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Browning MHEM, Hanley JR, Bailey CR, Beatley T, Gailey S, Hipp JA, Larson LR, James P, Jennings V, Jimenez MP, Kahn PH, Li D, Reuben A, Rigolon A, Sachs NA, Pearson AL, Minson CT. Quantifying Nature: Introducing NatureScore TM and NatureDose TM as Health Analysis and Promotion Tools. Am J Health Promot 2024; 38:126-134. [PMID: 38126317 PMCID: PMC10876217 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231210806b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. E. M. Browning
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- NatureQuantTM, Inc., Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy Beatley
- School of Architecture, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Samantha Gailey
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Space, Health and Community Lab, Charles Stewart Mott Department of Public Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J. Aaron Hipp
- Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lincoln R. Larson
- Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viniece Jennings
- School of the Environment, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter H. Kahn
- Department of Psychology & School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dongying Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Reuben
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alessandro Rigolon
- Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Naomi A. Sachs
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amber L. Pearson
- Charles Stewart Mott Department of Public Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher T. Minson
- NatureQuantTM, Inc., Eugene, OR, USA
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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Li H, Browning MHEM, Rigolon A, Larson LR, Taff D, Labib SM, Benfield J, Yuan S, McAnirlin O, Hatami N, Kahn PH. Beyond "bluespace" and "greenspace": A narrative review of possible health benefits from exposure to other natural landscapes. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159292. [PMID: 36208731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have highlighted the physical and mental health benefits of contact with nature, typically in landscapes characterized by plants (i.e., "greenspace") and water (i.e., "bluespace"). However, natural landscapes are not always green or blue, and the effects of other landscapes are worth attention. This narrative review attempts to overcome this limitation of past research. Rather than focusing on colors, we propose that natural landscapes are composed of at least one of three components: (1) plants (e.g., trees, flowering plants, grasses, sedges, mosses, ferns, and algae), (2) water (e.g., rivers, canals, lakes, and oceans), and/or (3) rocks and minerals, including soil. Landscapes not dominated by plants or liquid-state water include those with abundant solid-state water (e.g., polar spaces) and rocks or minerals (e.g., deserts and caves). Possible health benefits of solid-state water or rock/mineral dominated landscapes include both shorter-term (e.g., viewing images) and longer-term (e.g., living in these landscapes) exposure durations. Reported benefits span improved emotional and mental states and medical treatment resources for respiratory conditions and allergies. Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of exposure consist of commonly discussed theories in the "greenspace" and "bluespace" literature (i.e., instoration and restoration) as well as less discussed pathways in that literature (i.e., post-traumatic growth, self-determination, supportive environment theory, and place attachment). This is the first review to draw attention to the potential salutogenic value of natural landscapes beyond "greenspace" and "bluespace." It is also among the first to highlight the limitations and confusion that result from classifying natural landscapes using color. Since the extant literature on natural landscapes - beyond those with abundant plants or liquid-state water - is limited in regard to quantity and quality, additional research is needed to understand their restorative potential and therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Li
- Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 8400715, China
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Alessandro Rigolon
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Lincoln R Larson
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Derrick Taff
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - S M Labib
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Benfield
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Olivia McAnirlin
- Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Nazanin Hatami
- Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Peter H Kahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Bratman GN, Anderson CB, Berman MG, Cochran B, de Vries S, Flanders J, Folke C, Frumkin H, Gross JJ, Hartig T, Kahn PH, Kuo M, Lawler JJ, Levin PS, Lindahl T, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mitchell R, Ouyang Z, Roe J, Scarlett L, Smith JR, van den Bosch M, Wheeler BW, White MP, Zheng H, Daily GC. Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Sci Adv 2019. [PMID: 31355340 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0903/suppl_file/aax0903_sm.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of empirical evidence is revealing the value of nature experience for mental health. With rapid urbanization and declines in human contact with nature globally, crucial decisions must be made about how to preserve and enhance opportunities for nature experience. Here, we first provide points of consensus across the natural, social, and health sciences on the impacts of nature experience on cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and other dimensions of mental health. We then show how ecosystem service assessments can be expanded to include mental health, and provide a heuristic, conceptual model for doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Natural Capital Project, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher B Anderson
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marc G Berman
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Sjerp de Vries
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jon Flanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX 78746, USA
| | - Carl Folke
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Howard Frumkin
- Wellcome Trust, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Terry Hartig
- Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter H Kahn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ming Kuo
- Landscape and Human Health Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joshua J Lawler
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Phillip S Levin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Therese Lindahl
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard Mitchell
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Roe
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R Smith
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matilda van den Bosch
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benedict W Wheeler
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mathew P White
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Natural Capital Project, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Bratman GN, Anderson CB, Berman MG, Cochran B, de Vries S, Flanders J, Folke C, Frumkin H, Gross JJ, Hartig T, Kahn PH, Kuo M, Lawler JJ, Levin PS, Lindahl T, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mitchell R, Ouyang Z, Roe J, Scarlett L, Smith JR, van den Bosch M, Wheeler BW, White MP, Zheng H, Daily GC. Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax0903. [PMID: 31355340 PMCID: PMC6656547 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of empirical evidence is revealing the value of nature experience for mental health. With rapid urbanization and declines in human contact with nature globally, crucial decisions must be made about how to preserve and enhance opportunities for nature experience. Here, we first provide points of consensus across the natural, social, and health sciences on the impacts of nature experience on cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and other dimensions of mental health. We then show how ecosystem service assessments can be expanded to include mental health, and provide a heuristic, conceptual model for doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Natural Capital Project, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.N.B.); (G.C.D.)
| | - Christopher B. Anderson
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marc G. Berman
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Sjerp de Vries
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jon Flanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX 78746, USA
| | - Carl Folke
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Howard Frumkin
- Wellcome Trust, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Terry Hartig
- Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter H. Kahn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ming Kuo
- Landscape and Human Health Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joshua J. Lawler
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Phillip S. Levin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Therese Lindahl
- Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard Mitchell
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Roe
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Smith
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matilda van den Bosch
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benedict W. Wheeler
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mathew P. White
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gretchen C. Daily
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Natural Capital Project, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.N.B.); (G.C.D.)
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Abstract
This article provides a proof of concept for an approach to modeling child-nature interaction based on the idea of interaction patterns: characterizations of essential features of interaction between humans and nature, specified abstractly enough such that countless different instantiations of each one can occur - in more domestic or wild forms - given different types of nature, people, and purposes. The model draws from constructivist psychology, ecological psychology, and evolutionary psychology, and is grounded in observational data collected through a time-sampling methodology at a nature preschool. Through using a nature language that emphasizes ontogenetic and phylogenetic significance, seven keystone interaction patterns are described for this nature preschool: using one's body vigorously in nature, striking wood on wood, constructing shelter, being in solitude in nature, lying on earth, cohabiting with a wild animal, and being outside in weather. These 7 interactions patterns are then brought together with 13 other patterns published elsewhere to provide a total of 20 keystone interaction patterns that begin to fill out the model, and to show its promise. Discussion focuses on what the model aims to be in terms of both product and process, on what work the model can currently do, and how to further develop the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Kahn
- Department of Psychology, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thea Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kit Harrington
- Fiddleheads Forest School, University of Washington Botanic Gardens, Seattle, WA, United States
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Frumkin H, Bratman GN, Breslow SJ, Cochran B, Kahn PH, Lawler JJ, Levin PS, Tandon PS, Varanasi U, Wolf KL, Wood SA. Nature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:075001. [PMID: 28796634 PMCID: PMC5744722 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At a time of increasing disconnectedness from nature, scientific interest in the potential health benefits of nature contact has grown. Research in recent decades has yielded substantial evidence, but large gaps remain in our understanding. OBJECTIVES We propose a research agenda on nature contact and health, identifying principal domains of research and key questions that, if answered, would provide the basis for evidence-based public health interventions. DISCUSSION We identify research questions in seven domains: a) mechanistic biomedical studies; b) exposure science; c) epidemiology of health benefits; d) diversity and equity considerations; e) technological nature; f) economic and policy studies; and g) implementation science. CONCLUSIONS Nature contact may offer a range of human health benefits. Although much evidence is already available, much remains unknown. A robust research effort, guided by a focus on key unanswered questions, has the potential to yield high-impact, consequential public health insights. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Frumkin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gregory N Bratman
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Jo Breslow
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Peter H Kahn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua J Lawler
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Phillip S Levin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- The Nature Conservancy , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pooja S Tandon
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Children's Hospital , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Usha Varanasi
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathleen L Wolf
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Pacific Northwest Research Station , USDA Forest Service , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Spencer A Wood
- Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- The Natural Capital Project , Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
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Abstract
Natural features, settings, and processes in urban areas can help to reduce stress associated with urban life. In this and other ways, public health benefits from, street trees, green roofs, community gardens, parks and open spaces, and extensive connective pathways for walking and biking. Such urban design provisions can also yield ecological benefits, not only directly but also through the role they play in shaping attitudes toward the environment and environmental protection. Knowledge of the psychological benefits of nature experience supports efforts to better integrate nature into the architecture, infrastructure, and public spaces of urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Hartig
- Institute for Housing and Urban Research and Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter H Kahn
- Department of Psychology and School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kahn PH. Continuing the Conversation on Visioning Ecopsychology. Ecopsychology 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2014.6101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kahn PH, Hasbach PH. Becoming and Being: A Response to Chalquist's Review of Ecopsychology: Science, Totems, and the Technological Species. Ecopsychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2012.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Kahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Patricia H. Hasbach
- Psychotherapy and Consulting Services, Eugene, Oregon; Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon; Antioch University, Seattle, Washington
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Friedman B, Kahn PH, Borning A, Huldtgren A. Value Sensitive Design and Information Systems. Early engagement and new technologies: Opening up the laboratory 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7844-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Kahn
- Human Interaction With Nature and Technological Systems Laboratory and Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Kahn PH, Kanda T, Ishiguro H, Freier NG, Severson RL, Gill BT, Ruckert JH, Shen S. "Robovie, you'll have to go into the closet now": children's social and moral relationships with a humanoid robot. Dev Psychol 2012; 48:303-14. [PMID: 22369338 DOI: 10.1037/a0027033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children will increasingly come of age with personified robots and potentially form social and even moral relationships with them. What will such relationships look like? To address this question, 90 children (9-, 12-, and 15-year-olds) initially interacted with a humanoid robot, Robovie, in 15-min sessions. Each session ended when an experimenter interrupted Robovie's turn at a game and, against Robovie's stated objections, put Robovie into a closet. Each child was then engaged in a 50-min structural-developmental interview. Results showed that during the interaction sessions, all of the children engaged in physical and verbal social behaviors with Robovie. The interview data showed that the majority of children believed that Robovie had mental states (e.g., was intelligent and had feelings) and was a social being (e.g., could be a friend, offer comfort, and be trusted with secrets). In terms of Robovie's moral standing, children believed that Robovie deserved fair treatment and should not be harmed psychologically but did not believe that Robovie was entitled to its own liberty (Robovie could be bought and sold) or civil rights (in terms of voting rights and deserving compensation for work performed). Developmentally, while more than half the 15-year-olds conceptualized Robovie as a mental, social, and partly moral other, they did so to a lesser degree than the 9- and 12-year-olds. Discussion focuses on how (a) children's social and moral relationships with future personified robots may well be substantial and meaningful and (b) personified robots of the future may emerge as a unique ontological category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Kahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
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Kahn PH, Ruckert JH, Severson RL, Reichert AL, Fowler E. A Nature Language: An Agenda to Catalog, Save, and Recover Patterns of Human–Nature Interaction. Ecopsychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2009.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Kahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jolina H. Ruckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Aimee L. Reichert
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erin Fowler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Kahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
Two world trends are powerfully reshaping human existence: the degradation, if not destruction, of large parts of the natural world, and unprecedented technological development. At the nexus of these two trends lies technological nature—technologies that in various ways mediate, augment, or simulate the natural world. Current examples of technological nature include videos and live webcams of nature, robot animals, and immersive virtual environments. Does it matter for the physical and psychological well-being of the human species that actual nature is being replaced with technological nature? As the basis for our provisional answer (it is “yes”), we draw on evolutionary and cross-cultural developmental accounts of the human relation with nature and some recent psychological research on the effects of technological nature. Finally, we discuss the issue—and area for future research—of “environmental generational amnesia.” The concern is that, by adapting gradually to the loss of actual nature and to the increase of technological nature, humans will lower the baseline across generations for what counts as a full measure of the human experience and of human flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Kahn
- Information School, University of Washington, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kahn
- Department of Education and Human Development, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
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Abstract
Troglitazone was obtained in 5 steps from 4-bromo-1,1-dimethoxy-3-methylbut-2-ene with an overall yield of 7.5%. The formation of the chromane ring was achieved by condensing an unsaturated acetal with trimethylhydroquinone in the presence of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, associé au CNRS, ESPCI, Paris, France. janine.cossy.espci.fr
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Abstract
Sixty 2nd, 5th, and 8th graders were interviewed on their moral and ecological reasoning about the 1990 Exxon Valdez oil spill that occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Results showed that children understood that the oil spill negatively affected the local Alaskan shoreline, marine life, fishermen, recreationists, and the oil company. Children cared that harm occurred to the shoreline and marine life and conceived of both types of harm as violating a moral obligation. Fifth and 8th graders, compared with 2nd graders, used a greater proportion of anthropocentric reasoning (e.g., that nature ought to be protected to protect human welfare) and biocentric reasoning (e.g., that nature has intrinsic value, rights, or a teleology). Discussion focuses on how studying children's reasoning about nature not only extends the bounds of what counts as moral--to include a relationship with the natural world--but also provides a unique means by which to conduct basic research on children's moral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kahn
- Education and Human Development Program, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA.
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Abstract
Sixty 2nd, 5th, and 8th graders were interviewed on their moral and ecological reasoning about the 1990 Exxon Valdez oil spill that occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Results showed that children understood that the oil spill negatively affected the local Alaskan shoreline, marine life, fishermen, recreationists, and the oil company. Children cared that harm occurred to the shoreline and marine life and conceived of both types of harm as violating a moral obligation. Fifth and 8th graders, compared with 2nd graders, used a greater proportion of anthropocentric reasoning (e.g., that nature ought to be protected to protect human welfare) and biocentric reasoning (e.g., that nature has intrinsic value, rights, or a teleology). Discussion focuses on how studying children's reasoning about nature not only extends the bounds of what counts as moral--to include a relationship with the natural world--but also provides a unique means by which to conduct basic research on children's moral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kahn
- Education and Human Development Program, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA.
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Kahn PH. Children's obligatory and discretionary moral judgments. Child Dev 1992; 63:416-30. [PMID: 1611944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined children's obligatory moral judgments (which reflect a moral requirement) and discretionary moral judgments (which reflect moral worthiness, but not a requirement). 72 children participated across grades 2, 5, and 8 (mean ages, 8-3, 11-0, and 13-11). Children were interviewed in response to stimulus stories that controlled for the degree of agent's cost (low and high) for performing positive moral acts (giving money for food to an impoverished, hungry person) and negative moral acts (not stealing money for food). Results showed that negative moral acts were more often conceived as obligatory than positive moral acts. In addition, the results support the proposition that children's concepts of obligation underlie judgments to codify law, that justice reasoning builds on concepts of welfare, and that with increasing age discretionary moral reasoning incorporates such character traits as benevolence, sacrifice, and supererogation. Discussion includes consideration of how the study's conceptualization and analysis can provide guidance to a moral-developmental research program.
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Gresh N, Kahn PH. Theoretical design of a bistetrapeptide derivative of mitoxantrone targeted towards the double-stranded hexanucleotide sequence d(GGCGCC)2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1991; 8:827-46. [PMID: 2059342 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1991.10507848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hexanucleotide d(GGCGCC)2 is encountered in recurrent fashion within transcriptional activating sequences in retroviruses and protooncogenes. Our first theoretical design of novel oligopeptide derivatives of mitoxantrone, MTX (1), had enabled us to predict derivatives depsiGly-Lys(L) and depsiGly-Gly-Orn(D) to preferentially target the tetrameric core d(CCGG)2. Owing to the crucial importance of hexamer d(GGCGCC)2, we have attempted to extend the realm of our approach by now targeting this specific hexanucleotide. For that purpose, we undertook the design of further oligopeptide derivatives of MTX, in which each arm was identically amidated (rather than esterified as in (1)) by tri- or tetrapeptides of varying sequences and individual residue configurations. The binding affinities of these derivatives to the palindromic sequences d(GGCGCC)2, d(CGCGCG)2, d(GCCGGC)2 and d(CCCGGG)2, were compared by energy-minimization. We report here the results obtained with the most promising derivative, having the sequence Arg(L)-Gly-Val(L)-Glu(L), and displaying a considerable energy preference for d(GGCGCC)2 over the other candidate hexameric sites (referred to as I). In the corresponding complexes, the two arms are in two mutually antiparallel directions in the major groove, and adopt a beta-sheet like arrangement stabilized by two H-bonds involving the carbonyl and amide groups of the Gly residues. Each Arg side chain on a given arm chelates O6 and N7 atoms of G1, G2/G1', G2' with its imino and cis amino hydrogen, and is simultaneously bound through two amino hydrogens in a bidentate interaction with the Glu residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gresh
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is a recently synthesized antitumor intercalative molecule, currently in use in chemotherapy. Previous theoretical computations showed that the base pair selectivity of MTX is limited to the sole two base-pair sequence making up the intercalation site. In order to further extend the recognition site, we undertook, by means of theoretical computations, the design of novel MTX derivatives, in which the terminal hydroxyl group of each side chain is esterified with oligopeptides. We compare in the present study the binding affinities of two derivatives, depsiGly-Lys(D) and depsiGly-Gly-Orn(L), for the palindromic sequences d(CCCGGG)2, d(GCCGGC)2, d(GGCGCC)2, and d(CGCGCG)2. Major groove binding of the oligopeptide arms was shown to be significantly more favourable than either minor groove binding, or binding to the sole phosphate groups. With the two arms adopting two antiparallel directions, two distinct arrangements were investigated in the major groove: (a) the two oligopeptides are brought closer together by means of two hydrogen bonds involving the backbone of their second residue in a beta-sheet like arrangement; (b) the two arms are remote from each other so as to reduce their mutual electrostatic repulsion. Whatever the disposition, the optimal binding configurations were invariably found to be those in which the cationic side chains of the terminal residues chelate N7/O6 of two successive guanines, whenever present on a given strand. A distinct energetical preference for arrangement (a) was obtained with the depsiGly-Gly-Orn(L) derivative. Replacement of the central Gly residue by a Cys one, as in the sequence depsiGly-Cys-Orn(L), was proposed subsequently, so as to further stabilize such a beta-sheet arrangement by means of a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues. The two investigated compounds were shown to preferentially bind sequences d(CCCGGG)2 and d(GCCGGC)2, with a tetrameric core CCGG rather than sequences d(GGCGCC)2 and d(CGCGCG)2, with a tetrameric core GCGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gresh
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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Kahn PH, Powell JF, Beaumont A, Roques BP, Mallet JJ. An antibody purified with a lambda GT11 fusion protein precipitates enkephalinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 145:488-93. [PMID: 3297057 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An antiserum was raised against the neutral endopeptidase "enkephalinase" in guinea pig and used to probe a rabbit kidney cDNA expression library. A positive clone has been isolated and sequenced. The identity of the corresponding fusion protein was ascertained by its ability to select, from the crude antiserum, antibodies which specifically immunoprecipitate neutral endopeptidase enzymatic activity. This approach eliminates the uncertainty inherent to clone identification obtained from oligonucleotide probe derived from a partial sequence of the protein.
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