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Bergenstal RM, Gal RL, Connor CG, Gubitosi-Klug R, Kruger D, Olson BA, Willi SM, Aleppo G, Weinstock RS, Wood J, Rickels M, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Marcovina S, Tassopoulos A, Lee S, Massaro E, Bzdick S, Ichihara B, Markmann E, McGuigan P, Woerner S, Ecker M, Beck RW. Racial Differences in the Relationship of Glucose Concentrations and Hemoglobin A1c Levels. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167:95-102. [PMID: 28605777 DOI: 10.7326/m16-2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debate exists as to whether the higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels observed in black persons than in white persons are due to worse glycemic control or racial differences in the glycation of hemoglobin. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a racial difference exists in the relationship of mean glucose and HbA1c. DESIGN Prospective, 12-week observational study. SETTING 10 diabetes centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS 104 black persons and 104 white persons aged 8 years or older who had had type 1 diabetes for at least 2 years and had an HbA1c level of 6.0% to 12.0%. MEASUREMENTS Mean glucose concentration, measured by using continuous glucose monitoring and compared by race with HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine values. RESULTS The mean HbA1c level was 9.1% in black persons and 8.3% in white persons. For a given HbA1c level, the mean glucose concentration was significantly lower in black persons than in white persons (P = 0.013), which was reflected in mean HbA1c values in black persons being 0.4 percentage points (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.6 percentage points) higher than those in white persons for a given mean glucose concentration. In contrast, no significant racial differences were found in the relationship of glycated albumin and fructosamine levels with the mean glucose concentration (P > 0.20 for both comparisons). LIMITATION There were too few participants with HbA1c levels less than 6.5% to generalize the results to such individuals. CONCLUSION On average, HbA1c levels overestimate the mean glucose concentration in black persons compared with white persons, possibly owing to racial differences in the glycation of hemoglobin. However, because race only partially explains the observed HbA1c differences between black persons and white persons, future research should focus on identifying and modifying barriers impeding improved glycemic control in black persons with diabetes. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Helmsley Charitable Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Bergenstal
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robin L Gal
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Crystal G Connor
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rose Gubitosi-Klug
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Davida Kruger
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Beth A Olson
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steven M Willi
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Grazia Aleppo
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ruth S Weinstock
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jamie Wood
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Rickels
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen E Bethin
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Santica Marcovina
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andreana Tassopoulos
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sooji Lee
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elaine Massaro
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Suzan Bzdick
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian Ichihara
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eileen Markmann
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul McGuigan
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Woerner
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michelle Ecker
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Roy W Beck
- From International Diabetes Center Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida; University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine and Rodebaugh Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; SUNY Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York; and Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
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