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Huber V, Vallacchi V, Fleming V, Hu X, Cova A, Dugo M, Shahaj E, Sulsenti R, Vergani E, Filipazzi P, De Laurentiis A, Lalli L, Di Guardo L, Patuzzo R, Vergani B, Casiraghi E, Cossa M, Gualeni A, Bollati V, Arienti F, De Braud F, Mariani L, Villa A, Altevogt P, Umansky V, Rodolfo M, Rivoltini L. Tumor-derived microRNAs induce myeloid suppressor cells and predict immunotherapy resistance in melanoma. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5505-5516. [PMID: 30260323 DOI: 10.1172/jci98060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accrual of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represents a major obstacle to effective immunotherapy in cancer patients, but the mechanisms underlying this process in the human setting remain elusive. Here, we describe a set of microRNAs (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-125b, miR-100, let-7e, miR-125a, miR-146b, miR-99b) that are associated with MDSCs and resistance to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma patients. The miRs were identified by transcriptional analyses as being responsible for the conversion of monocytes into MDSCs (CD14+HLA-DRneg cells) mediated by melanoma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and were shown to recreate MDSC features upon transfection. In melanoma patients, these miRs were increased in circulating CD14+ monocytes, plasma, and tumor samples, where they correlated with the myeloid cell infiltrate. In plasma, their baseline levels clustered with the clinical efficacy of CTLA-4 or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. Hence, MDSC-related miRs represent an indicator of MDSC activity in cancer patients and a potential blood marker of a poor immunotherapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Viktor Fleming
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agata Cova
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eriomina Shahaj
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Sulsenti
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vergani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela De Laurentiis
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Lalli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Patuzzo
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Consortium, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Casiraghi
- Department of Computer Science "Giovanni Degli Antoni," Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Cossa
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Gualeni
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Mariani
- Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Trial Organization, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Villa
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Consortium, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Bellone M, Calcinotto A, Filipazzi P, De Milito A, Fais S, Rivoltini L. The acidity of the tumor microenvironment is a mechanism of immune escape that can be overcome by proton pump inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22058. [PMID: 23483769 PMCID: PMC3583905 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that lowering the pH to values that are frequently detected in tumors causes reversible anergy in both human and mouse CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro. The same occurs in vivo, in the tumor microenvironment and the administration of proton pump inhibitors, which buffer tumor acidity, can revert T-cell anergy and increase the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan, Italy
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Bossi P, Filipazzi P, Resteghini C, Miceli R, Rivoltini L, Rodolfo M, Cova A, Squarcina P, Orlandi E, Licitra L. PO-092: Salivary Cytokine Levels and Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Treated with Chemoradiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)34711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Filipazzi P, Pilla L, Mariani L, Patuzzo R, Castelli C, Camisaschi C, Maurichi A, Cova A, Rigamonti G, Giardino F, Di Florio A, Asioli M, Frati P, Sovena G, Squarcina P, Maio M, Danielli R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Villa A, Lombardo C, Tragni G, Santinami M, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Limited induction of tumor cross-reactive T cells without a measurable clinical benefit in early melanoma patients vaccinated with human leukocyte antigen class I-modified peptides. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6485-96. [PMID: 23032742 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The progressive immune dysfunctions that occur in patients with advanced melanoma make them unlikely to efficiently respond to cancer vaccines. A multicenter randomized phase II trial was conducted to test whether immunization with modified HLA class I tumor peptides in the context of adjuvant therapy results in better immunologic responses and improved clinical outcomes in patients with early melanoma (stages IIB/C-III). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-three patients were enrolled to undergo vaccination (n = 22) or observation (n = 21). The vaccine included four HLA-A*0201-restricted modified peptides (Melan-A/MART-1([27L]), gp100([210M]), NY-ESO-1([165V]), and Survivin([97M])) emulsified in Montanide ISA51 and injected subcutaneously in combination with cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m(2)) and low-dose IL-2 (3 × 10(6) IU). The immune responses were monitored using ex vivo IFN-γ-ELISpot, HLA/multimer staining, and in vitro short-term peptide sensitization assays. RESULTS Vaccination induced a rapid and persistent increase in specific effector memory CD8(+) T cells in 75% of the patients. However, this immunization was not associated with any significant increase in disease-free or overall survival as compared with the observation group. An extensive immunologic analysis revealed a significantly reduced cross-recognition of the corresponding native peptides and, most importantly, a limited ability to react to melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant setting is an appealing approach for testing cancer vaccines because specific CD8(+) T cells can be efficiently induced in most vaccinated patients. However, the marginal antitumor activity of the T cells induced by modified peptides in this study largely accounts for the observed lack of benefit of vaccination. These findings suggest reconsidering this immunization strategy, particularly in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Bossi P, Filipazzi P, Resteghini C, Miceli R, Orlandi E, Locati L, Fallai C, Tana S, Cova A, Squarcina P, Rodolfo M, Bergamini C, Granata R, Mirabile A, Rivoltini L, Licitra LF. Association between salivary cytokine levels and chemoradiotherapy-induced toxicities in head and neck cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.5555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5555 Background: Mucositis is a common complication of chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC), linked to a balance between pro- and anti-inflammation serum cytokines. No study has yet addressed the role of salivary cytokines in influencing toxicity severity. Methods: Twenty consecutive stage III (15%) and IV (85%) HNC patients (pts) were treated with radiotherapy (64-70 Gy) plus cisplatin (n=15), carboplatin (n=4) or cetuximab (n=1). Primary tumor site was oral cavity (15%), oropharynx (55%), nasopharynx (15%), larynx or hypopharynx (15%). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected according to standardized protocols before CTRT, during (3rd, 5th and 7th weeks) and two weeks after; concomitantly, mucositis grade (WHO classification), weight loss and need for feeding tube were evaluated. The salivary levels of 11 different cytokines (IFNγ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p70, TNFα and TNFβ) were analysed both in pts and in healthy donors (HD, n=10) by optimized bead-based multiplex immunoassay. The cytokine change during treatment was calculated as the difference between the mean of individual values and the baseline value. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for between-groups comparisons. Results: At baseline, no difference in cytokine levels was observed in pts as compared with HD, except IL8. A significant and progressive increase of IL1β, IL6, IL8, TNFα and IL10 levels was observed during treatment, with high levels persisting two weeks after treatment for all cytokines but IL1β. Significant association was shown between IL6 increase and G3/4 mucositis (p=0.009) or feeding tube need (p=0.04). The same trend was observed for TNFα. Interestingly, IL8 increase appeared to be specifically linked to weight loss (>10%, p=0.003). In contrast, baseline cytokine salivary levels were not predictive of treatment-induced toxicities. Conclusions: The increase of IL6, IL8 and TNFα salivary levels occurring in HNC patients with CTRT seems to be directly associated with mucositis severity, feeding tube prevalence and weight loss. Cytokines may represent a potential new target for preventive and/or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosalba Miceli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Orlandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Locati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Fallai
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tana
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Agata Cova
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Monica Rodolfo
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Calcinotto A, Filipazzi P, Grioni M, Iero M, De Milito A, Ricupito A, Cova A, Canese R, Jachetti E, Rossetti M, Huber V, Parmiani G, Generoso L, Santinami M, Borghi M, Fais S, Bellone M, Rivoltini L. Modulation of microenvironment acidity reverses anergy in human and murine tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2746-56. [PMID: 22593198 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stimulating the effector functions of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) in primary and metastatic tumors could improve active and adoptive T-cell therapies for cancer. Abnormal glycolysis, high lactic acid production, proton accumulation, and a reversed intra-extracellular pH gradient are thought to help render tumor microenvironments hostile to roving immune cells. However, there is little knowledge about how acidic microenvironments affect T-cell immunity. Here, we report that lowering the environmental pH to values that characterize tumor masses (pH 6-6.5) was sufficient to establish an anergic state in human and mouse tumor-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This state was characterized by impairment of cytolytic activity and cytokine secretion, reduced expression of IL-2Rα (CD25) and T-cell receptors (TCR), and diminished activation of STAT5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) after TCR activation. In contrast, buffering pH at physiologic values completely restored all these metrics of T-cell function. Systemic treatment of B16-OVA-bearing mice with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) significantly increased the therapeutic efficacy of both active and adoptive immunotherapy. Our findings show that acidification of the tumor microenvironment acts as mechanism of immune escape. Furthermore, they illustrate the potential of PPIs to safely correct T-cell dysfunction and improve the efficacy of T-cell-based cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Calcinotto
- Cellular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Filipazzi P, Bürdek M, Villa A, Rivoltini L, Huber V. Recent advances on the role of tumor exosomes in immunosuppression and disease progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:342-9. [PMID: 22369922 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal-derived nanovesicles released by most cells types, including tumor cells, and principally involved in intercellular communication in physiology and disease. Tumor exosomes are gaining increasing interest in medicine and oncology as efficient tools for the delivery of defined signals. Representing the acellular replicas of tumor cells, they contain a great variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, RNA, miRNA and DNA. Their great ability to recirculate in body fluids and their structure allow them to transport their cargo to distant targets. Major studies have shown that tumor exosomes convey information not only between tumor cells but also to other cell types, including different immune cell components. There is increasing evidence that these nanovesicles may contribute to cancer progression by influencing different immune cell types, likely blunting specific T cell immunity and skewing innate immune cells toward a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. Because of this function and the additional property to deliver molecular signals modulating neoangiogenesis and stroma remodeling, tumor exosomes are believed to play a role in tumor progression by favoring metastatic niche onset. This review outlines the recent knowledge on immune suppressive mechanisms mediated by tumor exosomes. We will discuss our view on the role of these nanovesicular structures in cancer progression and how their presence could interfere with cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Filipazzi P, Huber V, Rivoltini L. Phenotype, function and clinical implications of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:255-263. [PMID: 22120756 PMCID: PMC11029611 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of a smouldering microenvironment is currently considered a cancer hallmark and a required step for tumour cells to disable specific immunity while promoting angiogenesis and stroma remodelling. Nevertheless, the molecular pathways driving such aberrant interactions in human cancer and their actual implication in disease progression are still poorly defined. Here, we will report about the remarkable efforts devoted by our group as well as many other scientists to dissect this process focusing on tumour-mediated activation of myeloid dysfunctional pathways occurring in cancer patients. Indeed, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), playing a crucial role as cellular regulators of immune responses, have been extensively shown to restrain tumour immunity through a vast array of molecular mechanisms and to promote tumour progression in different murine models. Although in mice the phenotypic features of these cells were defined initially rather generally by Gr1(+) and CD11b(+) co-expression, more recent studies have unravelled the actual complexity of this population and the existence of different cell subsets. This complexity is even more remarked in the human setting, where heterogeneous populations of myeloid cells with variable phenotype and immunosuppressive features have been described in patients affected by different types of tumours. The lack of homogeneous properties of human MDSC has made these cells a controversial and still unacknowledged player in cancer-related immune suppression and disease progression. Nevertheless, with the efforts of the scientific community, MDSC will soon reveal their key role thereby becoming novel targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Ciravolo V, Huber V, Ghedini GC, Venturelli E, Bianchi F, Campiglio M, Morelli D, Villa A, Della Mina P, Menard S, Filipazzi P, Rivoltini L, Tagliabue E, Pupa SM. Potential role of HER2-overexpressing exosomes in countering trastuzumab-based therapy. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:658-67. [PMID: 21465472 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles actively released into the extracellular environment and biological fluids, both under physiological and pathological conditions, by different cell types. We characterized exosomes constitutively secreted by HER2-overexpressing breast carcinoma cell lines and analyzed in vitro and in vivo their potential role in interfering with the therapeutic activity of the humanized antibody Trastuzumab and the dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Lapatinib anti-HER2 biodrugs. We show that exosomes released by the HER2-overexpressing tumor cell lines SKBR3 and BT474 express a full-length HER2 molecule that is also activated, although to a lesser extent than in the originating cells. Release of these exosomes was significantly modulated by the growth factors EGF and heregulin, two of the known HER2 receptor-activating ligands and naturally present in the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Exosomes secreted either in HER2-positive tumor cell-conditioned supernatants or in breast cancer patients' serum bound to Trastuzumab. Functional assays revealed that both xenogeneic and autologous HER2-positive nanovesicles, but not HER2-negative ones, inhibited Trastuzumab activity on SKBR3 cell proliferation. By contrast, Lapatinib activity on SKBR3 cell proliferation was unaffected by the presence of autologous exosomes. Together, these findings point to the role of HER2-positive exosomes in modulating sensitivity to Trastuzumab, and, consequently, to HER2-driven tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciravolo
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Licitra L, Perrone F, Tamborini E, Bertola L, Ghirelli C, Negri T, Orsenigo M, Filipazzi P, Pastore E, Pompilio M, Bossi P, Locati LD, Cantu' G, Scaramellini G, Pilotti S, Tagliabue E. Role of EGFR family receptors in proliferation of squamous carcinoma cells induced by wound healing fluids of head and neck cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1886-93. [PMID: 21343382 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests that recurrence of resected head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is due to the outgrowth of unrecognized residual tumor cells as well as to the premalignant and/or precursor-field epithelial cells. We studied the impact of processes triggered by HNSCC surgery in stimulating both residual tumor cells [demonstrated to overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)], and premalignant cells surrounding the resected lesion. PATIENTS AND METHODS EGFR expression/activation by immunohistochemistry/biochemistry and gene status by FISH were investigated in 23 primary HNSCCs and surrounding tissues. The ability to induce cell proliferation of wound healing drainages collected from 12 relapsed and 11 not relapsed patients was evaluated by a colorimetric assay in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines A431 (carrying EGFR amplification) and CAL27 (carrying three EGFR copies) in the presence/absence of EGFR therapeutic inhibitors. RESULTS Primary tumors showed intermediate/high EGFR expression (91%), EGFR phosphorylation and EGFR-positive FISH (35%). Normal, metaplastic and dysplastic epithelium surrounding the resected tumor displayed EGFR overexpression. EGFR activation and gene amplification were observed in normal and dysplastic epithelium, respectively. Each tested wound healing drainage induced the cells to proliferate and the proliferation was significantly higher in relapsed compared with not relapsed HNSCC patients (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03). Anti-EGFR treatments inhibited the drainage-induced proliferation, with the highest inhibitory efficiency by cetuximab on A431 cells, while CAL27 cell growth was more efficiently inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Surgery could favor the proliferation of cells showing EGFR overexpression/activation/amplification such as residual tumor cells and/or precursor-field epithelial cells already present after surgery. Treatment with anti-EGFR reagents inhibits wound-induced stimulation, according to the EGFR family status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Scotti C, Sommi P, Pasquetto MV, Cappelletti D, Stivala S, Mignosi P, Savio M, Chiarelli LR, Valentini G, Bolanos-Garcia VM, Merrell DS, Franchini S, Verona ML, Bolis C, Solcia E, Manca R, Franciotta D, Casasco A, Filipazzi P, Zardini E, Vannini V. Cell-cycle inhibition by Helicobacter pylori L-asparaginase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13892. [PMID: 21085483 PMCID: PMC2976697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major human pathogen causing chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. One of the mechanisms whereby it induces damage depends on its interference with proliferation of host tissues. We here describe the discovery of a novel bacterial factor able to inhibit the cell-cycle of exposed cells, both of gastric and non-gastric origin. An integrated approach was adopted to isolate and characterise the molecule from the bacterial culture filtrate produced in a protein-free medium: size-exclusion chromatography, non-reducing gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, mutant analysis, recombinant protein expression and enzymatic assays. L-asparaginase was identified as the factor responsible for cell-cycle inhibition of fibroblasts and gastric cell lines. Its effect on cell-cycle was confirmed by inhibitors, a knockout strain and the action of recombinant L-asparaginase on cell lines. Interference with cell-cycle in vitro depended on cell genotype and was related to the expression levels of the concurrent enzyme asparagine synthetase. Bacterial subcellular distribution of L-asparaginase was also analysed along with its immunogenicity. H. pylori L-asparaginase is a novel antigen that functions as a cell-cycle inhibitor of fibroblasts and gastric cell lines. We give evidence supporting a role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related diseases and discuss its potential diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Scotti C, Mignosi P, Filipazzi P, Lazzè MC, Savio M, Cappelletti D, Pasquetto MV, Solcia E, Vannini V, Sommi P. Molecular alterations in fibroblasts exposed to Helicobacter pylori broth culture filtrate: a potential trigger of autoimmunity? Helicobacter 2010; 15:76-7. [PMID: 20302593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Villa S, Valdagni R, Rivoltini L, Marrari A, Squarcina P, Filipazzi P, Salvioni R, Rancati T, Asioli M, Parmiani G. Vaccination with Survivin and PSMA-derived Peptides: A Pilot Study in Prostate Cancer Patients Failing Radiotherapy or Surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Iero M, Filipazzi P, Castelli C, Belli F, Valdagni R, Parmiani G, Patuzzo R, Santinami M, Rivoltini L. Modified peptides in anti-cancer vaccines: are we eventually improving anti-tumour immunity? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1159-67. [PMID: 18998128 PMCID: PMC11030573 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of tumour antigens recognized by T cells and the features of immune responses directed against them has paved the way to a multitude of clinical studies aimed at boosting anti-tumour T cell immunity as a therapeutic tool for cancer patients. One of the different strategies explored to ameliorate the immunogenicity of tumour antigens in vaccine protocols is represented by the use of optimized peptides or altered peptide ligands, whose amino acid sequence has been modified for improving HLA binding or TCR interaction with respect to native epitopes. However, despite the promising results achieved with preclinical studies, the clinical efficacy of this approach has not yet met the expectations. Although multiple reasons could explain the relative failure of altered peptide ligands as more effective cancer vaccines, the possibility that T cells primed by modified tumour peptides might may be unable to effectively cross-recognize tumour cells has not been sufficiently addressed. Indeed, the introduction of conservative amino acid substitutions may still produce diverse and unpredictable changes in the HLA/peptide interface, with consequent modifications of the TCR repertoire that can interact with the complex. This could lead to the expansion of a broad array of T cells whose TCRs may not necessarily react with equivalent affinity with the original antigenic epitope. Considering the results presently achieved with this vaccine approach, and the emerging availability of alternative strategies for boosting anti-tumour immunity, the use of modified tumour peptides could be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iero
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Filiberto Belli
- Unit of Colo-rectal Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Unit of Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunobiotherapy of Solid Tumours, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Patuzzo
- Unit of Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Santinami
- Unit of Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Valdagni R, Marrari A, Squarcina P, Villa S, Filipazzi P, Salvioni R, Rancati T, Asioli M, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Vaccination with survivin and PSMA-derived peptides for controlling biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer: A pilot study. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e16042 Background: A significant percentage of patients (pts) progress after first line treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). We present preliminary results of pilot study using a multiple peptide-based anti-tumor vaccine. Methods: A phase I-II trial of vaccination (vax) with HLA-A*0201-restricted peptides from PSMA and Survivin was carried out in 20 pts with b-failure after surgery or radiotherapy (mean pre-vax PSA: 1.83 ng/ml). Vax consisted of two peptides from PSMA (PSMA4–12 and PSMA711–719) and one from Survivin (SVV96–104/97M) given by 4 fortnightly (priming) and 4 monthly administrations (boosting). To selectively eliminate regulatory T cells (Treg) and possibly enhance immunization, peptides were preceded by low dose cyclophosphamide (CTX, 300 mg/mq, i.v.). Antigen (Ag) and tumor-specific T cell responses were extensively monitored in peripheral blood together with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg frequency. PSA trend was also registered. Results: Vax was well tolerated. Most pts (19/20) showed a significant increase of SVV96–104/97M-specific T cells (mean 14 in pre-vax vs 170 in post-vax PBMC), while response to PSMA was achieved in about half of the pts and only to PSMA711–719 peptide (mean 12 in pre-vax vs 86 in post-vax PBMC). Increments of HLA-A*0201/SVV96–104/97M or PSMA711–719 multimer+ CD8+ T cells were induced in 50 and 35% pts, respectively. Vax-induced Ag-specific T cells displayed however limited cross-reactivity with HLA-A*0201+ PCa cells. No effect of CTX on Treg frequency was observed. 6 pts had no biochemical response to vax and switched to hormonal therapy, while 14/20 exhibited a significant although transient PSA decrease during vax (11 in the priming phase and 3 in boosting). Conclusions: Peptide vax could rapidly enhance Ag-specific immune responses in most treated pts. However, the reduced ability of vax-induced Ag-specific CD8+ T cells to cross-recognize PCa cells, together with their low frequency in PBMC, could explain why PSA control was achieved only transiently and in strict dependence with vax administration. Anti- tumor vax represent a useful tool for controlling PCa biochemical recurrence in the absence of major side effects, but immunization protocols inducing efficient tumor cell killing still need to be identified. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Valdagni
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Marrari
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Squarcina
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Villa
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Filipazzi
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Salvioni
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - T. Rancati
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Asioli
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Parmiani
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Rivoltini
- Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Huber V, Filipazzi P, Iero M, Fais S, Rivoltini L. More insights into the immunosuppressive potential of tumor exosomes. J Transl Med 2008; 6:63. [PMID: 18973649 PMCID: PMC2590595 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Filipazzi P, Pilla L, Patuzzo R, Castelli C, Maurichi A, Tragni G, Maio M, Parmiani G, Santinami M, Rivoltini L. Adjuvant multipeptide vaccination in high-risk early melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Iero M, Valenti R, Huber V, Filipazzi P, Parmiani G, Fais S, Rivoltini L. Tumour-released exosomes and their implications in cancer immunity. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:80-8. [PMID: 17932500 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells release vesicular structures, defined as microvesicles or exosomes, carrying a large array of proteins from their originating cell. The expression of antigenic molecules recognized by T cells has originally suggested a role for these organelles as a cell-free antigen source for anticancer vaccines. However, recent evidence shows that tumour exosomes may also exert a broad array of detrimental effects on the immune system, ranging from apoptosis in activated antitumour T cells to impairment of monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells and induction of myeloid suppressive cells. Immunosuppressive exosomes of tumour origin can be found in neoplastic lesions and sera from cancer patients, implying a potential role of this pathway in in vivo tumour progression. Through the expression of molecules involved in angiogenesis promotion, stromal remodelling, delivery of signalling pathways through growth factor/receptor transfer, chemoresistance and genetic intercellular exchange, tumour exosomes could represent a versatile tool for moulding host environment. Hence, their secretion by neoplastic cells may in the future become a novel pathway to target for therapeutic intervention in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iero
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, Milan, Italy
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Filipazzi P, Castelli C, Roberta V, Huber V, Iero M, Pilla L, Rivoltini L, Parmiani G. In Reply. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.13.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valenti Roberta
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Iero
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pilla
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Unit of Immunobiotherapy of Solid Tumors S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Filipazzi P, Valenti R, Huber V, Pilla L, Canese P, Iero M, Castelli C, Mariani L, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Identification of a new subset of myeloid suppressor cells in peripheral blood of melanoma patients with modulation by a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulation factor-based antitumor vaccine. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:2546-53. [PMID: 17577033 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phenotypic and functional features of myeloid suppressor cells (MSC), which are known to serve as critical regulators of antitumor T-cell responses in tumor-bearing mice, are still poorly defined in human cancers. Here, we analyzed myeloid subsets with suppressive activity present in peripheral blood of metastatic melanoma patients and evaluated their modulation by a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)--based antitumor vaccine. PATIENTS AND METHODS Stage IV metastatic melanoma patients (n = 16) vaccinated with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein peptide complex gp96 (HSPPC-96) and low-dose GM-CSF provided pre- and post-treatment whole blood specimens. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry, separated into cellular subsets, and used for in vitro proliferation assays. PBMCs from stage-matched metastatic melanoma patients (n = 12) treated with non-GM-CSF-based vaccines (ie, HSPPC-96 alone or interferon alfa/melanoma-derived peptides) or sex- and age-matched healthy donors (n = 16) were also analyzed for comparison. RESULTS The lack of or low HLA-DR expression was found to identify a CD14+ cell subset highly suppressive of lymphocyte functions. CD14+HLA-DR-/lo cells were significantly expanded in all metastatic melanoma patients, whereas they were undetectable in healthy donors. Suppressive activity was mediated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), whereas no involvement of the arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways could be detected. CD14+HLA-DR-/lo cells, as well as spontaneous ex vivo release and plasma levels of TGF-beta, were augmented after administration of the HSPPC-96/GM-CSF vaccine. No enhancement of the CD14+-mediated suppressive activity was found in patients receiving non-GM-CSF-based vaccines. CONCLUSION CD14+HLA-DR-/lo cells exerting TGF-beta-mediated immune suppression represent a new subset of MSC potentially expandable by the administration of GM-CSF-based vaccines in metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Filipazzi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors and Unit of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Filipazzi P, Valenti R, Huber V, Iero M, Pilla L, Parmiani G, Santinami M, Rivoltini L. Identification of a new subset of myeloid suppressor cells in peripheral blood of melanoma patients and modulation by GM-CSF-based anti-tumor vaccine. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
21082 Background: Phenotypic and functional features of myeloid suppressor cells (MSC), known to serve as critical regulators of anti-tumor T cell responses in tumor-bearing mice, are still poorly defined in human cancers. Here we analyzed myeloid subsets with suppressive activity present in peripheral blood of metastatic melanoma patients (MM) and evaluated their modulation by a GM-CSF-based anti- tumor vaccine. Methods: Stage IV AJCC MM patients (n=16) vaccinated with autologous tumor-derived heat-shock protein peptide complexes gp96 (HSPPC-96) and low dose GM-CSF provided pre- and post-treatment whole blood samples. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed by flow cytometry, separated into cellular subsets and used for in vitro proliferation assays. PBMC from stage- matched melanoma patients (n=12) treated with non-GM-CSF-based vaccines (i.e. HSPPC-96 alone or IFNa/melanoma-derived peptides) or gender and age-matched healthy donors (n=16) were also analyzed for comparison. Results: The lack or low levels of HLA-DR expression was found to identify a CD14+ cell subset with high suppressive activity on lymphocyte proliferation and functions. CD14+HLA-DR-/lo cells were significantly expanded in all MM patients, while undetectable in healthy donors. Suppressive activity was mediated by TGFβ, as suggested by functional experiments with neutralizing specific antibodies. In contrast, no involvement of arginase and iNOS pathways could be detected. CD14+HLA-DR-/lo cells, as well as spontaneous ex- vivo release and plasma levels of TGFβ, were augmented after administration of the HSPPC-96/GM-CSF vaccine. Interestingly, the expansion of suppressive CD14+ monocytes was associated to the inability to mount a significant CD8-mediated T cell response upon vaccination. On the other hand, no quantitative or qualitative enhancement of the CD14+HLA-DR-/lo suppressive cell population was observed in patients receiving a non-GM-CSF based vaccine. Conclusions: CD14+HLA-DR- /lo cells exerting TGFβ-mediated immune suppression may represent a new subset of myeloid suppressive cells, potentially expandable by the administration of GM-CSF-based vaccines in melanoma patients. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Filipazzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Valenti
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - V. Huber
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Iero
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Pilla
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Parmiani
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Santinami
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Rivoltini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Tumor-released microvesicles, or exosomes, which are abundant in the body fluids of patients with cancer, are likely to be involved in tumor progression. We recently showed that microvesicles released by human melanoma and colorectal carcinoma cells can promote the differentiation of monocytes to myeloid-derived suppressor cells which support tumoral growth and immune escape. These findings underscore an important role for these extracellular organelles in remodeling tumor-stromal interactions to promote malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Valenti
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Valenti R, Huber V, Filipazzi P, Pilla L, Sovena G, Villa A, Corbelli A, Fais S, Parmiani G, Rivoltini L. Human tumor-released microvesicles promote the differentiation of myeloid cells with transforming growth factor-beta-mediated suppressive activity on T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9290-8. [PMID: 16982774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human tumors constitutively release endosome-derived microvesicles, transporting a broad array of biologically active molecules with potential modulatory effects on different immune cells. Here, we report the first evidence that tumor-released microvesicles alter myeloid cell function by impairing monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells and promoting the generation of a myeloid immunosuppressive cell subset. CD14+ monocytes isolated from healthy donors and differentiated with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence of tumor-derived microvesicles turned into HLA-DR(-/low) cells, retaining CD14 expression and failing to up-regulate costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86. These phenotypic changes were paralleled by a significant release of different cytokines, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and a dose-dependent suppressive activity on activated T-cell-proliferation and cytolytic functions, which could be reversed by anti-TGF-beta-neutralizing antibodies. Microvesicles isolated from plasma of advanced melanoma patients, but not from healthy donors, mediated comparable effects on CD14+ monocytes, skewing their differentiation toward CD14+HLA-DR-/low cells with TGF-beta-mediated suppressive activity on T-cell-functions. Interestingly, a subset of TGF-beta-secreting CD14+HLA-DR- cells mediating suppressive activity on T lymphocytes was found to be significantly expanded in peripheral blood of melanoma patients compared with healthy donors. These data suggest the development in cancer patients of an immunosuppressive circuit by which tumors promote the generation of suppressive myeloid cells through the release of circulating microvesicles and without the need for cell-to-cell contact. Therapeutic interventions on the crucial steps of this pathway may contribute to restore tumor/immune system interactions favoring T-cell-mediated control of tumor growth in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Valenti
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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