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Anand T, Anbukkarasi M, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. A comparison between plain eugenol and eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for prevention of in vitro selenite-induced cataractogenesis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Anbukkarasi M, Thomas PA, Teresa PA, Anand T, Geraldine P. Comparison of the efficacy of a Tabernaemontana divaricata extract and of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in preventing cataract formation in an in-vivo system of selenite-induced cataractogenesis. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Anand T, Anbukkarasi M, Teresa PA, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Evaluation of the Putative Efficacy of a Methanolic Extract of Ocimum Basilicum in Preventing Disruption of Structural Proteins in an in Vitro System of Selenite-induced Cataractogenesis. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:696-704. [PMID: 31770036 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1698054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate whether a methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum (OB) leaves prevented lenticular protein alterations in an in-vitro model of selenite-induced cataractogenesis.Materials and Methods: Transparent lenses extirpated from Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control; selenite only; treated. Control lenses were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) alone, selenite only lenses were cultured in DMEM containing sodium selenite only (100 µM selenite/ml DMEM) and treated lenses were cultured in DMEM containing sodium selenite and the methanolic extract of OB leaves (200 µg of extract/ml DMEM); all lenses were cultured for 24 h and then processed. The parameters assessed in lenticular homogenates were lenticular protein sulfhydryl and carbonyl content, calcium level, insoluble to soluble protein ratio, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) patterns of lenticular proteins, and mRNA transcript and protein levels of αA-crystallin and βB1-crystallins.Results: Selenite only lenses exhibited alterations in all parameters assessed. Treated lenses exhibited values for these parameters that were comparable to those noted in normal control lenses.Conclusions: The methanolic extract of OB leaves prevented alterations in lenticular protein sulfhydryl and carbonyl content, calcium level, insoluble to soluble protein ratio, SDS-PAGE patterns of lenticular proteins, and expression of αA-crystallin and βB1-crystallin gene and proteins in cultured selenite-challenged lenses. OB may be further evaluated as a promising agent for the prevention of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiraviyam Anand
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Muniyandi Anbukkarasi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - P Archana Teresa
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Vasantha Ruban V, Anbukkarasi M, Anand T, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Oxidative stress in corneal tissue in experimental keratitis due to Aspergillus flavus: Effect of topical voriconazole therapy. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Anand T, Sundararajan M, Anbukkarasi M, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5530/pj.2019.11.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Anbukkarasi M, Sundararajan M, Venkadeswaran K, Ruban VV, Anand T, Geraldine P. Antihypercholesterolemic, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential of an extract of the plant Tabernaemontana divaricata in experimental rats fed an atherogenic diet. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hsia CH, Lu WJ, Lin KH, Chou DS, Geraldine P, Jayakuma T, Chang NC, Sheu JR. Norcantharidin, a clinical used chemotherapeutic agent, acts as a powerful inhibitor by interfering with fibrinogen-integrin α IIb β 3 binding in human platelets. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2142-2152. [PMID: 29369482 PMCID: PMC5867116 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During platelet activation, fibrinogen binds to its specific platelet receptor, integrin αIIb β3 , thus completing the final common pathway for platelet aggregation. Norcantharidin (NCTD) is a promising anticancer agent in China from medicinal insect blister beetle. In this study, we provided the evidence to demonstrate NCTD (0.1-1.0 μM) possesses very powerful antiplatelet activity in human platelets; nevertheless, it had no effects on surface P-selectin expression and only slight inhibition on ATP-release reaction in activated platelets. Moreover, NCTD markedly hindered integrin αIIb β3 activation by interfering with the binding of FITC-labelled PAC-1. It also markedly reduced the number of adherent platelets and the single platelet spreading area on immobilized fibrinogen as well as clot retraction. Additionally, NCTD attenuated phosphorylation of proteins such as integrin β3 , Src and FAK in platelets spreading on immobilized fibrinogen. These results indicate that NCTD restricts integrin αIIb β3 -mediated outside-in signalling in human platelets. Besides, NCTD substantially prolonged the closure time in human whole blood and increased the occlusion time of thrombotic platelet plug formation and prolonged the bleeding time in mice. In conclusion, NCTD has dual activities, it can be a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment, and the other side it possesses powerful antiplatelet activity for treating thromboembolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Suey Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakuma
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ruban VV, Archana PT, Sundararajan M, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Inflammation and oxidative stress in corneal tissue in experimental keratitis due to Fusarium solani: Amelioration following topical therapy with voriconazole and epigallocatechin gallate. Mycoses 2017; 61:159-171. [PMID: 29064157 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Combined antifungal and antioxidant therapy may help to reduce oxidative stress in fungal keratitis. Experimental Fusarium solani keratitis was induced by application of F. solani conidia to scarified cornea (right eye) of 16 rabbits (another four rabbits were negative controls [Group I]). Five days later, F. solani-infected animals began receiving hourly topical saline alone (Group II), voriconazole (10 mg/mL) alone (Group III), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 10 mg/mL) alone (Group IV) or voriconazole and EGCG (Group V). Twenty days post-inoculation, corneal lesions were graded. After animal sacrifice, excised corneas underwent histopathological and microbiological investigations. Corneal tissue levels/activities of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene mRNA transcripts, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were also measured. Clinical and histopathological scores (severity of corneal lesions; [P < .05]) and mean levels (P < .05) of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA transcripts, MMP 2, MMP 9 and MDA were Group II > Groups IV and III > Groups V and I. Mean SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH levels (P < .05) were Group II < Groups IV and III < Groups V and I. Topical voriconazole with EGCG apparently reduces inflammation in experimental F. solani keratitis, as manifested by improved clinical, histological, microbiological and molecular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakumar V Ruban
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip T Archana
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalingam Sundararajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sundararajan M, Thomas PA, Babyshalini K, Geraldine P. Identification of phytoconstituents and in-vitro evaluation of the putative anticataractogenic effect of an ethanolic root extract of Leucas aspera. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:87-101. [PMID: 27930991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern herbal medicine has played a significant role in treating oxidative stress and related complications. In the present investigation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of ethanolic extracts of the leaf and of the root of Leucas aspera (L. aspera) (Willd.) Link separately showed the presence of various phytoconstituents; major components have already been reported to possess various biological, including antioxidant, activities. Of the two extracts analyzed, the root extract exhibited more potential antioxidant activity than did the leaf extract. Since this finding correlated with more perceptible amounts of antioxidant components being detected in the ethanolic extract of L. aspera root, the root extract was evaluated for possible anticataractogenic potential in cultured Wistar rat lenses. Following incubation of Wistar rat lenses for 24h at 37°C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), gross morphological examination revealed that none of the eight lenses incubated in DMEM alone (Group I) exhibited any opacification (Grade 0), whereas all eight lenses incubated in DMEM that contained sodium selenite (100μM selenite/ml of DMEM) (Group II) exhibited thick opacification (Grade +++). In contrast, only one out of eight lenses incubated in DMEM containing sodium selenite (100μM selenite/ml of DMEM) and simultaneously exposed to the L. aspera root extract (300μg/ml of DMEM) (Group III) exhibited a slight degree of opacification (Grade +) after 24h incubation, while the remaining seven lenses did not show any opacification (Grade 0). The mean activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase and the mean level of reduced glutathione were all significantly (p<0.05) higher in Group III lenses than the mean values in Group II lenses. The mean concentration of malondialdehyde in Group III lenses was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in Group II lenses. Further, significantly (p<0.05) lower mean mRNA transcript levels of the genes encoding αA- and βB1-crystallins, as well as significantly lower mean levels of the αA- and βB1-crystallin proteins themselves, were observed in Group II lenses. However, in Group III lenses, the mean mRNA transcript levels of the crystallin genes, and the mean protein levels, were essentially similar to those noted in normal control (Group I) lenses. The results of the present study suggest that in selenite-challenged Wistar rat lenses simultaneously exposed to an ethanolic extract of L. aspera root, lenticular opacification was prevented by mean activities of enzymatic antioxidants, mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde mean expression levels of genes encoding αA- and βB1-crystallins, and mean levels of the crystallin proteins themselves, being maintained at near normal levels. Further studies are required to confirm whether the ethanolic extract of the root of L. aspera can be developed for pharmacological management of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Sundararajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli 620 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karuppan Babyshalini
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Anbukkarasi M, Thomas PA, Sundararajan M, Geraldine P. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5530/pj.2016.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sundararajan M, Thomas PA, Teresa PA, Anbukkarasi M, Geraldine P. Regulatory effect of chrysin on expression of lenticular calcium transporters, calpains, and apoptotic-cascade components in selenite-induced cataract. Mol Vis 2016; 22:401-23. [PMID: 27168717 PMCID: PMC4851856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Selenite-induced cataract is associated with oxidative stress, loss of calcium homeostasis, activation of calpain enzymes, and apoptotic cell death in the lens. An evaluation of naturally occurring antioxidants that also restrict calcium influx into the lens and calpain activation and thus prevent lenticular cell death may lead to the development of safe and effective anticataractogenic drugs. This study focuses on a naturally occurring flavone, chrysin, and its efficacy in preventing cataractogenic changes in in vitro cultured Wistar rat lenses. METHODS Lenses from Wistar rats incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) were categorized into four main groups: Group I (control, incubated in DMEM alone); Group II (selenite-challenged and untreated, incubated in DMEM that contained 100 µM/ml of sodium selenite only); Group III (selenite-challenged and chrysin-treated, incubated in DMEM that contained sodium selenite [100 µM/ml of DMEM] and chrysin [200 µM/ml of DMEM]); and Group IV (chrysin-treated, incubated in DMEM that contained chrysin [200 µM/ml of DMEM] only). The Group III (selenite-challenged and chrysin-treated) lenses were further categorized into five sub-groups: Group IIIa (incubated for 24 h in DMEM that contained sodium selenite and chrysin added simultaneously), Group IIIb (first incubated for 2 h in DMEM that contained chrysin only and then for up to 24 h in fresh DMEM that contained sodium selenite only), Group IIIc (first incubated for 30 min in DMEM that contained sodium selenite only and subsequently for up to 24 h in DMEM that contained chrysin only), and Groups IIId and IIIe (first incubated for 1 h and 2 h, respectively, in DMEM that contained sodium selenite only and subsequently for up to 24 h in DMEM that contained chrysin only). RESULTS Gross morphological assessment revealed dense opacification (Grade +++) in the selenite-challenged, untreated lenses (Group II); however, seven of the eight selenite-challenged and simultaneously chrysin-treated (Group IIIa) lenses showed no opacification (Grade 0) after 24 h incubation, while the remaining single lens exhibited only a slight degree of opacification (Grade +). In the Group IIIa lenses, the reduced glutathione, protein sulfhydryl, and malondialdehyde concentrations appeared to have been maintained at near-normal levels. The mean lenticular concentration of calcium was significantly lower in the Group IIIa lenses than that in the Group II lenses and approximated the values observed in the normal control (Group I) lenses. The Group IIIa lenses also exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher mean lenticular activity of calpain, significantly higher mean mRNA transcript levels of genes that encode m-calpain and lenticular preferred calpain (Lp82), and significantly higher mean levels of the m-calpain and Lp82 proteins than the corresponding values in the Group II lenses. Casein zymography results suggested that chrysin prevented calpain activation and autolysis. Significantly (p<0.05) lower mean levels of mRNA transcripts of the genes that encode calcium transporter proteins (plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase-1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase-2) and lenticular apoptotic-cascade proteins (early growth response protein-1, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9) and significantly (p<0.05) lower mean concentrations of the proteins themselves were seen in the Group IIIa rat lenses in comparison to the values noted in the Group II rat lenses. CONCLUSIONS Chrysin appears to prevent selenite-induced cataractogenesis in vitro by maintaining the redox system components at near-normal levels and by preventing the abnormal expression of several lenticular calcium transporters and apoptotic-cascade proteins, thus preventing accumulation of calcium and subsequent calpain activation and lenticular cell death in cultured Wistar rat lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Sundararajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A. Thomas
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Archana Teresa
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Anbukkarasi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jayakumar T, Yang CH, Geraldine P, Yen TL, Sheu JR. The pharmacodynamics of antiplatelet compounds in thrombosis treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:615-32. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1176141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yen TL, Wu MP, Chung CL, Yang WB, Jayakumar T, Geraldine P, Chou CM, Chang CY, Lu WJ, Sheu JR. Novel synthetic benzimidazole-derived oligosaccharide, M3BIM, prevents ex vivo platelet aggregation and in vivo thromboembolism. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:26. [PMID: 26887315 PMCID: PMC4756413 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombus formation, a phenomenon primarily related to increased platelet activation, plays a key role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although the established antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, have been shown to be beneficial in treating thromboembolic diseases, they have considerable limitations. Hence, the development of more effective and safe antithrombotic agents is necessary to satisfy a substantial unmet clinical need. In recent years, the favorable properties of imidazole-related drugs have prompted medicinal chemists to synthesize numerous novel therapeutic agents. The chemical structure of the benzimidazole backbone has proven antiplatelet properties. Moreover, synthetic oligosaccharides have exhibited antiplatelet properties. Therefore, we developed a new aldo-benzimidazole-derived oligosaccharide compound, M3BIM, for achieving a stronger antiplatelet effect than the drugs which are being used in clinical aspects. We investigated the effects of M3BIM on platelet activation ex vivo and its antithrombotic activity in vivo. Results M3BIM (10–50 μM) exhibited a more potent activity in inhibiting platelet aggregation stimulated by collagen than it did in inhibiting that stimulated by thrombin in washed human platelets. The M3BIM treatment revealed no cytotoxicity in zebrafish embryos, even at the highest concentration of 100 μM. In addition, M3BIM inhibited the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), and markedly reduced the ATP-release reaction and intracellular calcium mobilization in collagen-activated platelets. By contrast, M3BIM showed no effects on either collagen-induced p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation or phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate-induced PKC activation and platelet aggregation. Moreover, the M3BIM treatment substantially prolonged the closure time in human whole blood, and increased the occlusion time in mesenteric microvessels and attenuated cerebral infarction in mice. For the study of anticoagulant activities, M3BIM showed no significant effects in the prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time in mice. Conclusion The findings of our study suggest that M3BIM is a potential therapeutic agent for preventing or treating thromboembolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ping Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Chung
- Department of Medical Research and Translational Laboratory, Research Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yau Chang
- Hemophilia Center, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research and Translational Laboratory, Research Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Wei JH, Chang NC, Chen SP, Geraldine P, Jayakumar T, Fong TH. Comparative decline of the protein profiles of nebulin in response to denervation in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:95-102. [PMID: 26325472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sliding filament model of the sarcomere was developed more than half a century ago. This model, consisting only of thin and thick filaments, has been efficacious in elucidating many, but not all, features of skeletal muscle. Work during the 1980s revealed the existence of two additional filaments: the giant filamentous proteins titin and nebulin. Nebulin, a giant myofibrillar protein, acts as a protein ruler to maintain the lattice arrays of thin filaments and plays a role in signal transduction and contractile regulation. However, the change of nebulin and its effect on thin filaments in denervation-induced atrophic muscle remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the content and pattern of nebulin, myosin heavy chain (MHC), actin, and titin in innervated and denervated tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of rats using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), densitometry and electron microscopic (EM) analyses. The results revealed that denervation induced muscle atrophy is accompanied by decreased nebulin content in a time-dependent manner. For instant, the levels of nebulin in denervated muscles were markedly (P < 0.05) decreased, about 24.6% and 40.2% in comparison with innervated muscle after denervation of 28 and 56 days, respectively. The nebulin/MHC, nebulin/actin, and nebulin/titin ratios were decreased, suggesting a concomitant reduction of nebulin in denervated muscle. Moreover, a western blotting assay proved that nebulin declined faster than titin on 28 and 56 days of denervated muscle. In addition, EM study revealed that the disturbed arrangements of myofilaments and a disorganized contractile apparatus were also observed in denervated muscle. Overall, the present study provides evidence that nebulin is more sensitive to the effect of denervation than MHC, actin, and titin. Nebulin decline indeed resulted in disintegrate of thin filaments and shortening of sarcomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Hua Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Ping Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsorng-Harn Fong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Muralidharan AR, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Sheu JR, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Biological Evaluation of a Calpain Inhibitor for Prevention of Selenite-Induced Cataractogenesis in an in Vitro System. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1686-97. [PMID: 26270943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calpains belong to the family of calcium-dependent, structurally related intracellular cysteine proteases that exhibit significant functions in evolution of different types of cataracts in human as well as animal models. Application of calpain inhibitors generated through a virtual screening workflow may provide new avenues for the prevention of cataractogenesis. Hence, in the current study, compounds were first screened for potent calpain inhibitory activity by employing a structure-based approach, and the screening results were then validated through biological experiments in rat lenses. A hit compound, HTS08688, was obtained by structure-based virtual screening. A micromolar concentration of HTS08688 was found to prevent in vitro cataractogenesis in isolated Wistar rat lenses, while maintaining the antioxidant and calcium concentrations at near normal levels. Inhibition of superoxide anion generation, as observed through cytochemical localization studies, and maintenance of structural integrity, as demonstrated by histological analysis of lenticular tissue, also suggested that HTS08688 can ameliorate the cataractous condition induced by selenite in an in vitro rodent model. A cell proliferation assay was performed; the IC 50 value of the screened calpain inhibitor, HTS08688, against human lenticular epithelial cells-b3 was found to be 177 μM/mL. This combined theoretical and experimental approach has demonstrated a potent lead compound, HTS08688, that exhibits putative anticataractogenic activity by virtue of its potential to inhibit calpain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University , Karaikudi-630003, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University , Karaikudi-630003, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital , Tiruchirappalli-620001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamilnadu, India
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Chang Y, Hsu WH, Lu WJ, Jayakumar T, Liao JC, Lin MJ, Wang SH, Geraldine P, Lin KH, Sheu JR. Inhibitory Mechanisms of CME-1, a Novel Polysaccharide from the Mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis, in Platelet Activation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201016666150303152237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chang YI, Hsu WH, Lu WJ, Jayakumar T, Liao JC, Lin MJ, Wang SH, Geraldine P, Lin KH, Sheu JR. Inhibitory Mechanisms of CME-1, a Novel Polysaccharide from the Mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis, in Platelet Activation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015:CPB-EPUB-65627. [PMID: 25738390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: CME-1 is a polysaccharide purified from the mycelia of medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, its molecular weight was determined to be 27.6 kDa by using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The initiation of arterial thromboses is relevant to various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and is believed to involve platelet activation. Our recent study exhibited that CME-1 has potent antiplatelet activity via the activation of adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP ex vivo and in vivo. Methods: The aggregometry, and immunoblotting were used in this study. Results: In this study, the mechanisms of CME-1 in platelet activation is further investigated and found that CME-1 inhibited platelet aggregation as well as the ATP-release reaction, relative intracellular [Ca+2] mobilization, and the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)γ2 and protein kinase C (PKC) stimulated by collagen. CME-1 has no effects on inhibiting either convulxin, an agonist of glycoprotein VI, or aggretin, an agonist of integrin α2β1 stimulated platelet aggregation. Moreover, this compound markedly diminished thrombin and arachidonic acid (AA) induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, and Akt. Treatment with SQ22536, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, markedly diminished the CME-1-mediated increasing of cyclic AMP level and reversed prostaglandin E1- or CME-1-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation and p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation stimulated by thrombin or AA. Furthermore, phosphodiesterase activity of human platelets was not altered by CME-1. Conclusion: The crucial finding of this study is that the antiplatelet activity of CME-1 may initially inhibit the PLCγ2-PKC-p47 cascade, and inhibit PI3-kinase/Akt and MAPK phosphorylation through adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP activation, then inhibit intracellular [Ca+2] mobilization, and, ultimately, inhibit platelet activation. The novel role of CME-1 in antiplatelet activity indicates that this compound exhibits high therapeutic potential for treating or preventing CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- 250 Wu-Hsing St., Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Vasantha Ruban V, Geraldine P, Kaliamurthy J, Jesudasan CAN, Thomas PA. Keratitis due to Fusarium langsethiae: clinical profile, molecular identification, and susceptibility to antifungals. Mycopathologia 2015; 179:453-8. [PMID: 25645251 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of keratitis due to Fusarium langsethiae in a 56-year-old man. The patient presented with pain and tearing of 10 days duration in the right eye, which had sustained a paddy stalk injury. On examination, a hypopyon corneal ulcer was noted in the right eye. Multiple scrapings were obtained from the affected part of the cornea. A lactophenol cotton blue wet mount and a Gram-stained smear of scrapings were made. Scrapings were also inoculated on various culture media, including Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). A fungal etiology was sought by conventional microbiological techniques and polymerase chain reaction. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed by an agar dilution method. Direct microscopy of corneal scrapings revealed septate hyphae, leading to initiation of intensive topical therapy with natamycin (5 %). However, the keratitis progressed, necessitating therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. White, powdery-like colonies, with abundant aerial mycelium, were recovered on SDA from corneal scrape material. Based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological features, the isolated fungus was initially identified as a Fusarium species. Sequence analysis of the 28S rRNA region of the fungal genome led to a specific identification of F. langsethiae. Antifungal susceptibility testing results suggested that the strain isolated was susceptible to voriconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of keratitis due to F. langsethiae; attention is drawn to the unique characteristics of the fungal isolate, difficulties in identification and non-responsiveness to medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakumar Vasantha Ruban
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chang Y, Hsu WH, Lu WJ, Jayakumar T, Liao JC, Lin MJ, Wang SH, Geraldine P, Lin KH, Sheu JR. Inhibitory mechanisms of CME-1, a novel polysaccharide from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis, in platelet activation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015; 16:451-461. [PMID: 25751172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CME-1 is a polysaccharide purified from the mycelia of medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, its molecular weight was determined to be 27.6 kDa by using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The initiation of arterial thromboses is relevant to various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and is believed to involve platelet activation. Our recent study exhibited that CME-1 has potent antiplatelet activity via the activation of adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP ex vivo and in vivo. METHODS The aggregometry, and immunoblotting were used in this study. RESULTS In this study, the mechanisms of CME-1 in platelet activation is further investigated and found that CME-1 inhibited platelet aggregation as well as the ATP-release reaction, relative intracellular [Ca(+2)] mobilization, and the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)γ2 and protein kinase C (PKC) stimulated by collagen. CME-1 has no effects on inhibiting either convulxin, an agonist of glycoprotein VI, or aggretin, an agonist of integrin α2β1 stimulated platelet aggregation. Moreover, this compound markedly diminished thrombin and arachidonic acid (AA) induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, and Akt. Treatment with SQ22536, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, markedly diminished the CME-1-mediated increasing of cyclic AMP level and reversed prostaglandin E1- or CME-1-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation and p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation stimulated by thrombin or AA. Furthermore, phosphodiesterase activity of human platelets was not altered by CME-1. CONCLUSION The crucial finding of this study is that the antiplatelet activity of CME-1 may initially inhibit the PLCγ2-PKC-p47 cascade, and inhibit PI3-kinase/Akt and MAPK phosphorylation through adenylate cyclase/ cyclic AMP activation, then inhibit intracellular [Ca(+2)] mobilization, and, ultimately, inhibit platelet activation. The novel role of CME-1 in antiplatelet activity indicates that this compound exhibits high therapeutic potential for treating or preventing CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- 250 Wu-Hsing St., Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Annadurai T, Vasanthakumar A, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Variations in erythrocyte antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation status and in serum lipid profile parameters in relation to blood haemoglobin A1c values in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105:58-69. [PMID: 24842247 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and lipid peroxidation status in erythrocytes and serum lipid profile parameters, in relation to haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in normal healthy individuals. METHODS Sixty test individuals with diabetes and 15 control individuals were categorized as: Group I, control (non-diabetes); Group II, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels ≤7.0% (53 mmol/mol); Group III, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels between 7.1 and 8.0% (54 and 64 mmol/mol); Group IV, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels between 8.1 and 9.0% (65 and 75 mmol/mol); Group V, individuals with diabetes with HbA1c levels >9.0% (75 mmol/mol). Blood samples were collected to measure: blood glucose and HbA1c levels; haemolysate levels of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants and malondialdehyde (MDA); and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Correlations between blood HbA1c values and all parameters were sought. RESULTS Significantly lower mean activities/levels of antioxidant parameters and significantly higher mean levels of MDA were noted in haemolysate samples from patients with diabetes than in those from control individuals. Significantly higher mean serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides and significantly lower mean concentrations of HDL-cholesterol were noted in patients with diabetes than in control individuals. Further, moderate to strong correlations were observed between values of antioxidants, MDA and lipid profile parameters and blood concentrations of HbA1c. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HbA1c values may be potentially useful not only to indicate long-term glycemic control to indicate onset of complications at a clinically detectable level and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Annadurai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Azhagarsamy Vasanthakumar
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, 50-A, Melapudhur Main Road, Tiruchirappalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Thomas PA, Geraldine P, Jayakumar T. Pleurotus ostreatus, an edible mushroom, enhances glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ascorbate peroxidase and reduces xanthine dehydrogenase in major organs of aged rats. Pharm Biol 2014; 52:646-654. [PMID: 24392756 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.863948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aging is now considered to be associated with an elevation in oxidative damage to macromolecules and enhanced levels of inflammation. Therefore, inhibition of age-related oxidative stress by natural supplement is an important study. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the treatment with Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr) Kumm, (Pleurotaceae) can ameliorate oxidative damage in aged rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of six each: group 1, normal young rats; group 2, normal aged untreated rats; group 3, normal aged rats treated with P. ostreatus (200 mg/kg body wt administered intraperitoneally for 21 days). On the 22nd day, rats were sacrificed by decapitation; the liver, kidneys, heart and brain were removed from each rat for the biochemical and isozyme analyses of the antioxidant enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), ascorbate peroxidase (Apx) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). RESULTS An elevated activity of XDH was observed in the liver (G2:13.72 ± 4.1 versus G1: 7.57 ± 1.15; p < 0.05), kidneys (G2:101.48 ± 12.3 versus G1: 31.15 ± 1.71; p < 0.01), heart (G2: 63.21 ± 3.96 versus G1: 37.3 ± 2.70; p < 0.01) and brain (G2: 39.02 ± 3.96 versus G1: 19.84 ± 1.22; p < 0.001). The activities of G6PDH and Apx were lowered in major organs of aged untreated rats. However, treatment of P. ostreatus to aged rats resulted in decreased XDH and increased G6PDH and Apx activities in liver, kidneys, heart and brain. Interestingly, analyses of isozyme pattern of these enzymes are support the results obtained from the spectrophotometric determinations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that an extract of P. ostreatus can protect the age-related oxidative damage in major organs of Wistar rats by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes G6PDH and Apx and by reducing XDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Aloysius Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital , Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu , India
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Ruban VV, Kaliamurthy J, Dineshkumar M, Jesudasan CAN, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Keratitis due to the wood saprobic ascomycete, Auerswaldia lignicola (Family Botryosphaeriaceae), in a carpenter in India. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:463-6. [PMID: 24158617 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratitis due to Auerswaldia lignicola in a 32-year-old Indian male carpenter is described. At presentation, the patient reported persistent pain and tearing (left eye) in spite of topical antimicrobial therapy for more than 3 weeks. Clinically, mycotic keratitis was suspected, and direct microscopy of corneal scrapings stained by lactophenol cotton blue and Gram stains revealed broad septate hyphae. Intensive topical antifungal therapy was then given for 15 days. The keratitis continued to progress, necessitating therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. Following the keratoplasty, there was rapid reduction in inflammation and gradual quietening of the eye. Brown-black fungal colonies resembling Lasiodiplodia theobromae were isolated from corneal scrape and corneal button (post-surgery) material on Sabouraud glucose-neopeptone agar; however, sporulation did not occur, so the morphological identification could not be confirmed. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA region of extracted fungal genomic DNA yielded an identification of A. lignicola Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde; the sequence data have been deposited in GenBank (A. lignicola strain DK/V4, accession number KC866317.1). Medical management of keratitis due to such rarely reported fungal species may be difficult, necessitating surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakumar Vasantha Ruban
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, TN, India
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Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Adjunctive topical versus intrastromal voriconazole in mycotic keratitis. Expert Review of Ophthalmology 2013. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2013.830448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Anandhi R, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Evaluation of the anti-atherogenic potential of chrysin in Wistar rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 385:103-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Annadurai T, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Ameliorative effect of naringenin on hyperglycemia-mediated inflammation in hepatic and pancreatic tissues of Wistar rats with streptozotocin- nicotinamide-induced experimental diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:793-803. [PMID: 23841752 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.823643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus (DM), sustained hyperglycemia results in the generation of reactive oxygen species, ultimately leading to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in vital tissues. In the present study, possible ameliorative effects of naringenin on hyperglycemia-mediated inflammation in experimental streptozocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced DM were sought. DM was induced experimentally in overnight-fasted Wistar rats (150-180 g) by intra-peritoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg.b.w) and of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg.b.w); control rats (n = 6) received only vehicle (0.5 ml of 0.1 M of cold citrate buffer; pH 4.5). One group of diabetic rats (n = 6) was left untreated while another group of diabetic rats (n = 6) received naringenin (50 mg/kg b.w./day) orally for 21 days. At this time, hemotological indices (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], total white blood cell [WBC] count, differential WBC percentage, and platelet count) were measured. Significant alterations in expression of gene and protein biomarkers of inflammation in hepatic and pancreatic tissues were determined by measuring mRNA levels and the level of protein expressed, respectively, as was the total nitric oxide level in these tissues. Diabetic rats showed significantly higher mean ESR values, total WBC counts, differential WBC percentages, and platelet counts than those in control rats; similarly, mean mRNA levels of C-reactive protein, pro-inflammatory cytokine, nuclear factor-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes and mean intensities of expression of the corresponding proteins in the hepatic and pancreatic tissue samples from diabetic rats significantly exceeded those in control rats. However, in diabetic rats treated with naringenin, the values of hematological, mRNA transcript and protein indices of inflammation were all lower than those in diabetic rats. These results suggest that naringenin possibly alleviates hyperglycemia-mediated inflammation in experimental STZ-nicotinamide-induced DM in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Annadurai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu , India
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Abstract
Mycotic keratitis, an infection of the cornea caused by fungi, is a medical emergency, with patients presenting with considerable pain and distress. For effective management of the condition, a specific diagnosis must be made rapidly to permit early initiation of antifungal therapy. Currently, direct microscopic examination and culture of corneal material constitute the 'gold standard' for diagnosis. However, rapid, sensitive yet specific tests are needed to detect a small number of, or nonviable, fungi. PCR has many potential advantages when used as a diagnostic aid for mycotic keratitis; the present review covers these advantages, and possible limitations. An expert assessment is also made of studies that have used PCR for the diagnosis of mycotic keratitis. The review concludes with a Five-year view of the potential impact of PCR in management of mycotic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirapalli 620001, India.
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Anandhi R, Annadurai T, Anitha TS, Muralidharan AR, Najmunnisha K, Nachiappan V, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of an extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, and its major constituent, chrysin, in Triton WR-1339-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:313-23. [PMID: 23104078 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are known to accelerate coronary artery disease and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the putative antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of an ethanolic extract of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and chrysin, one of its major components, in hypercholesterolemic rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.)), which resulted in persistently elevated blood/serum levels of glucose, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-, and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), and of hepatic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase). In addition, lowered mean activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) and lowered mean levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E) were observed. Oral administration of the mushroom extract (500 mg/kg b.wt.) and chrysin (200 mg/kg b.wt.) to hypercholesterolemic rats for 7 days resulted in a significant decrease in mean blood/serum levels of glucose, lipid profile parameters, and hepatic marker enzymes and a concomitant increase in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant parameters. The hypercholesterolemia-ameliorating effect was more pronounced in chrysin-treated rats than in extract-treated rats, being almost as effective as that of the standard lipid-lowering drug, lovastatin (10 mg/kg b.wt.). These results suggest that chrysin, a major component of the oyster mushroom extract, may protect against the hypercholesterolemia and elevated serum hepatic marker enzyme levels induced in rats injected with Triton WR-1339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Anandhi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Anand KV, Mohamed Jaabir MS, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Protective role of chrysin against oxidative stress in d-galactose-induced aging in an experimental rat model. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12:741-50. [PMID: 22469068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the putative protective role of chrysin, an isoflavone, on D-galactose-induced aging in an experimental rat model. METHODS Rats were divided into five groups of five each. Group I received 0.9% saline only. Groups II, III and IV received d-galactose (50 mg/kg bodyweight) intraperitoneally, additionally group III and group IV received chrysin (20 mg/kg bodyweight) and α-tocopherol acetate (200 mg/kg bodyweight), respectively. Group V received chrysin alone. The experiment period was for a period of 8 weeks. After the rats were killed, the tissue samples were analyzed for mean activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl. Histopathological studies were also carried out for morphological conformation. RESULTS Tissue samples from D-galactose-exposed untreated rats showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidants, and significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl when compared with group I and group III rats. Oral administration of chrysin for a period of 8 weeks, concomitant with the exposure to D-galactose, appeared to protect against oxidative damage and maintained all parameters at near normal levels. Histopathological studies confirmed the oxidative damage caused by D-galactose alone in tissues and also showed the tissue protective role of chrysin in rats receiving D-galactose and chrysin. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chrysin protects against oxidative stress-induced tissue damage in D-galactose-induced aging in an experimental rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Velayutham Anand
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Yamuna A, Bhavan PS, Geraldine P. Glutathione S-transferase and metallothionein levels in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonhi exposed to mercury. J Environ Biol 2012; 33:133-137. [PMID: 23033656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Healthy juveniles of M. malcolmsoniiwere exposed to 24.1 microg l(-1) of mercury (96 hr LC50: 145 microg l(-1) Hg) for a period of 21 days. The hepatopancreas and gills of the prawns were sampled on 8th, 15th and 22nd day of exposure. Accumulation and elimination of Hg, activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), content of glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT) level were studied. Mercury accumulation was found to be higher in the hepatopancreas (88.60 microg g(-1)) and lower in the gills (67.8 microg g(-1)). However, Hg elimination was found to be faster in the gills (62%) and slower in the hepatopancreas (58%). Therefore, the rate of Hg elimination did not match the rate of its uptake. The activity of GST was found to be higher in tissues of test prawns (5.94-9.13 nmol mg(-1) protein min(-1)) on all sampling days when compared with controls (3.454.23 nmol mg(-1) protein min(-1)). Similarly, the content of GSH was found to be higher in tissues of test prawns (0.80-1.43 micromol g(-1) protein) on all sampling days when compared with controls (0.55-1.00 micromol g(-1) protein). These results indicate the formation of glutathione conjugate in test prawns to eliminate Hg. The induction of MT level was also found to be higher in tissues of test prawns (57.50-75.76 nmol g(-1) protein) on all sampling days when compared with control (20.24-45.22 nmol g(-1) protein). This indicates the fact that sequestration of Hg has occurred for its easy elimination. Thus, induction of GST-GSH and MT ensured protection and adaptation of test prawns to thrive in Hg contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamuna
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
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Anitha TS, Annadurai T, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis by an ethanolic extract of Cineraria maritima: an experimental evaluation of the traditional eye medication. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:425-36. [PMID: 20949376 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the antioxidant potential of an ethanolic extract of Cineraria maritima and its efficacy in preventing selenite-induced cataractogenesis were assessed in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro phase of the study, lenses dissected out from the eyes of Wistar rats were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) alone (group I), in DMEM containing 100 μM of selenite only (group II), or in DMEM containing 100 μM of selenite and 300 μg/ml C. maritima extract added at the same time (group III). Gross morphological examination of the lenses revealed dense opacification in group II, minimal opacification in group III, and no opacification in group I lenses. The mean activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly lower in group II than in group I or group III lenses, while malondialdehyde concentration was significantly higher in group II lenses than in group I and group III lenses. In the in vivo phase of the study, dense opacification of lenses was noted in all rat pups (100%) that had received a single subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite alone (19 μM/kg body weight) on postpartum day 10, whereas cataract formation occurred in only 33.3% of rat pups that had received selenite as well as an intraperitoneal injection of the extract of C. maritima (350 mg/kg body weight) for five consecutive days. These observations suggest that the ethanolic extract of C. maritima may prevent experimental selenite-induced cataractogenesis.
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Bhavan PS, Geraldine P, Sowdeswari R. Sub-lethal impact of carbaryl on food utilization in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. J Environ Biol 2011; 32:369-373. [PMID: 22167951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study determines the toxic effect of carbaryl (Sevin50% W.P) on the food utilization parameters in intermoult juveniles of the prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. The prawns (4.5-5.0 cm in length and 1.0-1.25 g wet wt.) were exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations of carbaryl (5.15, 7.73 and 15.47 microgl-1) for duration of 40 days. The toxic medium was renewed daily. The prawns were fed ad libitum with known energy quantity of boiled goat liver on daily basis. The overall wet weight gain was calculated. The energy lost through unconsumed food (15-60%), faeces (15-109%), ammonia excretion (9-27%) and moults (13-26%) of the prawns were calculated. The feeding rate, the rate and efficiency of absorption, the metabolic and food conversion rates and the gross and net food conversions efficiencies were found to be significantly declined (p<0.05) in test prawns when compared to that of the control. The energy lost through faeces, ammonia excretion and exuvia was found to be significantly elevated (p<0.05) in test prawns than that of the control. The effectof carbaryl on the bioenergetics parameters was severe in the highest sub-lethal concentration, less in the intermediate concentration and least in the lowest sub-lethal concentration. The results indicated that decrease in feeding, absorption, metabolism and food conversion are interdependent and toxicity of carbaryl diverting energy from production to maintenance pathways, which ultimately resulting in declined growth of M. malcolmsonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saravana Bhavan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, India.
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Anand KV, Anandhi R, Pakkiyaraj M, Geraldine P. Protective effect of chrysin on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)—induced tissue injury in male Wistar rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:923-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711399324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chrysin, a natural flavonoid has been reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidation properties. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the putative protective effect of chrysin, an isoflavone, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 (2 ml/kg) to rats for 4 days resulted in significantly elevated ( p < 0.05) serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when compared to normal rats. In addition, the tissues (liver, kidney and brain) and haemolysate samples showed considerable increase in levels ( p < 0.05) of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lowered levels ( p < 0.05) of reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and E when compared to values in normal rats. Quantitative analysis of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) exhibited lower activities of these antioxidant enzymes in the tissues and haemolysate of CCl4-administered rats. The protective action of chrysin on CCl4-induced rat was demonstrated with SGPT, SGOT, ALP and LDH resuming to near normal levels, while the mean levels of GSH and of vitamin C and E were elevated, the mean activities of CAT, SOD and Gpx were enhanced and the mean level of MDA was lowered in the tissue and haemolysate samples when compared to the CCl4-exposed untreated rats. The expression of the iNOS gene appeared to be up-regulated in the liver and kidney samples of CCl4-exposed untreated rats, whereas in CCl4-exposed chrysin-treated rats, the mRNA transcript levels of iNOS approximated normal levels. These results strongly suggest that chrysin is able to prevent the oxidative damage induced by CCl4 in the liver, brain, kidney and haemolysate of male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvi Velayutham Anand
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Anandhi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Pakkiyaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, K. S. R. College of Arts and Science, Thiruchengode, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sakthivel M, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Alterations in the lenticular protein profile in experimental selenite-induced cataractogenesis and prevention by ellagic acid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:1201-10. [PMID: 21455778 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress underlies age-related formation of cataract, and that antioxidants retard cataractogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate whether ellagic acid, a natural polyphenol with antioxidant properties, prevents alterations in the lenticular protein profile in an experimental model of selenite cataract. METHODS Alterations in lenticular protein were determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and image analysis. Eluted αA-crystallin spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis was also performed to confirm the differential expression of certain crystallins and cytoskeletal proteins. RESULTS In cataractous lenses, 2DE and image analysis revealed approximately 45 and 60 prominent spots in soluble and insoluble protein fractions respectively. Analysis of the pI and molecular weight of protein spots revealed differences in the expression of crystallin proteins in soluble and insoluble fractions. Western blot analysis confirmed changes in the expression of αA- and βB1- crystallins in both soluble and insoluble protein fractions, while mass spectrometry confirmed the degradation of αA-crystallin in selenite cataractous lenses. Western blot analysis also confirmed the occurrence of altered expression of certain cytoskeletal proteins in insoluble fractions. However, the lenticular protein profile in lenses from selenite-challenged, ellagic acid-treated rats was essentially similar to that noted in lenses from normal rats. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms the importance of structural and cytoskeletal proteins in the maintenance of lenticular transparency; the results also suggest that ellagic acid prevents lenticular protein alterations induced by selenite in an experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniyan Sakthivel
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India
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Charles PD, Ambigapathy G, Geraldine P, Akbarsha MA, Rajan KE. Bacopa monniera leaf extract up-regulates tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression: implications in memory formation. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 134:55-61. [PMID: 21129470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the effect of Bacopa monniera leaf ethanolic extract (BMEE) on the serotonergic system of postnatal rats with reference to learning and memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS From postnatal day (PND)-15-29, rats were treated with BMEE (40 mg/kg BW+0.5% gum acacia) by oral gavage. Behavioural tests (Y-maze, hole-board and passive avoidance) were used to evaluate their learning (PND-32-37) and retention of memory (PND-47-53). Effect of BMEE on neurotransmitter system was analyzed by ELISA and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Oral administration of BMEE improved learning and retention of memory significantly in all behavioural tasks. Following BMEE treatment, the level of serotonin (5-HT) increased while dopamine (DA) decreased significantly. We also found variation in the level of acetylcholine (ACh). However, no significant changes were observed in the level of ACh and glutamate (Glu). The level of 5-HT was significantly elevated up to PND-37 and was then restored to normal level on PND-53. Interestingly, concomitant up-regulation was recorded in the mRNA expression of serotonin synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) on PND-29 and PND-37, which was restored on PND-53. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that BMEE treatment significantly enhances the learning and retention of memory in postnatal rats possibly through regulating the expression of TPH2, 5-HT metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisila Dulcy Charles
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jayakumar T, Thomas PA, Ramesh E, Geraldine P. An Extract of the Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Bolsters the Glutathione Redox System in Various Organs of Aged Rats. J Med Food 2010; 13:771-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Elango Ramesh
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rajagopal T, Archunan G, Geraldine P, Balasundaram C. Assessment of dominance hierarchy through urine scent marking and its chemical constituents in male blackbuck Antelope cervicapra, a critically endangered species. Behav Processes 2010; 85:58-67. [PMID: 20547215 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In ungulates the process of chemical communication by urinary scent marking has been directly related to reproductive dominance, territorial defense and proximity to resources. The differences in the frequency of urine marking and chemical composition of urine of males Antelope cervicapra before, during and after the dominance hierarchy period were assessed. The variations in the urine marking and its chemical profiles of dominant males (n=9), bachelors (n=5) and sub-adult males (n=5) were compared to find out how the dominance hierarchy influences the confined blackbuck herd under semi-natural captive conditions. The frequency of urine marking is significantly higher (p<0.001) in dominant males. Twenty-eight major constituents were identified in the urine of dominant males (before, during and after the dominance hierarchy period), bachelor and sub-adult males. Among these, three specific compounds namely, 3-hexanone (I), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (II) and 4-methyl-3-heptanone (III) were seen only in dominant males urine during the dominance hierarchy period. Based on the behavioural observation and the unique chemical constituents in the urine, it is concluded that the dominant male scent odor suppresses aggression, scent marking, scent production and territorial patrolling activities of subordinate males, through which the dominant male establish their hierarchy and attains success in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Rajagopal
- Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Leema G, Kaliamurthy J, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Keratitis due to Aspergillus flavus: clinical profile, molecular identification of fungal strains and detection of aflatoxin production. Mol Vis 2010; 16:843-54. [PMID: 20461152 PMCID: PMC2866576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To document the clinical profile of patients with keratitis due to Aspergillus flavus and to elaborate on differences in the aflatoxin-producing potential of keratitis strains versus environmental strains of A. flavus. METHODS Over a 6-month period, strains of Aspergillus flavus were isolated in culture from corneal scrape or biopsy material of patients who presented with suppurative keratitis (clinical isolates). The strains were confirmed to be A. flavus by molecular methods (amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 2 [ITS 2] region and direct sequencing followed by comparative GenBank analysis). The aflatoxin-producing potential of each strain was determined by thin-layer chromatography. The ability of each strain to form sclerotia in Czapek-Dox agar (CDA) after 7 days incubation at 30 degrees C in the dark and to produce a beige ring in yeast extract sucrose agar supplemented with methyl beta-cyclodextrin and sodium desoxycholate (YESD medium) after 3 days incubation at 30 degrees C was also assessed. For comparison, the tests were also run on 10 strains of A. flavus (identity confirmed by molecular methods) collected from local farming areas (environmental isolates). RESULTS Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 16 (80%) of 20 culture filtrate or mycelial homogenate samples of the clinical isolates (mean concentration: 366.7+/-125.4 parts per billion [ppb]) but in only eight (40%) of 20 samples of environmental isolates (mean concentration: 306.6+/-125.4 ppb). Seven of the eight aflatoxin-producing clinical isolates and two of the four aflatoxin-producing environmental isolates formed sclerotia (>400 microm) and a beige ring in culture. CONCLUSIONS Aflatoxin B1 was detected in a significantly higher percentage of growth samples of clinical isolates (80%) than growth samples of environmental isolates (40%) (chi(2)=6.667; p=0.0098); the therapeutic implications of this finding require further study. The production of sclerotia and a beige ring in culture appear to be useful markers of aflatoxin-producing potential in strains of A. flavus isolated from keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Leema
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A. Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sakthivel M, Elanchezhian R, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Alterations in lenticular proteins during ageing and selenite-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rats. Mol Vis 2010; 16:445-53. [PMID: 20300567 PMCID: PMC2838741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine putative alterations in the major lenticular proteins in Wistar rats of different ages and to compare these alterations with those occurring in rats with selenite-induced cataract. METHODS Lenticular transparency was determined by morphological examination using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Alterations in lenticular protein were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE (SDS-PAGE) and confirmed immunologically by western blot. RESULTS Morphological examination did not reveal observable opacities in the lenses of the rats of different age groups; however, dense nuclear opacities were noted in lenses of rats in the selenite-cataract group. Western blot assays revealed age-related changes in soluble and urea-soluble lenticular proteins. Decreased alphaA- and betaB1-crystallins in the soluble fraction and aggregation of alphaA-crystallin, in addition to the degraded fragment of betaB1-crystallin, in the urea-soluble fraction appeared to occur in relation to increasing age of the rats from which the lenses were taken; similarly, cytoskeletal proteins appeared to decline with increasing age. The lenses from rats in the selenite-cataract group exhibited similar changes, except that there was also high molecular weight aggregation of alphaA-crystallin. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that there is loss, as well as aggregation, of alphaA-crystallin in the aging rat lens, although there is no accompanying loss of lenticular transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniyan Sakthivel
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajan Elanchezhian
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A. Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Elanchezhian R, Sakthivel M, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Regulatory effect of acetyl-l-carnitine on expression of lenticular antioxidant and apoptotic genes in selenite-induced cataract. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:346-51. [PMID: 20067779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression of apoptotic genes has been demonstrated in selenite-induced cataract. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) has been shown to prevent selenite cataractogenesis by maintaining lenticular antioxidant enzyme and redox system components at near normal levels and also by inhibiting lenticular calpain activity. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the possibility that ALCAR also prevents selenite-induced cataractogenesis by regulating the expression of antioxidant (catalase) and apoptotic [caspase-3, early growth response protein-1 (EGR-1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX-I)] genes. The experiment was conducted on 9-day-old Wistar rat pups, which were divided into normal, cataract-untreated and cataract-treated groups. Putative changes in gene expression in whole lenses removed from the rats were determined by measuring mRNA transcript levels of the four genes by RT-PCR analysis, using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an internal control. The expression of lenticular caspase-3 and EGR-1 genes appeared to be upregulated, as inferred by detecting increased mRNA transcript levels, while that of COX-I and catalase genes appeared to be downregulated (lowered mRNA transcript levels) in the lenses of cataract-untreated rats. However, in rats treated with ALCAR, the lenticular mRNA transcript levels were maintained at near normal (control) levels. These results suggest that ALCAR may prevent selenite-induced cataractogenesis by preventing abnormal expression of lenticular genes governing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Elanchezhian
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ramesh E, Geraldine P, Thomas P. Regulatory effect of epigallocatechin gallate on the expression of C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers in an experimental model of atherosclerosis. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Isai M, Sakthivel M, Ramesh E, Thomas P, Geraldine P. Prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis by rutin in Wistar rats. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2570-7. [PMID: 20011628 PMCID: PMC2790477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether rutin retards selenite-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rat pups. METHODS On postpartum day ten, Group I rat pups received an intraperitoneal injection of saline. Group II and III rat pups received a subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite. Group III also received an intraperitoneal injection of rutin once daily on postpartum days 9-14. Both eyes of each pup were examined from day 16 up to postpartum day 30. After sacrifice, extricated pup lenses were analyzed for mean activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase. In addition, the mean concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and of malondialdehyde were analyzed in samples of lenses and hemolysate. RESULTS There was dense lenticular opacification in all of Group II, minimal opacification in 33.3% of Group III, no opacification in 66.7% of Group III, and no opacification in Group I. Significantly lower mean activities of lenticular antioxidant enzymes were noted in Group II, compared to Group I and III. Significantly lower mean concentrations of GSH and higher mean concentrations of malondialdehyde were noted in samples of hemolysate and lens from Group II, compared to the values in Group I and III. CONCLUSION Rutin prevents experimental selenite-induced cataractogenesis in rat pups, possibly by preventing depletion of antioxidant enzymes and of GSH, and by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Isai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Sakthivel
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E. Ramesh
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P.A. Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yamuna A, Bhavan PS, Geraldine P. Ultrastructural observations in gills and hepatopancreas of prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii exposed to mercury. J Environ Biol 2009; 30:693-699. [PMID: 20136050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The juveniles of M. malcolmsonii were exposed to 24.1 microg l(-1) of Hg fora period of 21 days. The gills and hepatopancreas of test prawns were sampled and processed for electron microscopic observations. Mitochondria are the organelle most affected in the gills of test prawns. The number of mitochondria and the electron-density of the matrix were found to be less in test prawns. The in-folding of cell membrane associated with mitochondria was absent in test prawns. This suggests that operation of the mitochondrial pumps was affected in the gills of test prawns. Vacuoles with crystalline granular inclusions were noted in the gills of test prawns. These are suggestive of metal-rich inorganic deposits or granules representing detoxified dumps of Hg. In the hepatopancreas of test prawns, the tubules exhibit vacuoles with granular inclusion and the cell cytoplasm contains electron-dense granules, which indicate a storage detoxification of Hg. The mitochondria were shrunken in the hepatopancreas of test prawns. This suggests attenuation of its function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared vesiculated and dilated. These reactions denote the hyperactivity of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Membranous whorl-like structures with myelin fibers and residual bodies were seen in the hepatopancreas of test prawns. Such structures indicate the involvement of lysosomal breakdown in detoxification process. The ultrastructural alterations are suggestive of the operation of compensatory mechanisms within the test prawns to enable it to tolerate Hg toxicity. However these alterations would have an impact on the cellular integrity of the gills and hepatopancreas and such alterations can be taken as 'biomarkers' for assessing Hg pollution in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamuna
- Departmentof Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, India
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Shanju S, Geraldine P. Immunological Identification of Site of Vitellin Synthesis in Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2009.9707049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Elanchezhian R, Sakthivel M, Isai M, Geraldine P, Thomas P. Evaluation of lenticular antioxidant and redox system components in the lenses of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in BSO-induced glutathione deprivation. Mol Vis 2009; 15:1485-91. [PMID: 19649174 PMCID: PMC2718851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) retards L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO)-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rat pups. METHODS On postpartum day 3, group I pups received intraperitoneal (ip) saline and group II and group III pups received i.p. injections of BSO once daily for three consecutive days. In addition, group III pups received ip ALCAR once daily from postpartum days 3-15. Both eyes of each pup were examined up from postpartum day 16 to day 30. After sacrifice, extricated pup lenses were analyzed for antioxidant and redox system components. RESULTS There was dense lenticular opacification in all group II pups, minimal opacification in 40% of group III pups, and no opacification in 60% of group III pups and in all of group I pups. Group II lenses exhibited significantly lower values of antioxidant and redox system components and higher malondialdehyde concentrations than in group I or group III lenses. CONCLUSIONS ALCAR prevents cataractogenesis in the BSO-induced cataract model, possibly by inhibiting depleting antioxidant enzyme and redox system components and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Elanchezhian
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Sakthivel
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Isai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P.A. Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Isai M, Elanchezhian R, Sakthivel M, Chinnakkaruppan A, Rajamohan M, Jesudasan CN, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. Anticataractogenic effect of an extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, in an experimental animal model. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:264-73. [PMID: 19373574 DOI: 10.1080/02713680902774069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus extract in preventing selenite-induced cataractogenesis. METHODS In vitro, enucleated rat lenses, divided into one control and three experimental groups (selenite only, simultaneous selenite and extract, initial extract and subsequent selenite), underwent morphological and biochemical evaluation. The anti-cataractogenic effect was also evaluated in vivo. RESULTS In vitro, simultaneous incubation of extract with selenite-challenged lenses caused a decrease in lens opacification by maintaining antioxidant components at near normal levels. In vivo, P.ostreatus (300 mg/kg body weight) prevented cataract in 75% of rats. CONCLUSION Extract of P. ostreatus prevents experimental selenite-induced cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Bhavan PS, Geraldine P. Manifestation of carbaryl toxicity on soluble protein and histopathology in the hepatopancreas and gills of the prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. J Environ Biol 2009; 30:533-538. [PMID: 20120492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined alterations in the protein pattern and histopathology of the hepatopancreas and gills of Macrobrachium malcolmsonii following exposure to Sevin, the commercial grade of carbaryl (1-Naphthylmethyl carbamate) pesticide. Juvenile prawns were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations 5.15 microg l(-1), 7.73 microg l(-1) and 15.47 microg l(-1) of carbaryl for 21 days. Samples were obtained from the hepatopancreas and gills of prawns. The concentration of buffer soluble protein in tissues of test prawns was significantly (p<2.5%) lower than the control. This suggests that proteins were utilized to generate energy in order to withstand carbaryl induced toxic stress. Polypeptide bands of different molecular mass (150-10 kDa) in tissues of test prawns stained less intensely than those in control. This indicates that carbaryl toxicity caused protein degradation in tissues of test prawns. The histology of the hepatopancreas and gills showed few marked pathological changes in prawns exposed to carbaryl. These include rupture of the basal laminae, abnormal infiltration/aggregation of hemocytes in the interstitial sinus of the hepatopancreas and in the hemocoelic space of gill lamellae, fused gill lamellae and necrosis like appearance both in the tubules of the hepatopancreas and gill lamellae. The structural alterations observed in the hepatopancreas and gills of the prawns suggest that carbaryl caused tissue damage in M. malcolmsonii. Protein degradation is a phenomenon in damaging tissues, and thus, under such condition the hepatopancreas and gills of test prawns would not perform their vital functions, which in turn ultimately affect the survival and growth of M. malcolmsonii. The changes noted in protein and histology of test prawns can be taken as biomarkers for monitoring pesticide pollution in aquatic environments. Since this species of prawn is a nutritious delicacy to human being, monitoring aquatic pollution by carbaryl is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saravana Bhavan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India
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Ramesh E, Jayakumar T, Elanchezhian R, Sakthivel M, Geraldine P, Thomas P. Green tea catechins, alleviate hepatic lipidemic-oxidative injury in Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Geraldine P, Saraswathi M, Leema G, Thomas P. Aflatoxin B1 Production in Tissues in Experimental Invasive Aspergillosis Due to Aspergillus flavus. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Thomas PA, Kaliamurthy J, Jesudasan CAN, Geraldine P. Use of chlorazol black E mounts of corneal scrapes for diagnosis of filamentous fungal keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145:971-976. [PMID: 18355791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether chlorazol black E, a chitin-specific stain, can be used to detect fungal filaments in corneal scrapings and to compare its sensitivity as a diagnostic aid for fungal keratitis with that of gram and lactophenol cotton blue stains. DESIGN Prospective study, laboratory investigation. METHODS Between December 1, 2005 and July 31, 2006, corneal scrapes from 163 patients with ulcerative keratitis were used for culture and to prepare smears that were stained by lactophenol cotton blue, chlorazol black E, or gram stains. A diagnosis of fungal keratitis was established if fungal growth occurred on the inoculated areas of multiple culture plates. RESULTS Fungi were isolated from corneal scrapes of 82 patients. Taking fungal culture positivity as the gold standard for diagnosis of fungal keratitis, direct microscopic examination of chlorazol black E mounts had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 98%; culture results and chlorazol black E results were identical in 89.6% of patients. Lactophenol cotton blue mounts and gram-stained smears had a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 90% to 91%, and 88% agreement with culture results. CONCLUSIONS Chlorazol black E can be used for detection of fungal filaments in corneal scrapings; however, it is less sensitive than lactophenol cotton blue and gram stains as a diagnostic aid for fungal keratitis.
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Ramesh E, Elanchezhian R, Sakthivel M, Jayakumar T, Senthil Kumar R, Geraldine P, Thomas P. Epigallocatechin gallate improves serum lipid profile and erythrocyte and cardiac tissue antioxidant parameters in Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:275-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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