "principal average", foci per cell frequency distributions and survival curves challenged this initial conclusion. These studies indicate new dimensions of the γ-H2AX assay that, with further elaboration and exemplification, have the potential to augment its power to predict radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Dickey JS, Baird BJ, Redon CE, Avdoshina V, Palchik G, Wu J, Kondratyev A, Bonner WM, Martin OA. Susceptibility to bystander DNA damage is influenced by replication and transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10274-86. [PMID: 22941641 PMCID: PMC3488239 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cellular DNA damage may lead to genome destabilization in unexposed, bystander, cells sharing the same milieu with directly damaged cells by means of the bystander effect. One proposed mechanism involves double strand break (DSB) formation in S phase cells at sites of single strand lesions in the DNA of replication complexes, which has a more open structure compared with neighboring DNA. The DNA in transcription complexes also has a more open structure, and hence may be susceptible to bystander DSB formation from single strand lesions. To examine whether transcription predisposes non-replicating cells to bystander effect-induced DNA DSBs, we examined two types of primary cells that exhibit high levels of transcription in the absence of replication, rat neurons and human lymphocytes. We found that non-replicating bystander cells with high transcription rates exhibited substantial levels of DNA DSBs, as monitored by γ-H2AX foci formation. Additionally, as reported in proliferating cells, TGF-β and NO were found to mimic bystander effects in cell populations lacking DNA synthesis. These results indicate that cell vulnerability to bystander DSB damage may result from transcription as well as replication. The findings offer insights into which tissues may be vulnerable to bystander genomic destabilization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Dickey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20952, USA.
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Adams G, Martin OA, Roos DE, Lobachevsky PN, Potter AE, Zacest AC, Bezak E, Bonner WM, Martin RF, Leong T. Enhanced intrinsic radiosensitivity after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery for an acoustic neuroma. Radiother Oncol 2012; 103:410-4. [PMID: 22560711 PMCID: PMC7418889 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced radiosensitivity is an uncommon phenomenon attributable to deficient DNA repair after radiotherapy which can be assessed with the γ-H2AX assay. Reports of radiosensitivity after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) are uncommon. We describe a case where the clinical, radiological and laboratory findings suggest enhanced radiosensitivity after SRS for an acoustic neuroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Adams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Hudson D, Kovalchuk I, Koturbash I, Kolb B, Martin OA, Kovalchuk O. Induction and persistence of radiation-induced DNA damage is more pronounced in young animals than in old animals. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:609-20. [PMID: 21685513 PMCID: PMC3164369 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Younger individuals are more prone to develop cancer upon ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. Radiation-induced tumors are associated with inefficient repair of IR-induced DNA damage and genome instability. Phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) is the initial event in repair of IR-induced DNA damage on the chromatin flanking the DNA strand breaks. This step is crucially important for the repair of DNA strand breaks and for the maintenance of genome stability. We studied the molecular underpinnings of the age-related IR effects using an animal model. By assaying for IR-induced γ-H2AX foci we analyzed the induction and repair of the DNA strand breaks in spleen, thymus, liver, lung, kidney, cerebellum, hippocampus, frontal cortex and olfactory bulb of 7, 14, 24, 30 and 45 days old male and female mice as a function of age. We demonstrate that tissues of younger animals are much more susceptible to IR-induced DNA damage. Younger animals exhibited higher levels of γ-H2AX formation which partially correlated with cellular proliferation and expression of DNA repair proteins. Induction and persistence of γ-H2AX foci was the highest in lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen) of 7 and 14 day old mice. The lowest focal induction was seen in lung and brain of young animals. The mechanisms of cell and tissue-specificity of in vivo IR responses need to be further dissected. This study provides a roadmap for the future analyses of DNA damage and repair induction in young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Hudson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4 Canada
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Dickey JS, Zemp FJ, Martin OA, Kovalchuk O. The role of miRNA in the direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiation. Radiat Environ Biophys 2011; 50:491-499. [PMID: 21928045 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-011-0386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on a number of recent studies that have examined changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in response to ionizing radiation and other forms of oxidative stress. In both murine and human cells and tissues, a number of miRNAs display significant alterations in expression levels in response to both direct and indirect radiation exposure. In terms of direct irradiation, or exposure to agents that induce oxidative stress, miRNA array analyses indicate that a number of miRNAs are up- and down-regulated and, in particular, the let-7 family of miRNAs may well be critical in the cellular response to oxidative stress. In bystander cells that are not directly irradiated, but close to, or share media with directly irradiated cells or tissues, the miRNA expression profiles are also altered, but are somewhat distinct from the directly irradiated cells. Based on the results of these numerous studies, as well as our own data presented here, we conclude that miRNA regulation is a critical step in the cellular response to radiation and oxidative stress and that future studies should elucidate the mechanisms through which this altered regulation affects cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Dickey
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Therapeutic Proteins, CDER, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ivashkevich AN, Martin OA, Smith AJ, Redon CE, Bonner WM, Martin RF, Lobachevsky PN. γH2AX foci as a measure of DNA damage: a computational approach to automatic analysis. Mutat Res 2011; 711:49-60. [PMID: 21216255 PMCID: PMC3101310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The γH2AX focus assay represents a fast and sensitive approach for the detection of one of the critical types of DNA damage - double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by various cytotoxic agents including ionising radiation. Apart from research applications, the assay has a potential in clinical medicine/pathology, such as assessment of individual radiosensitivity, response to cancer therapies, as well as in biodosimetry. Given that generally there is a direct relationship between numbers of microscopically visualised γH2AX foci and DNA DSB in a cell, the number of foci per nucleus represents the most efficient and informative parameter of the assay. Although computational approaches have been developed for automatic focus counting, the tedious and time consuming manual focus counting still remains the most reliable way due to limitations of computational approaches. We suggest a computational approach and associated software for automatic focus counting that minimises these limitations. Our approach, while using standard image processing algorithms, maximises the automation of identification of nuclei/cells in complex images, offers an efficient way to optimise parameters used in the image analysis and counting procedures, optionally invokes additional procedures to deal with variations in intensity of the signal and background in individual images, and provides automatic batch processing of a series of images. We report results of validation studies that demonstrated correlation of manual focus counting with results obtained using our computational algorithm for mouse jejunum touch prints, mouse tongue sections and human blood lymphocytes as well as radiation dose response of γH2AX focus induction for these biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia N. Ivashkevich
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, D.H.H.S., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea J. Smith
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Christophe E. Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, D.H.H.S., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William M. Bonner
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, D.H.H.S., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roger F. Martin
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Pavel N. Lobachevsky
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
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Abstract
The importance of bystander effects is becoming more appreciated, as studies show they may affect the course of cancer and other chronic diseases. The term "bystander effects" refers to changes in naïve cells sharing the same milieu with cells that have been damaged. Bystander cells may be in contact with, or distant from, damaged cells. In addition, it has been shown in culture that not only physically damaged cells, but also cells that have become abnormal (i.e., cancerous or senescent) may induce bystander effects. Recently, we have shown a similar effect in animals. Mice harboring subcutaneous tumors exhibited elevated levels of DNA damage in distant organs. In contrast to cell culture, immune cells seemed to be involved in tumor-induced bystander effects in animals because CCL2-null tumor-bearing mice did not exhibit increased distant DNA damage. Here, we discuss some of the implications of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Martin OA, Redon CE, Dickey JS, Nakamura AJ, Bonner WM. Para-inflammation mediates systemic DNA damage in response to tumor growth. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:78-81. [PMID: 21509186 PMCID: PMC3073278 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.1.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation induced bystander effect is a well-accepted consequence of ionizing radiation exposure. However, it has become clear that bystander responses in vitro can result from a number of stress stimuli. We had reported that media conditioned on tumor cell cultures induced a bystander effect in recipient normal cell cultures and asked whether an analogous process could occur in vivo-could the presence of a tumor induce DNA damage in distant tissues. We recently demonstrated the presence of a distant bystander DNA damage response in vivo in the gastrointestinal organs and skin of mice implanted with subcutaneous tumors. The activation of inflammatory macrophages through the cytokine CCL2 was found to be required for this distant genotoxic response. These results shed new light on the consequences of tumor growth to distant parts of the body and highlight the potential for possible medical interventions to mitigate the effect of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
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Baird BJ, Dickey JS, Nakamura AJ, Redon CE, Parekh P, Griko YV, Aziz K, Georgakilas AG, Bonner WM, Martin OA. Hypothermia postpones DNA damage repair in irradiated cells and protects against cell killing. Mutat Res 2010; 711:142-9. [PMID: 21185842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is an established strategy used by some homeothermic organisms to survive cold environments. In true hibernation, the core body temperature of an animal may drop to below 0°C and metabolic activity almost cease. The phenomenon of hibernation in humans is receiving renewed interest since several cases of victims exhibiting core body temperatures as low as 13.7°C have been revived with minimal lasting deficits. In addition, local cooling during radiotherapy has resulted in normal tissue protection. The experiments described in this paper were prompted by the results of a very limited pilot study, which showed a suppressed DNA repair response of mouse lymphocytes collected from animals subjected to 7-Gy total body irradiation under hypothermic (13°C) conditions, compared to normothermic controls. Here we report that human BJ-hTERT cells exhibited a pronounced radioprotective effect on clonogenic survival when cooled to 13°C during and 12h after irradiation. Mild hypothermia at 20 and 30°C also resulted in some radioprotection. The neutral comet assay revealed an apparent lack on double strand break (DSB) rejoining at 13°C. Extension of the mouse lymphocyte study to ex vivo-irradiated human lymphocytes confirmed lower levels of induced phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX) and persistence of the lesions at hypothermia compared to the normal temperature. Parallel studies of radiation-induced oxidatively clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs) revealed partial repair at 13°C compared to the rapid repair at 37°C. For both γ-H2AX foci and OCDLs, the return of lymphocytes to 37°C resulted in the resumption of normal repair kinetics. These results, as well as observations made by others and reviewed in this study, have implications for understanding the radiobiology and protective mechanisms underlying hypothermia and potential opportunities for exploitation in terms of protecting normal tissues against radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Baird
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CCR, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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